Statics — 100 Problems with Step-by-Step Solutions

This PDF contains 100 statics problems covering resultants, equilibrium of particles and rigid bodies,
free-body diagrams, trusses, frames & machines, friction, centroids, and area moments of inertia. Problems
mix numerical calculation and conceptual questions. Each problem is followed by a step-by-step solution.
1. Fundamentals & FBDs: State the three equilibrium equations for a rigid body in 2D
and explain each briefly.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: ΣF_x = 0: sum of horizontal forces is zero for equilibrium.
Step 2: ΣF_y = 0: sum of vertical forces is zero for equilibrium.
Step 3: ΣM = 0: sum of moments about any point is zero for rotational equilibrium.

2. Fundamentals & FBDs: Draw a free-body diagram (FBD) for a simply supported
beam with a concentrated load at midspan (describe key elements).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Show beam, supports (pin and roller), apply concentrated downward load at midspan, show
reaction forces at supports (vertical at both, pin also has horizontal if needed).
Step 2: Indicate dimensions and label forces.

3. Fundamentals & FBDs: Explain the difference between a pin support and a roller
support.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Pin support resists both vertical and horizontal translation (two reaction components) but not
moment.
Step 2: Roller support resists only one translation (usually vertical), allowing horizontal movement;
provides one reaction component.

4. Fundamentals & FBDs: What is a 'couple' and how does it differ from a single
force?

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: A couple is two equal and opposite parallel forces separated by a distance producing pure rotation
(moment) with no net force.
Step 2: A single force produces both a net force and moment about points not on its line of action.

5. Fundamentals & FBDs: Describe how to choose the point about which to take
moments to simplify equilibrium equations.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Choose a point that eliminates unknown reaction components (e.g., pass through unknown forces)
so their moments are zero, reducing unknowns.

6. Fundamentals & FBDs: Explain what it means for forces to be 'concurrent'.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Concurrent forces all intersect at a single point. For a particle in equilibrium, the vector sum of
concurrent forces must be zero.
7. Fundamentals & FBDs: Describe the right-hand rule for the sign of moments in 3D
briefly.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Curl fingers of right hand in direction of rotation; thumb points in positive moment (axis) direction.

8. Fundamentals & FBDs: List three common mistakes when drawing FBDs.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Forgetting to show all external forces/reactions; incorrect direction for reaction forces; neglecting
weight or distributed loads when present.

9. Fundamentals & FBDs: Explain principle of transmissibility of forces.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: A force may be moved along its line of action without changing the external effect (on a rigid body).
10. Fundamentals & FBDs: For a particle in equilibrium with forces F1, F2, F3
nonzero, what condition must their vector sum meet?

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Their vector sum must be zero: F1 + F2 + F3 = 0 (both x and y components sum to zero).

11. Resultants of Force Systems: Find resultant of two forces 8 N at 0° (to the right)
and 6 N at 90° (up). Give magnitude and angle.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Resolve components: R_x = 8, R_y = 6.
Step 2: Magnitude R = √(8² + 6²) = √(64+36) = √100 = 10 N.
Step 3: Angle θ = arctan(R_y / R_x) = arctan(6/8) = arctan(0.75) ≈ 36.87°.

12. Resultants of Force Systems: Three concurrent forces at a point: 10 N at 0°, 10 N

at 120°, 10 N at 240°. Find resultant.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Use symmetry: vectors equally spaced, they cancel → resultant = 0 N.

13. Resultants of Force Systems: A uniform distributed load w = 2 kN/m over 4 m

span. Find resultant force and its location from left end.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Total load W = w L = 2·4 = 8 kN.
Step 2: Location at centroid of uniform load = L/2 = 2 m from left.

14. Resultants of Force Systems: Find resultant of a triangular distributed load (zero
at left, peak 6 kN/m at right) over length 3 m. Location from left end.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Total W = (1/2)·base·height = 0.5·3·6 = 9 kN.
Step 2: Centroid from left for load increasing linearly = 2/3 L = 2.0 m from left.

15. Resultants of Force Systems: Two forces 20 N and 30 N act along same line but
opposite directions separated by 1.5 m. Find net force and moment about left point.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Net force = 30 - 20 = 10 N in direction of larger force.
Step 2: Moment about left point from the 30 N located at distance 1.5 m: M = 30·1.5 = 45 N·m.

