Group 8
Mechatronics
Lab
INDEX
INDEX
11 Abstract
Material Description
22
33 CAD Model
Our Solution
44
5 Product Architecture
Challenges: Hardware 6
7 Challenges: Software
5 Cost Analysis
8
9 Development
FutureAnd Execution
Prospects 6
8
7 Annexure
Business Prospectss
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1 ABSTRACT
a INTRODUCTION
The world has witnessed unprecedented progress in the realm of medical science
and healthcare innovation. However, in the face of emergencies and widespread
health crises, the need for scalable, affordable solutions becomes more urgent
than ever. One such critical challenge has been the availability of ventilators.
During pandemics and in under-resourced medical settings, the lack of accessible
respiratory support has led to preventable complications and loss of life. Amidst
this pressing issue, the concept of a DIY Ventilator emerges—not as a
replacement for professional equipment, but as a reliable, low-cost, and rapidly
deployable alternative.
b MOTIVATION
In critical situations, the unavailability of essential medical equipment can
significantly hinder timely care. The development of a DIY ventilator serves as a
cost-effective and accessible solution to address this pressing healthcare need.
1
2 MATERIAL DESCRIPTIONS
The Arduino Uno is a widely used open-source
microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328P microchip. It features 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as
PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power
jack, and a reset button. The Uno can be
programmed using the Arduino IDE, which
supports a simple programming language
based on C/C++, making it a popular choice
for prototyping and educational purposes.
The Arduino Nano is a compact, breadboard-friendly
microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P,
designed for small-scale and space-constrained
projects. Despite its small size, it offers similar
functionality to the Arduino Uno, with 14 digital
input/output pins (6 of which can be used as PWM
outputs), 8 analog inputs, and a 16 MHz clock speed.
It connects to a computer via a mini USB port and
can be powered through USB or an external power
source.
An AMBU bag (Artificial Manual Breathing Unit),
also known as a bag valve mask (BVM), is a hand-
held device commonly used to provide positive
pressure ventilation to individuals who are not
breathing or not breathing adequately. It consists
of a self-inflating bag, a one-way valve, and a face
mask, and is typically used in emergency
situations, during CPR, or in anesthesia settings.
The device allows a caregiver to manually assist or
completely control a patient’s breathing by
squeezing the bag, thereby delivering air or oxygen
into the lungs. It is a critical component in both
pre-hospital and clinical respiratory support.
2
3 MATERIAL DESCRIPTIONS
The MAX30100 is an integrated pulse
oximetry and heart-rate monitor sensor
designed for wearable health and fitness
devices. It combines two LEDs, a
photodetector, optimized optics, and low-noise
analog signal processing to detect pulse and
blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂) levels through
a fingertip or earlobe. The sensor operates on
the principle of light absorption by oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood and provides real-
time physiological data with high sensitivity.
A servomotor is a rotary or linear actuator designed
for precise control of angular or linear position,
velocity, and acceleration. It consists of a motor
coupled with a sensor for position feedback and is
controlled by a signal that determines its movement
and final position. Commonly used in robotics,
automation, and embedded systems, servomotors
are valued for their accuracy, reliability, and
responsiveness.
A potentiometer is a three-terminal variable resistor
that allows for adjustable voltage division in
electronic circuits. It consists of a resistive element
and a sliding or rotating contact (wiper) that
changes the resistance between the terminals as it
moves. By adjusting the wiper position, users can
control the output voltage, making potentiometers
ideal for applications such as volume controls,
sensor calibration, and user input interfaces.
3
3 MATERIAL DESCRIPTIONS
A breadboard is a reusable, solderless
electronic prototyping tool used for building
and testing circuits. It consists of a grid of
holes that are electrically connected in rows
and columns, allowing components like
resistors, capacitors, and integrated circuits
(ICs) to be inserted without the need for
soldering. The breadboard provides a quick
and easy way to connect components and
make temporary circuits for experimentation
and development.
A push button is a simple, momentary switch that is
activated by pressing it. It typically has two states:
open (not pressed) and closed (pressed), which
allows it to complete or break a circuit when
engaged. Push buttons are widely used in electronic
circuits to provide user input, such as turning
devices on or off, triggering events, or sending
signals to microcontrollers.
