TYPES OF RESEARCH

RESEARCH PROCESS AND

PROCEDURES
SECOND SEMESTER SY 2024-2025
WHY DO WE NEED RESEARCH?
• To get PhDs, Masters and Bachelors degree

• To provide solutions to complex problems

• To investigate laws of nature

• To make new discoveries

• To develop new products

• To save costs

• To improve our life

RESEARCH BASICS
Research is systematic, because it follows certain steps that
are logical in order. These steps are:
1. Understanding the nature of problem to be studied and
identifying the related area of knowledge.
2. Reviewing literature to understand how others have
approached or dealt with the problem.
3. Collecting data in an organized and controlled manner so
as to arrive at valid decisions.
4. Analyzing data appropriate to the problem.
5. Drawing conclusions and making generalizations.
RESEARCH PROCEDURES
 CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
Research method is characterized by the techniques employed

METHODS in collecting and analyzing data.

On the basis of method, research can be classified as:

• Historical
• Descriptive
• Correlational
• Ex-post facto
• Experimental
 HISTORICAL
The purpose of historical research is to arrive at conclusions concerning
trends, causes or effects of past occurrences.

• This may help in explaining present events and anticipating future

events.

• The data are not gathered by administering instruments to individuals,

but by collecting them from original documents or by interviewing the
eye-witnesses (primary source of information).

• In case primary sources are not available,data are collected from those
other than eye-witnesses (secondary sources).

• The data thus collected are subjected to scientific analysis to assess its
authenticity and accuracy.
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
• Descriptive research studies deal with collecting data
and testing hypotheses or answering questions
concerning the current status of the subject of study.

• It deals with the question “WHAT IS” of a situation.

• It concerns with determining the current practices, status
or features of situations.

• Another aspect of descriptive research is that data

collection is either done through asking questions from
individuals in the situation (through questionnaires or
interviews) or by observation.
CORRELATIONAL

• Descriptive and historical research provide a picture of events that are

currently happening or have occurred in the past.

• Researchers often want to go beyond mere description and begin

discussing the relationship that certain events might have to one
another.

• The most likely type of research to answer the relationship among

variables or events is called correlational research.
EX-POST FACTO
• There is some research where both the effect and the alleged
cause have already occurred and are studied by the
researcher in retrospect.

• Such research is referred to as EX-POST FACTO (after the

fact).
• Kerlinger (1973) defines Ex-post Facto research as:
• “Systematic empirical inquiry in which the scientist does not have direct control
of independent variables because their manifestations have already occurred or
because they are inherently not manipulable”.

• Thus, in ex-post facto research or causal-comparative

research the researcher has no control on the variables or he
cannot manipulate the variables (independent variables)
which cause a certain effect (dependent variables) being
measured.
EXPERIMENTAL

• Experimental research is where participants are assigned to groups

based on some selected criterion often called treatment variable.

• Quasi-experimental research is where participants are preassigned

to groups based on some characteristic or quality such as
differences in sex, race, age, neighborhood, etc. These group
assignments have already taken place before the experiment
begins, and the researcher has no control as to what the people
will belong to each group.
EXPERIMENTAL

• The primary characteristic of experimental research is manipulation of at

least one variables and control over the other relevant variables so as to
measure its effect on one or more dependent variables.

• The variables (s) which is manipulated is also called an independent

variables, a treatment, an experimental variables or the cause.

• Some of the examples of an independent variables could be: temperature,

pressure, chemical concentration, type of material and conductivity.

GENERAL SYSTEMATIC
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:
STEPS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH

1. SELECTING AND
This marks the beginning of a research study and is the most difficult and

DEFINING A PROBLEM important step. This

involves:
(1) Identifying and stating the problem in specific terms;
(2) Identifying the variables in the problem situation and defining them
adequately;
(3) Generating tentative guesses (hypotheses) about the relation of the
variables or in other words the solution of the problem, or writing
explicitly the questions (research questions) for which answers are
sought; and
(4) Evaluating the problem for its research ability.
• To achieve this, you review the literature related to the problem to know what other
researchers have done and discovered and to identify the possible methodology
for conducting the research.
 DESCRIBING METHODOLOGY
• You need to state the purpose of the study and to define the
problem clearly. This guides you in deciding the methodology of
research which involves :
a. Identifying the method of research;
b. Specifying the subjects of study (e.g. heat flow problem, etc.);
c. Selecting an adequate representative sample of subjects;
d. Selecting/constructing valid and reliable instruments for
measuring the variables in the problem;
e. Selecting a research design and describing the procedure to be
employed for conducting the research study.
 COLLECTING DATA

• This step involves conducting the study as per the designed

procedure (manipulating the experimental variables in the
case of an experimental method), administering instruments
for measuring variables and/or gathering information
through observation.

