Reviewer:Science
Lesson 1: Energy within the Earth and the Pacific Rain of Fire
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE-
-looks like horshoe
-450 dormants and Active volcanoes
-there are a lot of volcanoes in the PRF because of the movement,collision, and destruction of lithospheric plates.
FAULT
-no one can stop earthquakes from happening
-a fault is a break in the Earth’s crust along which significant movement has taken place.
Palawan- has no fault line/zone
Philippine Fault Zone – longest fault line in the Philippines(1200 km)
LAYERS OF THE EARTH
CRUST- Outer layer
-the top most and thinnest layer of the earth
MANTLE- the thickest layer of the earth where convection current occurs(
CORE- inner most layer
=outer core – liquid
=inner core -solid
TECTONIC PLATE
-large pieces of rocks that make up the earth’s crust
-asthenosphere- located between the crust and mantle
Tectonic Motion-the movement of tectonic plates
Tectonic cracks
mantle asthenosphere heat plate
earthquake fault
STRESS-
-Is in the Earth’s outer layer pushes the fault’s side together
Types of Stress
Tensional Stress-It occurs when one part of a plate moves away
Compressional Stress- It is caused by two plates moving together or by one plate pushing against another plate that is
not moving
Shear Stress- It is produced when two plates slide past each other
PHILVOCS Philippine institute of Volcanology and Seismology
Parts of a Fault
Fault Line- the trace of the fault that follows the fault plane
Fault Plane-the surface in which motions occurs
Fault Scarp- the portion of the fault plane that is now exposed at the surface
Hanging wall-portion above the wall
Foot wall – surface below the wall
TYPES OF FAULT
Normal Fault- Tensional stress
-longer fault line
-hanging wall moves down to the foot wall
-angle: less than 45 degrees vertical
Reverse – compressional forces that pushes plates towards each other
-hanging wall moves upward relative foot wall
-shortening of fault
-greater than 45 degrees vertical
Strike-slip Fault – the result of sideways movement of blocks of rocks. Blocks move laterally.
- No extension or shortening of fault.
-Nearly vertical, with minimal inclination from the horizontal
OBLIQUES FAULT - has both the normal, reverse, and strike-slip component formed by shear stress, and tensional
or compressional stress
Strike-slip fault in San Andreas Fault
Normal fault on the coast of Somerset, England
Reverse fault in the Grands Causses inBédarieux, France
In the Philippines, strike-slip and thrust (reverse) faults are the most common types of faults.
EARTHQUAKE -The shaking of the Earth’s surface, resulting from the sudden release of energy.
Aftershocks ● are most common immediately after the main quake
SEISMOLOGY-Study of earthquakes
SEISMOLOGIST- Scientist who study earthquakes
Seismic waves – are waves of energy that travel through the Earth’s layer.
Seismograph ● Being used to determine the strength of an earthquake
triangulation – the process by which earthquakes are mapped using several seismographs.