A 20x4 LCD display is a type of liquid crystal
display that can show 20 characters per row across
4 rows, providing a total of 80 characters. It is
commonly used in electronic projects to display
alphanumeric information, such as text, numbers,
or data from sensors. The 20x4 LCD uses an I2C
or parallel interface to communicate with
microcontrollers like Arduino, and it typically
requires a backlight to make the display readable.
4
4 CAD MODEL
This is the CAD model of the gear system designed to actuate the AMBU Bag. The
gear is connected to a servomotor, which rotates the gear, driving a translation gear.
This translation gear then moves back and forth, simulating the pumping action
required for the AMBU Bag. This was printed from the 3D printing facility present in
the DIY Lab.
5
5 OUR SOLUTION
Our solution model consists of two main components: the pulse oximeter and the ventilator.
In our prototype, these two modules function independently.
The pulse oximeter measures the user's blood pressure and oxygen saturation (SpO₂) levels.
This is achieved using the MAX30100 sensor, which detects the SpO₂ and pulse rate. The
sensor sends the data to an Arduino, which processes the information and displays the
corresponding readings on an LCD screen.
The ventilator system is controlled via a push button, which allows the user to select one of
three operating modes: infant, child, or adult. Based on the selected mode, the ventilator
adjusts the pumping speed accordingly. Additionally, a potentiometer is used to fine-tune the
pumping speed by adjusting a hard-coded value specific to the selected mode. The inputs
from the push button and potentiometer are sent to an Arduino Nano, where both the
analog input from the potentiometer and the digital input from the push button is processed.
The processed data is then sent to a servo motor, which controls the pumping speed. The
servo motor rotates, which in turn activates a gear system, initiating the pumping
mechanism.
In summary, the pulse oximeter provides real-time health data, while the ventilator component
adjusts its functionality based on user inputs, ensuring proper ventilation for different age
groups.
6
a 6PRODUCT ARCHITECTURE
PULSE OXIMETER
MAX 30100 Analog/Digital Output 20x4 LCD
Arduino Uno
Sensor Signals Values Display:
The pulse oximeter uses infrared (IR) light and red light to measure two critical
health parameters:
1. Heart Rate (BPM): Determined by detecting pulse variations.
2. Blood Oxygen Level (SpO₂): Measured based on the absorption of light through
tissues.
Components and Their Roles:
1. MAX30100 Sensor:
This is a specialized sensor designed for pulse oximetry and heart rate
monitoring.
It emits both red and infrared light, which passes through the tissue (e.g., a
fingertip). The sensor detects the amount of light absorbed by blood vessels,
which varies with blood oxygen levels and pulse rate.
The sensor outputs analogue or digital signals corresponding to these
readings.
2. Arduino Uno:
Acts as the central processing unit of the system.
It receives signals from the MAX30100 sensor and processes them using pre-
written code.
The code utilizes built-in libraries to calculate:
Heart Rate (BPM) based on pulse variations.
Blood Oxygen Level (SpO₂) using light absorption data.
The Arduino also compares these values against preset health thresholds to
determine if they are within normal ranges.
3. 20x4 LCD Display:
Displays the real-time calculated values of BPM and SpO₂.
The Arduino sends processed data to this display, allowing users to monitor
their health metrics live.
7
SALIENT
FEATURES
WORKING
1. Signal Detection:
The MAX30100 sensor uses its built-in LEDs to emit red and infrared light,
which penetrates the tissue.
A photodetector in the sensor measures how much light is absorbed by blood
at different wavelengths.
2. Data Transmission:
The analogue or digital signals generated by the MAX30100 sensor are sent
to the Arduino Uno for processing.
3. Data Processing in Arduino:
The Arduino runs a program that uses libraries specifically designed for
pulse oximetry.
The program extracts two key pieces of information from the input signals:
Pulse Rate (BPM): Calculated by analyzing periodic variations in light
absorption caused by blood flow with each heartbeat.
SpO₂: Determined by comparing the absorption of red and infrared
light, as oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin absorb these
wavelengths differently.
4. Comparison with Thresholds: ( Feature under development )
The processed BPM and SpO₂ values are compared against preset thresholds
for normal health ranges. For example:
Normal SpO₂: 95%-100%
Normal Heart Rate: 60-100 BPM
If any value deviates significantly, it could indicate a potential health issue.
5. Output Display:
The calculated BPM and SpO₂ values are sent to the 20x4 LCD module.
The live readings are displayed on the screen for easy monitoring.