• It also involves tabulating the data thus collected for the

purpose of analysis.

ANALYZING AND INTERPRETING

RESULTS
The results of the study are generated at this stage.
• The data are summarized, in other words analysed to provide information for testing
the hypotheses.

• Appropriate statistical methods of analysis are used to test the hypotheses.

• You can perform the analysis manually, by using a hand calculator or a computer as
per the demands of the problem, and the available facilities.

• After completing the analysis results are tied together or summarized.

• The results are interpreted in the light of the hypotheses and/or the research problem.
• These are then discussed in relation to: the existing body of knowledge, consistencies
and inconsistencies with the results of other research studies, and then the
conclusions are drawn.

ENGINEERING, COMPUTER AND IT

RESEARCH
• Involve in the development of new algorithms/techniques/methodologies.

• Involve in the confirmation of newly proposed algorithms (applications to benchmark

problems or laboratory equipment).
• Involve in the design of new products/circuits.

• Involve in comparing a number of different methodologies.

• Stability analysis on newly proposed algorithms.

• Involve in the application of some proposed algorithms in novel applications.

• Involve in the study of certain aspects of dynamics (behavior) of plants/systems.

• Involve in surveys of some engineering aspects.

• Involve in market study of certain engineering products.

• Involve in the study on the effects of environmental factors on a particular

product/design.

ENGINEERING, COMPUTER AND IT

RESEARCH
• Involve in surveys of some engineering aspects.
• Involve in market study of certain engineering products.
• Involve in the study on the effects of environmental factors on a
particular product/design.

• Involve in improving the design of existing products.

• Involve in extending the algorithms developed by others to a wider
variety of applications/systems.

• Involve in the testing of new techniques extensively on benchmark

problems in which earlier research has not done.

DEFINITIONS

A thesis is :
The written product of the systematic study of a significant problem.
It identifies the problem, states the major assumptions, explains
the significance of the undertaking, sets forth the sources for and
 methods of gathering information, analyzes the data, and offers
a conclusion or recommendation.
The finished product evidences originality, critical and
independent thinking, appropriate organization and format, and
thorough documentation.

DEFINITIONS

• A project is :
A significant undertaking appropriate to the fine and
applied arts or to professional fields.
It evidences originality and independent thinking,
appropriate form and organization, and a rationale.
 It is described and summarized in a written abstract
that includes the project's significance, objectives,
methodology, and a conclusion or recommendation.

DEFINITIONS

Engineering Thesis project represents the capstone learning experience of

the program, integrating the academic content of the curriculum, prior
academic knowledge, and student work experiences.

Students are encouraged to seek out a problem situated in a real-world

environment with potential for an innovative technology; a unique
application of a technology; or a technology-enabled business process.
Thesis project is conducted under the guidance of a Thesis Adviser who
guide the students in the development and progress of their study

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Here an analysis is performed of problems in the research
domain.
Problems are typically situated within the enterprises where
students had underwent their practicum .
 The student should display insight into the application
domain and knowledge of the applicable theories when
focusing on a particular topic, and the problems related to
it.

PROPOSAL DEVELOPMENT.

The project starts by formulating a research proposal which

outlines
 • the problem to be investigated, the scope of the project
• the research approach to be followed
• the method of investigation and estimated project
schedule
The proposal also includes a preliminary analysis of the
literature dealing with other approaches to the problem.

THE PROPOSAL SHOULD CONTAIN.

 A statement which outlines the area of the investigation and the
context, including the related theories, called the background theory.
The focus of the topic to be investigated, and the concepts and/or
theory on which it is based, called the focal theory. Here the problems
related to the topic are determined and some research questions
identified.
Some key literature references in both the background and focal
theories must be provided in support of this section of the proposal.
The research approach, research design and method of investigation
to be followed, such as an empirical study using qualitative,
quantitative, or mixed methods. The methods and techniques that will
be adopted are refined after the literature review is complete.
A proposed schedule against which the investigation will be
conducted.
CHAPTER I – THE PROBLEM

• Other possible Chapter 1 Titles

• THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
• THE PROJECT AND ITS BACKGROUND

• The Chapter Contents :

 • Introduction
• Statement of the Problems/Objectives of the Study
• Significance (or Importance) of the Study
• Scope, Limitations and Delimitations of the Study
CHAPTER I – THE PROBLEM
Introduction
• The purpose of an introduction is to acquaint the reader with the
rationale behind the work, with the intention of defending it. It places the
study in a theoretical context, and enables the reader to understand and
appreciate the objectives of the study. • It is the brief description of the
study (what will you do, how will you do it, and when will you do it.)

