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AC Fundamentals: Key Concepts and Notes

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34 views2 pages

AC Fundamentals: Key Concepts and Notes

Uploaded by

spandanbk.nayaklsg
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Alternating Current (AC) – Complete Notes

1. Introduction
- DC: Current flows in one direction only (e.g., battery).
- AC: Current changes magnitude and direction periodically.
In India, frequency = 50 Hz.

2. Mathematical Representation
Voltage: V(t) = V■ sin(ωt)
Current: I(t) = I■ sin(ωt)
ω = 2πf

3. Important Values
- Peak value: V■, I■
- Average (half cycle): I_avg = (2I■ / π) = 0.637 I■
- RMS: I_rms = I■/√2, V_rms = V■/√2
(Indian supply = 220 V rms ≈ 311 V peak)

4. AC in Circuit Elements
- Pure Resistor: V and I in phase, P = VI.
- Pure Inductor: V leads I by 90°, X_L = ωL.
- Pure Capacitor: I leads V by 90°, X_C = 1/ωC.

5. RLC Circuit
Impedance: Z = √(R² + (X_L – X_C)²)
Current: I = V/Z
Phase angle: tan φ = (X_L – X_C)/R

6. Power in AC
Average Power: P = V_rms I_rms cosφ
- cosφ = Power factor
- Pure resistor → max power
- Pure L or C → zero average power

7. Resonance
Condition: X_L = X_C ⇒ ωL = 1/ωC
Impedance = R (minimum), Current = maximum.

8. Transformers
(Vs/Vp) = (Ns/Np)
Step-up / Step-down AC voltage.

9. Advantages of AC
1. Easy to transform.
2. Less transmission loss.
3. Easy to generate.

AC Waveform

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