8
VENTILATOR
Potentiometer
Fine-tune the BPM within
Analog Input the range for that selected
mode
Push Button for Input from BPM Value
Push Button Arduino Nano Output Servo Motor Drive the Gear
mode selection Digital Input
Pushing
the AMBU BAG
AMBU Bag
This ventilator system is designed to simulate breathing by compressing and
releasing an AMBU bag at a controlled rate. It allows for mode selection (e.g., for
infants, children, or adults) and fine-tuning of the breathing rate (BPM - Breaths
Per Minute) using a potentiometer.
Components and Their Roles
1. Push Button for Mode Selection:
The push button allows the user to select one of the predefined breathing
modes: Infant, Child, or Adult.
Each mode corresponds to a specific range of BPM values suitable for the
selected category.
2. Potentiometer:
Used to fine-tune the breathing rate (BPM) within the range specified by the
selected mode.
It provides an analog input to the Arduino Nano, which maps this input to
a BPM value.
3. Arduino Nano:
Acts as the central processing unit of the system.
It reads:
The digital input from the push button to determine the selected mode.
The analog input from the potentiometer to fine-tune the BPM.
Based on these inputs, it calculates the timing required for the servo motor
to compress and release the AMBU bag at the desired rate.
4. Servo Motor:
Receives control signals from the Arduino Nano.
Rotates a gear arm that compresses and releases the AMBU bag in sync
with the calculated BPM.
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SALIENT FEATURES
WORKING
1. Mode Selection:
The user selects a breathing mode (Infant, Child, Adult) using the push
button.
This input is sent as a digital signal to the Arduino Nano, which sets an
appropriate BPM range based on the selected mode.
2. Fine-Tuning BPM:
The user adjusts the potentiometer to fine-tune the BPM within the selected
mode's range.
The potentiometer provides an analog signal that is read by the Arduino
Nano.
The Arduino maps this analog value to a specific BPM value within the
predefined range.
3. Servo Motor Control:
Based on the calculated BPM value, the Arduino generates control signals for
the servo motor.
These signals determine how fast or slow the servo rotates.
4. Gear Mechanism Operation:
The servo motor drives a gear arm that compresses and releases the AMBU
bag in sync with the calculated BPM.
The gear mechanism ensures smooth operation and consistent compression
force.
5. Simulated Breathing:
As the gear arm compresses and releases the AMBU bag, it pushes air or
oxygen into a patient’s lungs at regular intervals.
This process replicates natural breathing patterns based on user-defined
settings.
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SALIENT FEATURES
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
This is the circuit diagram of our entire workflow comprising of the pulse oximeter and
the ventilator
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6 CHALLENGES: HARDWARE
1. Motor Torque Insufficiency:
The selected motor lacks sufficient torque to fully compress the AMBU Bag, particularly
against the natural resistance posed by the bag’s high-density silicone material.
Proposed Solutions:
Using a high-powered motor to provide greater torque.
Increasing the gear reduction ratio to amplify the force transmitted to the bag.
2. Ambu Bag Mounting & Fixation:
Securing the AMBU Bag in place without it slipping or deforming during repeated
compressions has proven challenging.
Proposed Solutions:
Designing a custom 3D-printed mould to securely hold the AMBU Bag in position.
Incorporating silicone grips or hooks to ensure the bag stays firmly in place during
operation.
3. Ambu Bag Rebound & Recovery Time:
The AMBU Bag does not rebound quickly enough after compression, resulting in
suboptimal inhalation performance or skipped breaths.
Proposed Solutions:
Implementing passive spring mechanisms to aid in faster recovery of the bag.
Adjusting motor timing to introduce a delay between compressions, allowing the bag to
recover fully before the next cycle.
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7 CHALLENGES: SOFTWARE
1. Sensor Calibration and Noise:
Pressure or flow sensors were providing fluctuating or inaccurate readings.
Proposed Solutions:
Implementing manual sensor calibration routines to ensure accurate readings.
Using lookup tables to map analog sensor values to actual pressure values for more
precise measurements.
2. Fail-Safe & Alarm Handling:
The system was not consistently detecting or alerting for critical conditions (such as over-
pressure, low tidal volume, or motor stall).
Proposed Solutions:
Adding buzzers or LED alarms to provide real-time warnings for any vital fluctuations or
unsafe conditions.
3. Motor Control Accuracy:
PWM signals controlling the motor became erratic when switching between different modes
(Infant, Child, or Adult).
Proposed Solutions:
Utilizing hardware timers to stabilize the PWM signals and ensure smoother mode
transitions.