16. Resultants of Force Systems: Find the resultant moment (couple) of two equal
opposite forces 15 N separated by 0.4 m.

Solution — step by step:

 Step 1: Moment = F·d = 15·0.4 = 6 N·m.

17. Resultants of Force Systems: A rectangular plate has point loads at corners: find
resultant by vector sum (example values: (10,0), (0,5), (-6,0), (0,-3)).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Sum x = 10 -6 =4; sum y = 5 -3 =2 → resultant = √(4² +2²)=√20=4.472 N at angle
arctan(2/4)=26.565°.

18. Resultants of Force Systems: Find resultant of forces 5 N @ 30° and 5 N @ -30°
(symmetric).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: x-components: 5 cos30 + 5 cos30 = 10·(√3/2)=5√3≈8.660; y-components cancel (sin30 - sin30
=0).
Step 2: Resultant = 5√3 ≈ 8.660 N along x-axis.

19. Resultants of Force Systems: A force F=40 N acts at a point with position vector
r = (2 i + 3 j) m. Find moment about origin (2D) as scalar M = r_x F_y - r_y F_x if F has
components (Fx, Fy)=(30, 10).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: M = r_x·Fy - r_y·Fx = 2·10 - 3·30 = 20 - 90 = -70 N·m (negative indicates clockwise).
20. Resultants of Force Systems: Find equivalent single force for two parallel forces
8 kN up at x=1 m and 4 kN down at x=3 m on a beam, give magnitude and location.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Net force = 8 - 4 = 4 kN upward.
Step 2: Take moments about origin: M = 8·1 - 4·3 = 8 -12 = -4 kN·m.
Step 3: Location x_R = M / R = (-4) / 4 = -1 m -> means resultant's line is 1 m to left of origin.

21. Resultants of Force Systems: Find resultant of 4 forces given by vectors: (3, -2),
(-1, 4), (0, -1), (2, -1).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Sum x = 3 -1 +0 +2 =4; sum y = -2 +4 -1 -1 =0 → resultant = (4,0) magnitude 4 N along x-axis.

22. Resultants of Force Systems: Explain how to reduce a non-concurrent force

system to a single resultant and a couple (brief steps).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Sum all forces to get resultant R. Sum moments about a chosen point to get M_total. Represent
system as R at a point plus couple M to maintain equivalence.

23. Equilibrium of Particles: A particle in equilibrium has two forces: 12 N at 0° and

unknown F at angle θ = 120°. Explain why equilibrium is impossible with only these
two non-collinear forces.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Two non-collinear forces cannot sum to zero unless they are equal and opposite along same line;
a third force is required to balance components.

24. Equilibrium of Particles: Three forces act on a particle: 10 N at 0°, 15 N at 90°,

and R at unknown angle. Find R magnitude and angle for equilibrium.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Sum components: R_x +10 =0 → R_x = -10; R_y +15 =0 → R_y = -15.
Step 2: R = √(10² +15²) = √325 ≈18.027 N, direction arctan(R_y/R_x) in QIII → θ ≈ 236.31°.

25. Equilibrium of Particles: A particle has three concurrent forces; check

equilibrium if forces are (5 N @ 0°),(5 N @ 120°),(5 N @ 240°).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Symmetric three forces equally spaced sum to zero → equilibrium satisfied.

26. Equilibrium of Particles: Determine magnitude of third force needed for

equilibrium given two: 8 N @ 0°, 6 N @ 90°.

Solution — step by step:

 Step 1: Resultant of first two is R = √(8² +6²) = 10 N at angle arctan(6/8)=36.87°. Third force must be 10 N
opposite in direction (216.87°) to achieve equilibrium.

27. Equilibrium of Particles: Particle at joint with two known members at 45° and
135° carrying axial forces; find third to keep joint in equilibrium (outline).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Resolve known axial components into x and y, sum to zero to find third force components,
compute magnitude and direction via Pythag and arctan.

28. Equilibrium of Particles: A ring-loaded pulley has tensions T1=100 N @ 30° and
T2=150 N @ 150°. Find resultant on hook (magnitude and direction).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Rx = 100 cos30 + 150 cos150 = 86.60 -129.90 = -43.30 N; Ry = 100 sin30 +150 sin150 = 50 + 75
=125 N.
Step 2: R = √((-43.3)² +125²) ≈ 132.29 N, angle ≈ 109.3° measured from +x.