• This is the discussion of background and overview of the study (Though

a separate topic on background of the study can be presented if needed) •
Last paragraph discussion should be directed towards to the statement of
the problems
 CHAPTER I – THE PROBLEM
Statements of the Problem
• The researcher should seek to state as clearly and precisely as possible
the nature of that issue, problem or concern which he or she is trying to
address. • The statements of the problem description of an active
challenge (i.e. problem) faced by researchers and/or practitioners that
does not have adequate solutions available including the argumentation
for its viability based on solid peer-reviewed sources as well as
theoretical foundation. • The statements of the problem should address
questions like: what, how, where, when, and why, and should not be
answerable by yes or no. • The questions should be related to your
research purpose, focused and clear.
Main Problem should reflect the Title of the Study
EXAMPLE : TITLE : DEVELOPMENT OF LIBRARY
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR
THE BSU-ALANGILAN LIBRARY

Statement of the Problem:

The study aims to develop a Library Information
Management System for the BSU-Alangilan Library.
Specifically it aims to answer the following questions:
1. What is the present status of library management system
used in the BSU-Alangilan Library in terms of …
2. What programming language will …..
CHAPTER I – THE PROBLEM
Significance (or Importance) of the Study

• Significance of the study in thesis is a part where researcher will tell the
importance and purpose of the study. This part will tell how the study
would be beneficial to society and specific person.

• Describe the contribution the project can be expected to make in the

researcher’s field/profession, i.e. information technology, computer
engineering, etc. If appropriate, mention both specific and technical
contributions and also the more general significance of dealing with
these particular ideas and problems.

• Describe the significance of the project in the specific context of the

department, university and the community as well. (Who will benefit from
the study?)
CHAPTER I – THE PROBLEM

• Scope, Limitations and Delimitations of the Study • sets

the delimitations and establishes the boundaries of the study
(delimits the study in terms of size and area of coverage)

• states what the study will not cover or will not do

• identifies the weaknesses and constraints which may affect
the results of the study
 CHAPTER I – THE PROBLEM

• Scope, Limitations and Delimitations of the Study • Discuss

here the boundaries of the study and those likely part of the study
researcher/s do not intend to accomplish (or what the design of the
study inherently will not allow)

• The delimitations of a study are those characteristics that limit the

scope (define the boundaries) of the inquiry as determined by the
conscious exclusionary and inclusionary decisions that were made
throughout the development of the study.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter the researcher formulates a theoretical conjecture representing
a potential conceptual solution to the research question. The conceptualization
may be a graphic model of an empirical generalization, a mathematical
 formula representing the conceptual solution, or a description of a grounded
theory.

Chapter Contents
• Conceptual Literature • Research Literature
 Related Studies
• Synthesis
• Conceptual Framework (or Theoretical Framework)
• Conceptual (or Theoretical) Paradigm
• Definition of Terms (Maybe place in Chapter 1)

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

• Conceptual Literature • Discussion of the concepts,

principles, theories by which the research study was built.
 Sources come from refereed literature such as books,
journals, etc. (Note : sources should be properly cited,
using Harvard or MLA citation style)

• The student synthesizes ideas, practices, and personal

insight to form the basis for conceptualizing a solution to
the research questions.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Research (or Related) Literature

• Related Studies - Here the analytical abilities of the student are applied
to analyze and interpret the work of others regarding the research
problem and question(s).

• Historical or conceptual survey of relevant research works undertaken in

the area by previous investigators or researchers. Each contribution must
be accompanied by appropriate references to be listed in the reference
section. (Again, sources should be properly cited)
 • The researcher does not need to report on every published study in the
area of the research topic. Choose those studies which are most relevant
and most important.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Synthesis (not yet included in proposal)
• Do not merely summarize the research findings that
others have reported. It must also be evaluated and
commented on each study's worth and validity. • Discuss
here researcher’s own perspective and views regarding
each of the previous works/studies presented. How is
the present study work compared to the work of the
other researchers individually, what are the differences
and similarities?
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 Conceptual Framework
• It is a complete presentation of the variables to be observed in the current study.
• It is the ideas defined in a way the researcher wants.
• It is understood in the current research, the operationalization of the variablesconcepts,
the visible indicators or the variables-concepts, the scheme of measuring the variables.