4. Glitch in the ESP8266 Module:
The ESP8266 Wi-Fi module frequently disconnected from the network or failed to establish
a stable connection, leading to unreliable transmission of sensor data and control signals.
Proposed Solutions:
Using a dedicated 3.3V power supply to ensure stable power delivery to the ESP8266.
Implementing a level shifter to manage voltage levels and prevent connection issues.
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8 Cost Analysis
COMPONENT QUANTITY PRICE(Rs)/UNIT TOTAL
Arduino Uno 1 500 500
20x4 LCD Display: 2 240 480
Potentiometer : 2 30 60
Push Button: 2 30 60
Servo Motor (MG995): 1 320 320
Arduino Nano 1 200 200
MAX30100 Sensor: 1 600 600
Breadboards 2 60 120
12V 2 Amp Power 2 300 600
AMBU Bag: 1 360 360
LED Bulbs 2 10 20
To build our prototype model, the total estimated cost was Rs. 3,320. Fortunately, we
received most of the equipment from the DIY Lab, and we only had to purchase the
AMBU bag ourselves. For a production-ready version, we would require higher-quality
sensors and improved components. Based on our assumptions, the production-ready
model would cost approximately Rs. 7,000.
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9 FUTURE PROSPECTS
In our prototype model, we aim to implement further changes and improvements
which would help in making our model, production-ready:-
1. Integrating Pulse Oximeter with Ventilator: The system sends Pulse Oximeter data
to the ventilator, enabling it to adjust its movements dynamically based on the
patient's oxygen levels for improved respiratory support.
2. Temperature Monitoring for Patient Safety: Incorporating temperature sensors
ensures continuous monitoring of the patient's body temperature, enhancing
safety by detecting abnormalities in real-time.
3. Enhanced Structure and Functionality: The use of advanced structures and
aimproved sensors contributes to better implementation, ensuring higher efficiency
and reliability of the medical device system.
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10 BUSINESS PROSPECTS
Phase 1: Niche & Critical Need Segments
This phase would target specific sectors with an urgent need for affordable medical
devices, such as ventilators. The focus will be on crisis-prone regions with limited
healthcare infrastructure.
Target Sectors:
Rural Clinics: Small healthcare centres in remote areas with limited access to
advanced medical equipment.
Remote Healthcare Centers: Facilities located far from urban areas
NGOs: Non-governmental organizations involved in healthcare delivery.
a
Disaster Relief Camps: Temporary setups during natural disasters or emergencies
where rapid medical intervention is needed.
Military Field Hospitals: Mobile hospitals used by armed forces during operations
in remote or hostile environments.
Why?
The lack of affordable ventilators and critical medical devices in these areas
creates a significant gap in healthcare delivery.
b
Addressing this gap can save lives and improve access to quality care.
Value Proposition:
Life-saving intervention: Providing critical equipment to areas that lack access to
life-support systems.
Cost-effectiveness: Offering affordable solutions compared to expensive
alternatives available in the market.
Sales Approach:
Collaborate with NGOs and healthcare startups to run pilot programs. These
programs serve as proof-of-concept initiatives to demonstrate the effectiveness
and reliability of the product in real-world scenarios.
Phase 2: Government & Policy Advocacy
This phase focuses on securing approval from relevant government bodies and
international organizations. It involves engaging with policymakers and health
authorities.
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10 BUSINESS PROSPECTS
Key Actions:
1. Engage with Regulatory Bodies:
Work with entities like the Ministry of Health, the Indian Council of Medical
Research (ICMR), and local chapters of the World Health Organization
(WHO) to conduct field trials and obtain necessary certifications.
2. Present Clinical Data:
Share clinical test results, real-use cases, and reliability metrics to showcase the
product's efficacy, safety, and durability. This helps build trust among
stakeholders.
a
Phase 3: Mass Market Adoption
Once credibility and regulatory approval are established, this phase focuses on scaling
up production and integrating the product into mainstream healthcare systems.
Key Actions:
1. Partner with Large-scale Manufacturers:
b
Collaborate with major medical device manufacturers to mass-produce units
using standardized components. This ensures consistency in quality while
reducing production costs.
2. Integrate with Startups & Government Programs:
Work with health-tech startups to leverage innovative solutions for
distribution and maintenance.
Partner with government procurement programs like Ayushman Bharat
(India’s flagship health insurance scheme) to ensure widespread adoption
across public healthcare facilities.
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