29. Equilibrium of Particles: Explain how to use graphical equilibrium (polygon of

forces) briefly.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Place vectors tip-to-tail; if they form a closed polygon, forces are in equilibrium.
30. Equilibrium of Particles: A particle is in equilibrium under four forces; show
algebraic steps to verify equilibrium for given components (example).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Sum x components and y components separately; both sums must be zero.

31. Equilibrium of Particles: State advantages and limitations of solving equilibrium

problems graphically vs analytically.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Graphical is quick and visual but less accurate; analytical (component) method is precise and
systematic.

32. Equilibrium of Particles: Given forces 50 N and 80 N with angle between 60°, find
third force to equilibrate particle (outline correct method).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Compute resultant of first two by components, then third = negative of resultant; show steps to
compute components and magnitude.

33. Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies: Determine support reactions for simply supported
beam length 6 m with a central point load 24 kN.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Symmetric -> reactions each = P/2 = 12 kN.
Step 2: Check: sum vertical = 12+12 -24 =0.

34. Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies: Cantilever beam length 3 m with end load 10 kN:
find reaction force and moment at fixed support.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Vertical reaction R = 10 kN upward.
Step 2: Moment reaction M = 10·3 = 30 kN·m.

35. Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies: A beam with two point loads 8 kN at 1 m and 6 kN at
4 m on span 5 m; simply supported. Find reactions.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Sum moments about left support: R_B·5 -8·1 -6·4 =0 → R_B = (8+24)/5 =32/5 =6.4 kN.
Step 2: R_A = 14 -6.4 =7.6 kN.

36. Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies: A uniform beam (self weight) w = 1 kN/m over 4 m
simply supported: find reactions.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Total load = 4 kN; reactions each = 2 kN.
37. Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies: Find shear force and bending moment at x=1.5 m
for a simply supported beam (L=4) with point load 10 kN at x=2 m.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: First find reactions: symmetric? No. Compute R_A by moments about B, then use V = R_A for x<2
and M = R_A * x. Substitute numbers to get values at x=1.5.

38. Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies: A non-uniform load: trapezoidal load given; outline
how to find equivalent resultant and its location.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Break trapezoid into rectangle + triangle or integrate w(x) to find W and x■ = (1/W) ∫ x w(x) dx.

39. Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies: A rigid body acted upon by two non-parallel forces:
explain conditions for equilibrium in 2D (concurrent or parallel with couples).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Either forces must be concurrent or be balanced by additional forces/couples so ΣF=0 and ΣM=0.
40. Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies: Find reactions for a beam with overhang (cantilever
portion) with provided loads (outline).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Take moments about supports, consider equilibrium of entire beam to find reactions, include
overhang contributions.

41. Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies: A beam has hinge at A and roller at B, but also a pin
at C creating internal hinge; discuss effect on static determinacy.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Count DOF and reactions; internal hinge reduces moment transfer; determine if statically
determinate by m + r = 2j etc.

42. Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies: Show step-by-step how to compute reaction forces
when a beam has an eccentric point load (not at centroid).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Compute moments to find reactions using ΣM about one support, then ΣF_y to find other reaction.

43. Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies: A frame has a pin at A and roller at B with loads:
outline method to solve internal member forces.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Isolate members, use equilibrium equations for each rigid member and compatibility at joints to
solve for internal forces.

44. Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies: Explain difference between simply supported,

statically determinate, and indeterminate structures briefly.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Simply supported: supported by pins/rollers, often determinate; statically determinate: reactions
found from equilibrium alone; indeterminate: extra supports require compatibility methods.

45. Trusses — Method of Joints & Sections: For a simple symmetric triangular truss
with total downward load 10 kN at apex, find axial force in one incline member.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Reactions symmetric: each support =5 kN upward.
Step 2: At apex, vertical component of each incline member =5 kN; incline sinθ = height/length; axial = 5 /
sinθ (compute given geometry).

46. Trusses — Method of Joints & Sections: Method of joints: solve for member
forces at a joint with two unknowns (outline steps).

Solution — step by step:

 Step 1: Write ΣF_x=0 and ΣF_y=0 at the joint; solve the two linear equations for the two unknown member
forces.