• It focuses on the specific stipulative and operational definition of concepts and

variables with respect to the particular research problem.

 Conceptual Paradigm
• A graphical diagram/representation of the conceptual framework of the study.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Definition of Terms

• Include only those terms (usually highly technical terms) which may
confuse the readers

• No need to include terms thoroughly discussed in the manuscript

 • Can be an operational definition and/or textual (conceptual) definition
 Operational Definition – your own definition on how the term was used in the
study
 Textual/Conceptual Definition – definition taken from literature materials i.e.
books, journals, etc.

• The source/s should be properly cited if conceptual definition

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

• Local Studies
• Foreign Studies
• Conceptual Framework
• IPO
 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The way in which research is conducted may be conceived of in terms
of the research philosophy subscribed to, the research strategy
employed and so the research instruments utilized (and perhaps
developed) in the pursuit of a goal – the research objective(s) - and the
quest for the solution of a problem - the research questions. This is
the chapter of your thesis where you will present the methodological
framework
for your research. You will discuss how you would do in order to be
able to answer the research questions

 The contents of this chapter will depend on the type and nature of
research being undertaken.
 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
For quantitative, academic, theory-based research the following are suggested contents:

• The chapter should contain how the research was carried out, should
describe the subjects, instruments used (if any), the conditions how test
were executed.

• The research methods and procedures utilized in the study

• The research design used in the study
• Population, demographics instrumentation data collection, and methods
of data analysis and other statistical measurement used (if any or
applicable)

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design - specifies whether descriptive, causal/explanatory,
correlational, comparative, exploratory, evaluative or combination of
two or more designs
Sources of Data - specifies the sources of primary and/or secondary
data

Method of Data Collection/Data Collection Procedure - indicates the

sampling procedures (if primary data) and the data collection methods
such as survey, questionnaire, and others

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Analytical Procedures/Methods of Analysis
- indicates the most appropriate statistical tools used in
analyzing both quantitative and qualitative data
- mathematical expressions must be italicized and numbered
accordingly
 - all models/equations must be properly numbered
- all major/key variables must be properly measured/
categorized indicating their specific units of measure.
- The sources of formulas must be indicated in the text.
CHAPTER III METHODS AND
PROCEDURES
The above title can be used for project based research
The Chapter may contain (but not limited to) the ff topics:
Requirements – describe the required purposed and
functions of the project
Specifications (if applicable) – the provision, qualities and
feature desired
Development Stages of the Project
Component design, fabrication, assembly, and testing
procedures. Use Illustrations! – which should be properly
discussed and referred to

CHAPTER III METHODS AND

PROCEDURES
• Problem Identification
• Research (Data Gathering)
• Requirement Specification
• Concept Generation
• Design
• Prototype and Construct
• System Integration
• System Test
 • Delivery and Acceptance
• Maintenance and Upgrade
• Evaluation

CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH
OUTPUT
Presentation, analysis, assessment of data (If there is) or results
of procedures undertaken.
Presentation of the output of the study in any forms as maybe
necessary or required (graphs, charts, formulas, plans, designs,
etc) with detail analysis and discussions on how it was
formulated or developed in the study.
The chapter should contain the detailed findings/answers to the
questions posted in the statements of the problem.
 CHAPTER IV
Above title is recommended if the thesis is project
basedPROJECT DESIGN, TESTING AND EVALUATION

Chapter Contents can be (but not limited to) the ff:

Presentation of the Final Design, describing the parts and
features
Test/Experiments done in order to prove that the functions
and the objectives are fulfilled.
Tabulation and/or graphs (if possible) to indicate the
results
Analysis and evaluation of the results of testing and should
response to the research questions and/or objectives of the
study
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings
• Summary of findings should be a short statement such as the main purpose of
the study, period of the study, method of research used, research instrument
and sampling design

• Findings should be written in textual generalization, that may contain a

summary of the important data consisting of text and numbers.

• Important findings should be included in the summary.

• No new information or data should be included in the summary of findings.
• Findings should be stated concisely, not explained or elaborated anymore.
 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
• The conclusion should be short and concise and should be based
on the findings of the study.
• The conclusion section is not the place for details about the
methodology or results. Although it should give a summary of
what was learnt from the research, this summary should be short,
since the emphasis in the conclusions section is on the implications,
evaluations, etc. that was made in the study.

Recommendations
• Should be based on the conclusions and findings of the study.
• Recommendations can be on items or works that the authors
failed to include of the study, utilization of the results of the study
and furtherance on the study conducted.
 Problem Identification
Dr. Shishma Kushwaha
Assistant Professor
JEMTEC School of Law (Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi)

Research Problem: An Introduction

• A research problem is a problem that every researcher should try to solve.

• This is the first step in the research process.

 • It should try to explain:

• What
Why
• How
• Where
• Who
Conditions of research problem
There must be an individual to whom the problem can be attributed.

There must be two variables i.e. controlled and uncontrolled.

There must be atleast two possible outcomes.

SOURCES OR ORIGIN OF THE PROBLEM

Personal Experience Review of educational research journals
Newspaper readings
Text books, white papers

Suggestions from previous work

Points to remember (Problem-identification)

 Over-researched topics should be avoided

Controversial subject should be avoided.

Too narrow or too vague problems should be avoided

The subject selected for research should be familiar and feasible

The importance, qualification and training of researcher and cost should be considered

Problem should be preceded by preliminary study.

Techniques for Problem identification

Statement of problem in general way

Understanding the nature of the problem • Surveying the available literature

Developing the ideas through discussions Rephrasing the research problem

2 Sem
n esr
e24-2
ACADEMIC
HONESTY/
PLAGIARISM
RESEARCH METHODS (CPE 327)
2ND SEMESTER 2024-2025
Learning Objectives
▪ Todevelopanunderstandingofacademichonesty/plagiarism
Two Aspects of Ethical Issues in Research
▪ The individual values of the researcher relating to honesty and frankness and personalintegrity

▪ The researcher’s treatment of other people involved in the research, relating to informedconsent,confidentiality,anonymityandcourtesy.
Important Terms
▪ Academic Honesty

▪ Plagiarism

▪ Acknowledge

▪ Intellectual Property

▪ Citation

▪ Bibliography

▪ Sources

Academic Honesty
▪ Academic honesty or academic integrity is a set of values held by
the academic community. These values are defined as
"commitment, even in the face of adversity, to...honesty, trust,
fairness, respect, and responsibility.“
Four Basic Types of Academic Dishonesty:

▪ Cheating
▪ facilitation (helping someone else cheat)
▪ Plagiarism
▪ fabrication (making something up)
Plagiarism
▪ Plagiarism is used as a catch-all term for all kinds of academic
dishonesty.
▪ Plagiarism is using somebody else's ideas or expression of ideas
(writing, art, music, speech, etc.) and representing them as your
own.
▪ Plagiarism is the "unattributed use of a source of information
that is not considered common knowledge

Plagiarism
▪ is using someone else's idea or work as your own without
acknowledging their work. Plagiarism is often unintentional.
▪ There are some important components in its definition that are
very important to understand:
➢Any time you hand in something with your name on it, it is presumed to have
been created entirely by you unless you indicate otherwise (in other words -you
provide a citation indicating the information is from another source).

➢Any content you did not create yourself (ideas, graphics, etc.) must be cited.

➢This definition does not take into account whether or not the plagiarism was
accidental.

Three Acts Considered as Plagiarism

▪ failing to cite quotations and borrowed ideas ▪ failing
to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks
▪ failing to put summaries and paraphrases in your own
words.
 ~~DianaHacker,APocketStyleManual
Examples of Plagiarism
▪ Misrepresentingsomeoneelse'sworkasyourown:

▪ Copyinganotherstudent'spaperoranarticlefromajournalorwebsite
▪ Buyinganessayfromaterm-papermill

▪ Copying sentences or paragraphs without properly citing their source:

▪ Quoting material without proper use of quotation marks (even if otherwise cited
appropriately)
▪ Using specific facts without proper attribution (other than information that qualifies
as'common knowledge')
▪ Using a specific argument or logic without crediting the source
▪ Using art, graphs, illustrations, maps, statistics, photographs, etc. without complete and
proper citation
▪ Translating a work from one language to another without complete and proper citation

▪ Paraphrasing
▪ Paraphrasing or summarizing information from a source without proper acknowledgement
 ▪ Re-writing a section but not making it sufficiently different from the original (even if cited
appropriately)

When does Plagiarism Occurs?