47. Trusses — Method of Joints & Sections: Use method of sections: cut through
truss to expose three members and solve for one member force using ΣM=0
(outline).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Select section cutting through up to three members, take moments about a point to eliminate two
unknowns, solve for the third.

48. Trusses — Method of Joints & Sections: Zero-force member identification: state
common conditions for zero-force members.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: If two non-collinear members meet at an unloaded joint, both are zero-force; if three members
meet with two collinear and no external load, the non-collinear is zero-force.

49. Trusses — Method of Joints & Sections: Solve a 4-member planar truss with
given joint loads for member axial forces (numerical steps).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Apply joints sequentially, use geometry to resolve components, compute numeric forces.
50. Trusses — Method of Joints & Sections: Find whether a truss is statically
determinate using m + r = 2 j criterion (explain).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Count members m, reactions r, joints j; check if m + r = 2 j for determinacy.

51. Trusses — Method of Joints & Sections: Compute axial force in a diagonal
member of a symmetric truss given span 8 m, height 2 m, central load 20 kN.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Compute reactions (10 kN each), analyze adjacent joint to find axial via geometry: sinθ =
2/√(4²+2²) etc., compute value.

52. Trusses — Method of Joints & Sections: Method of sections: show solving for
interior member by taking moments about convenient point (numeric).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Choose section, take moments about a point to isolate member, compute using equilibrium
equations.

53. Trusses — Method of Joints & Sections: Explain assumptions in truss analysis
(list).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Members are pin-connected, loads at joints only, members slender and carry axial forces only,
self-weight often neglected.

54. Trusses — Method of Joints & Sections: Identify zero-force members in a given
simple truss configuration (describe reasoning).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Apply zero-force member rules to identify members with zero axial force without full analysis.

55. Trusses — Method of Joints & Sections: Compute factor of safety for truss
member given allowable stress and found axial force (numeric example).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Stress = axial / area; FOS = allowable / stress. Compute numeric value.

56. Trusses — Method of Joints & Sections: Convert a uniformly distributed load on
a top chord to equivalent joint loads for truss analysis (outline).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Integrate or partition load to nodes proportional to adjacent panel lengths to maintain equilibrium.

57. Frames & Machines: Explain difference between a truss and a frame.
Solution — step by step:
Step 1: Truss members carry axial forces only; frames have rigid joints and members carry bending,
shear, and axial forces.

58. Frames & Machines: Two-member frame pinned at base with load at tip: find
reaction at hinge (outline).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Isolate member, draw FBD, apply ΣF_x, ΣF_y, ΣM to determine hinge reaction.

59. Frames & Machines: For a four-bar linkage, explain method to find input torque
for given output load (qualitative).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Use virtual work or equilibrium of links, relate input torque to output via geometry and mechanical
advantage.
60. Frames & Machines: Crane jib as cantilever with end load: compute reaction
moment and shear at base for given numbers.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Shear = P; Moment = P·L; substitute numbers to compute.

61. Frames & Machines: Kinematic determinacy: state Gruebler's equation for planar
mechanisms.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: DOF = 3(n-1) - 2j1 - j2 where j1 pinned joints, j2 higher pairs; explain briefly.

62. Frames & Machines: Explain approach to analyze indeterminate frames (brief).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Use compatibility equations and deformation methods (e.g., force method, displacement method)
possibly with stiffness matrices.

63. Frames & Machines: Show steps to find internal hinge reactions in a
pinned-frame with one redundant support (outline).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Remove redundant, solve statically determinate system, impose compatibility to find redundant
reaction, iterate.

64. Frames & Machines: Describe how to model machine elements as rigid bodies
for statics analysis (brief).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Represent links as rigid bodies, joints as constraints, apply equilibrium to each link, include inertial
effects if dynamic.

65. Friction: A block weight 200 N rests on horizontal surface. Coefficient of static
friction µ_s = 0.4. Find maximum horizontal force before sliding.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Normal N = 200 N.
Step 2: F_max = µ_s N = 0.4 * 200 = 80 N.