▪ A student is considered to have "plagiarized" when he or she has failed to acknowledge his or her sources or has not acknowledged her
sources accurately andcompletely. Plagiarismcanoccurinmanytypesofassignments,including:

➢ Essays,responsepapers,researchpapers,seniortheses
➢ Oralreports,PowerPointpresentations
➢ Labreports
➢ Drawings,mathematicalproofs,computerprojects
▪ Plagiarism occurs any time and every time a writer relies upon the words, ideas, data, theses, positions or product (drawing, design, computer
program) of another writerwithoutacknowledgingthatcoursefullyandcorrectly.
Forms of Plagiarism
▪ Intentional plagiarism

▪ Unintentional plagiarism
Intentional Plagiarism
▪ Sometypesofplagiarismareintentionalattemptstodeceivetheprofessor.

▪ Intentional plagiarism occurs when a student deliberately chooses to use other

people'sideasinpartorallofhisownassignmentwithoutgivingcredittotheother writer(s). By turning in this type of plagiarized assignment, the
student is claiming thattheworkishisown,butitisnot.

▪ Intentional plagiarism occurs when a student turns in an assignment that was:

➢writtenbyanotherstudent.

➢originallypublishedinanothersourcesuchasajournal,newspaper,magazineor website.

➢purchased or downloaded from a website or service which sells essays or providesthemforfree.

Other Forms of Intentional Plagiarism

▪ inventssourcesandincludestheminthebibliographyand/orwithinthepaper.
▪ deliberately alters material or bibliographic information by revising the opinion of
anotherwriter,inventingfakequotations,orchangingthedateofapublication.

▪ treatsunauthoredinternetsourcesascommonknowledgeor"sharable"information thatdoesnotrequirecitation.

▪ deliberatelyfalsifiesdataforalabreport.

Unintentional Plagiarism
▪ .
Many cases of plagiarism occur as a result of a student's sloppiness, laziness, or failure to learn how to acknowledge sources

▪ These types of plagiarism include:

➢ quoting a source without acknowledging the author with both quotation marks andacitation.

➢ failingtoquotetheoriginalauthoraccurately.
➢ paraphrasing incompletely; that is, relying too heavily on the original author's words.

➢ relyingtooheavilyonasourcewhileprovidingtoolittleacknowledgement.

➢ usingcitationsincorrectlyorincompletely.

➢ providingpartialorincorrectbibliographicinformation.
Remember this……
▪ Upholding academic integrity requires attention and effort. If you don't care where you are getting your ideas, or if you don't feel like looking
up the correct documentationformat,youmightendupturninginplagiarizedwork.

▪ Many cases of unintentional plagiarism arise from bad record-keeping and lack of skillinreferringtosources.
Also,knowingwhenandhowtocitesourcescorrectlyis sometimesconfusingforanystudent--eventhemostseriousandorganizedstudent.

Acknowledge
▪ Whenyou"acknowledge"asource,youaregivingcredittotheoriginalauthorofthe materialyouhaveusedinyourassignment .

▪ You are noting that an idea, phrase, data, etc., is not an original idea of your own; ratheryouhavelearnedthematerialfromanotherauthor.

▪ Otherwordsfortheverb"toacknowledge"are"toattribute"or"tocredit."

▪ In almost all disciplines, writers acknowledge sources in two ways: citations and bibliographicentries.

Intellectual Property
▪ Creative or original images, language, or ideas that belong to other people, not ourselves.

▪ These other people might be writers, scholars, artists, professors, lecturers, or subjectswhoareinterviewed.
▪ Yourfriendorfellowstudentcan,ofcourse,beanyofthesethings,soastudenthas

rightstohisorherintellectualproperty,evenifhisorherpaperisnotpublished .

Citation
▪ .
A "citation" is a written notation that indicates the source of the material you have usedinyourpaperineveryinstancethatyouhavedoneso

▪ Differentdisciplinesrequiredifferenttypesofcitations.

▪ Some disciplines require you to use parenthetical references within the paragraphs or your paper (MLA style, APA style) each time you use

material from another source .

▪ Otherdisciplinesrequirefootnotesorendnotesatthebottomofthepageorendof theassignment(Chicagostyle,Turabian).

Citations
--
▪ are not the same as the complete list of sources--usually called a bibliography or workscitedlist

requiredinalmostallassignments. Citationsinyourpaper,whether
theyareparentheticalreferences,footnotes,orendnotes--dotwothings:
➢ They indicate that you have included in your paper an idea, position, or statement that you did not author. They cue the paper's
reader that the assignmentincludesexpertworkoreducatedopinionsofothers.
 ➢ They also indicate specifically that the ideas in a particular sentence originally appearinothersources.

Bibliography
▪ Also called a list of "Works Cited" or "Sources," this is the page that lists all of the sourcesthatyouhaverelieduponinyourassignment .

▪ Many documentation styles require both citations (parenthetical references, endnotesorfootnotes)andabibliography.

Somestylesdonotrequireboth.

▪ All bibliographies must follow a specific format. The documentation style used in yourdisciplinewilltellyouwhattonamethislistandhowtoformatit.

Sources
▪ Your"sources"areyour"research"--theworksthatyouhavelocated,readandrelied upontocreateyourfinishedassignment .

▪ These works may be scholarly articles, reports, government documents, reference books,newspaperreportsorarticles,webpages,electronic
sources,lectures,works of art, interviews, television programs, or other original work by scholars and experts.
Avoiding Plagiarism
8 Steps to Plagiarism-Free Papers:

1. Understand what plagiarism is

▪ Anythingthatisnotcitedisassumedtobeyourownwork.

▪ Even if you just forgot to add a citation or quotation mark you are still representingsomeoneelse'sworkasyourwork.

2. Understand how to paraphrase▪ Useyourownwords.

▪ You must change the words and the sentence structure of the original without changingthecontent .
▪ Give credit for the ideas with both an in-text citation and an entry in your bibliography/reference/workscitedpage.

3. Take careful notes

▪ Anytimeyouwriteanythingdown,notewhereitcamefrom.

▪ NotetheURLanddateaccessedorthepagenumberofthesource.
Avoiding Plagiarism

▪ Usequotationmarksarounddirectquotes.

▪ Consider using different colours or fonts for different sources to differentiate where
informationcamefrom.

4. When in doubt, cite the source

▪ Using outside sources lends credibility and authority to your writing.

5. Copy and paste with caution

▪ Never copy anything without adding quotation marks and noting the URL and the date.

6. Use a citation guide

▪ Your teachers ask for a certain citation style. Make sure you know what is required.

▪ All citation styles required a citation in the text (in-text citation or footnote/endnote) and a full citation in the bibilography/referece/works cited list .
Avoiding Plagiarism

7. Make it clear who said what

▪ Use a signal phrase to help the reader know you are using another source.

▪ Always make sure it is clear when you are using source or changing sources.

▪ Give credit to the right person.

8. When in doubt -ALWAYS ASK!

A General Guide to
Understanding Written Plagiarism
 Quoting
▪ . You might
If you copy or repeat a passage or use the exact wording from a source: book, speech or document this is quoting

need to quote text of a formal definition or a passage of dialogue to ensure

the exact meaning is made clear to your reader. Perhaps there is an exact turn of phrase that is
particularly significant and cannot be conveyed by paraphrasing. Use quotations sparingly. You could try askingyourselfthefollowingquestions:

➢ Is the author eminent or an authority?

➢ Are you directly quoting from literature?

➢ Is the quotation particularly vivid or surprising?

▪ If you are going to use a quotation then it is worth a comment. Tell the
reader why you have chosen to use a particular quotation.

Advice for Short Quotes:

▪ Use quotation marks

▪ Give the page number of the original in the text reference

▪ Give a full reference in the references section at the end of your work

▪ Run your quotation into the text, so it reads smoothly

▪ Example: George Orwell’s advice on grammar for writers is still relevant today, “Never usethepassive,whenyoucanusetheactive.” (Orwell169)

-MLA

Advice for Longer Quotes:

▪ Use sparingly

▪ Typically use longer quotes for extracts from a key text (ie. primary source)

▪ Avoid extracts longer than 4 lines when possible

 ▪ When using a block quote

▪ Indent the passage

▪ there is no need to use quotation marks
▪ Provide an in-text citation

▪ Provide a full reference in the references section at the end of your work

Example:

▪ The Prime Minister introduced the government’s strategy to tackle obesity in these terms :

▪ Our ambition is to be the first major nation to reverse the rising tide of obesity […] by ensuring that everyone is able to achieve and maintain
a health weight. Our initial focus will be on children: by 202 we aim to reduce the proportion of overweight and obese children to 2000

levels. (Department of Health, 2008, p.2)-APA

Few Important Things for every
Documentation Style
▪ . Styles
Styles using in-text parenthetical references are always accompanied by a bibliography, which may also be called a works cited list

using footnotes or endnotesmayrequireabibliography.