66. Friction: Ladder 5 m foot 1.5 m from wall, weight 800 N at center. µ_s at base =
0.3. Determine if ladder will slip (outline with steps).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Compute normal and required friction from moments about top or base; compare required friction
to µ_s N to decide slip or hold.
67. Friction: Wedge with angle 30°, block on wedge with µ=0.1. Determine minimum
horizontal force P to push block up wedge (outline).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Resolve forces along incline, include friction term µ N (where N = W cosθ), solve inequality for P.

68. Friction: A sphere on incline θ=20°: determine condition to roll without slipping
given µ_s and rotational inertia (qualitative).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Required friction for pure rolling = (a m)/(r) relationship; compare to µ_s available.

69. Friction: Belt friction formula T_t / T_s = e^{µ θ}. Explain variables and an
example of use.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: T_t = tension tight side, T_s slack, µ friction coeff, θ wrap angle in radians; use to find maximum
transmissible tension ratio.
70. Friction: Block on incline held by cable parallel to incline: W=500 N, θ=30°, µ=0.2.
Find cable tension for equilibrium.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Along incline: T + µ W cosθ = W sinθ.
Step 2: Compute W sin30 = 250 N, W cos30 = 500 * 0.8660254 = 433.013 N, µN = 86.6027 N.
Step 3: T = 250 - 86.6027 = 163.3973 N.

71. Friction: Find minimum angle for sliding for µ_s = 0.25.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: θ_min = arctan(µ_s) = arctan(0.25) ≈ 14.036°.

72. Friction: Explain effect of surface roughness and lubrication on µ_k and µ_s
briefly.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Rougher surfaces increase µ_s and µ_k; lubrication reduces µ_k significantly and may reduce µ_s.

73. Friction: Compute required coefficient µ to prevent slipping for block on 35°
incline with weight 300 N and applied parallel force 50 N up slope (outline).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Compute net tendency to slide and solve µ ≥ (component down - applied)/N with N = W cosθ.

74. Friction: Explain static vs kinetic friction and provide equations for each.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Static: F ≤ µ_s N; Kinetic: F_k = µ_k N (constant when sliding).

75. Friction: Wheel rolling: compute friction work over distance s when slipping
occurs (outline).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Work = friction force * distance; friction relates to normal and µ_k; include rotational energy if
relevant.

76. Friction: Describe how to include friction in truss joint which has sliding contact
(qualitative).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Model friction as force at contact point; include limiting value µ N and include in equilibrium
equations if necessary.
77. Centroids & Centers of Gravity: Find centroid of composite shape: rectangle 4×2
m (placed with left edge at x=0) and square 1×1 attached with its centroid at x=3.5 m.
Compute x■.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: A1 = 4*2 = 8, x1 = 2 (centroid of rectangle from left edge).
Step 2: A2 = 1*1 =1, x2 = 3.5.
Step 3: x■ = (8*2 + 1*3.5) / (8+1) = (16 +3.5)/9 =19.5/9 =2.1667 m.

78. Centroids & Centers of Gravity: Centroid of semicircle radius R: give formula
location from flat side.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: y■ = 4 R / (3 π) from flat side (toward center).

79. Centroids & Centers of Gravity: Centroid of right triangle base 6 m height 4 m
from base (numeric).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Centroid from base along height = h/3 = 4/3 ≈ 1.333 m.
80. Centroids & Centers of Gravity: Centroid of large circle radius 3 minus small
circle radius 1 centered 2 m to the right: outline computation steps.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Compute areas A_large = π*3², A_small = π*1²; centroids: large at 0, small at +2; x■ = (A_large*0 -
A_small*2)/(A_large - A_small). Compute numeric if desired.

81. Centroids & Centers of Gravity: Locate centroid of an L-section made from
rectangles: outline steps to compute numeric example.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Break into two rectangles, compute individual centroids and areas, then weighted average.

82. Centroids & Centers of Gravity: Centroid of triangular plate with base b and
height h from right-angle corner: state coordinates.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Coordinates measured from right-angle vertex: (b/3, h/3).

83. Centroids & Centers of Gravity: Find centroid of T-section composed of flange
0.3×0.05 and web 0.05×0.2 (compute y■ from bottom).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Compute areas A_f = 0.3*0.05=0.015, y_f = 0.2 + 0.05/2 =0.225; A_w =0.05*0.2 =0.01, y_w =0.1;
y■ = (A_f*y_f + A_w*y_w)/(A_f + A_w). Compute numeric.
Step 2: y■ = (0.015*0.225 + 0.01*0.1)/0.025 = (0.003375 +0.001)/0.025 =0.004375/0.025 =0.175 m from
bottom.

84. Centroids & Centers of Gravity: Centroid of semicircular area R=2 m numeric
(from flat side).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: y■ = 4 R / (3 π) = 8 / (3π) = 8 / 9.42477796 = 0.849 m approx.

85. Centroids & Centers of Gravity: Explain shoelace method for centroid of polygon
briefly.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Compute polygon area via shoelace formula A = 1/2 Σ(x_i y_{i+1} - x_{i+1} y_i) and centroid
coordinates with similar sums.

86. Centroids & Centers of Gravity: Centroid of composite of rectangle 4×1 and
semicircle radius 0.5 attached on top: outline steps for numeric result.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Compute area and centroids of rectangle and semicircle, sum weighted coordinates, divide by total
area.
87. Centroids & Centers of Gravity: Discuss effect of non-uniform density on center
of gravity location (qualitative).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Center of gravity depends on mass distribution, so non-uniform density shifts CG toward denser
regions; use weighted integrals with density factor.

88. Centroids & Centers of Gravity: Find centroid x■ for two rectangles A1=2 at
x1=0.5 and A2=1 at x2=3.5 (repeat numeric).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: x■ = (2*0.5 +1*3.5)/3 = (1 +3.5)/3 =4.5/3 =1.5 m.

89. Area Moments of Inertia: Compute area moment of inertia Ix for rectangle b=0.1
m, h=0.2 m about centroidal x-axis.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Ix = b h^3 /12 = (0.1)*(0.2**3)/12 = 6.6666667e-05 m^4.
90. Area Moments of Inertia: Parallel axis theorem: for same rectangle find I about
axis distance d=0.05 m from centroid.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: A = b h = 0.02 m^2; I = I_centroid + A d^2 = 6.6666667e-05 + 0.02*(0.05**2) = 0.0001166667 m^4.

91. Area Moments of Inertia: Compute polar moment J for circle radius r=0.05 m: J =
π r^4 /2.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: J = π * (0.05**4) / 2 ≈ 9.817477e-06 m^4.

92. Area Moments of Inertia: Moment of inertia of triangle about centroidal x-axis Ix =
b h^3 /36 (compute for b=0.3,h=0.2).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Ix = 0.3*(0.2**3)/36 = 6.6666667e-05 m^4.

93. Area Moments of Inertia: Area moment for circle about centroidal x-axis Ix = π
r^4 /4 for r=0.1 m.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Ix = π*(0.1**4)/4 ≈ 7.8539816e-05 m^4.

94. Area Moments of Inertia: Compute section modulus S = I / c for rectangle with
I=6.6667e-05 and c=0.1 m.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: S = I / c = 6.6667e-05 / 0.1 = 6.6667e-04 m^3.

95. Area Moments of Inertia: Compute Ix about one edge for rectangle b=0.1 h=0.2:
Ix_edge = b h^3 /3.

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Ix_edge = 0.1*0.2**3 /3 = 0.0002666667 m^4.

96. Area Moments of Inertia: Compute I for thin-walled circular tube with r_o=0.06 m
and r_i=0.05 m: I = π (r_o^4 - r_i^4)/4 (outline).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Compute difference r_o^4 - r_i^4, multiply by π/4, provide numeric result.

97. Area Moments of Inertia: Explain use of moments of inertia in beam bending
formula σ = M y / I briefly.

Solution — step by step:

 Step 1: I measures resistance to bending; stress increases with y and M, decreases with larger I.

98. Area Moments of Inertia: Compute I for composite L-section by summing

rectangle I and using parallel axis theorem (outline steps).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Break into rectangles, find each I_centroid, apply parallel axis to shift to common axis, sum.

99. Area Moments of Inertia: Find polar moment for square of side a about centroid
(outline formula).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: J = I_x + I_y; for square each I = a^4 /12 so J = a^4 /6.
100. Area Moments of Inertia: Discuss practical importance of I when designing
beams to resist bending (qualitative).

Solution — step by step:

Step 1: Increase I to reduce bending stress and deflection; choose cross-section shapes (I-beam) to
maximize I for given area.