▪ Youmustusethedocumentationstyleaccuratelyandprovidecompleteinformation.

▪ Youmustuseanydocumentationstyleconsistently. Youcan'tfudgeitoruseitasa vagueguideline .

▪ Thepurposeofcitationsandbibliographicinformationistoshowthatyourworkhas
reliedupontheworkofotherexpertsinthefield,andtohelpyourreadertrackdown andlocatethesourcesthatyouused.

IEEE REFERENCING GUIDE

▪ IEEE Style uses a notational method of referencing when referring to a source of informationwithinthetextofadocument .

▪ Initssimplestformacitationisgiveninthetext,consistingofanumberenclosedby squarebrackets:
IEEE REFERENCING GUIDE (cont.)
:
▪ Thefulldetailsofthesourcearegiveninanumericalreferencelistattheendofthe document
References
▪ [Link]

▪ [Link]

▪ [Link]
 Fundamentals of Research
Methods of Research
Second Semester AY 2024-2025
Objectives
✓To determine what research is, its concepts
✓To identify the reasons why research is important
✓To describe the classifications of research based on
methods
✓To determine the scope of engineering, computer and
IT Research
 What is Research?
✓It is a systematic and refined technique of thinking,
employing, specialized tools, instruments, and
procedures in order to obtain a more adequate solution
to a problem that would be possible under ordinary
means
 What is research?
αa systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and
control the observed phenomenon. αinvolves inductive
and deductive methods (Babbie, 1998).
- Inductive methods analyze the observed
phenomenon and identify the general principles,
structures, or processes underlying the
phenomenon observed;
- Deductive methods verify the hypothesized
principles
through observations
 Research paper
✓an investigative report,
✓a question that is answered through exploration of a
problem or an original idea that sheds new light on a
known topic
 What is a Research Design?
✓Common sense and clear thinking necessary for the
management of the entire research endeavour
✓A plan or structured framework of how you intend to
conduct the research
✓A strategic framework for action that serves as a
bridge between research questions and the execution
or implementation of the research

General Kinds of Research

 ✓descriptive research,
✓exploratory research,
✓explanatory research
and ✓evaluation research.
Descriptive research
✓It is used when a researcher analyzes a social
phenomenon. With this type of research, the focus is
limited to providing information about a subject.
Exploratory Research
✓It is very similar to descriptive research; however,
exploratory research investigates certain aspects of a
subject, such as how the media affects a certain social
group.
 Explanatory Research
✓asks questions about a subject, such as why certain
groups are affected by the media. This research
typically includes the analysis of a problem and
concludes with a solution.
Evaluation Research
✓Evaluation research is most often used to gather
information that is used to create effective social
policies.
 Classification of Research on
the basis of
Method
✓Historical
✓Descriptive
✓Correlational
✓Ex-post facto
✓Experimental
Historical Research
✓ Its purpose is to arrive at conclusions
concerning trends, causes or effects of past
 occurrences.
✓This may help in explaining present events and
anticipating future events.
✓The data thus collected are subjected to scientific
analysis to assess its authenticity and accuracy.
Descriptive Research
✓deal with collecting data and testing hypotheses or
answering questions concerning the current status
of the subject of study.
✓It deals with the question “WHAT IS” of a situation.
✓It concerns with determining the current practices,
status or features of situations.
 ✓Another aspect of descriptive research is
that data collection is either done through asking
questions from individuals in the situation (through
questionnaires or interviews) or by observation.
Correlational Research
✓answers the relationship among variables or
events
Ex-Post Facto (after the fact) Research
✓A research where both the effect and the alleged
cause have already occurred and are studied by
the researcher in retrospect
✓A “systematic empirical inquiry in which the
scientist does not have direct control of
independent variables because their
manifestations have already occurred or because
they are inherently not manipulable”. (Kerlinger,
1973)
 Experimental
✓participants are assigned to groups based on
some selected criterion often called treatment
variable.
✓The primary characteristic of experimental
research is manipulation of at least one variable
and control over the other relevant variables so as
to measure its effect on one or more dependent
variables.
Why do we need Research?
✓To get PhDs, Masters and Bachelors degree
✓To provide solutions to complex problems
✓To investigate laws of nature
✓To make new
discoveries ✓To
develop new
products
✓To save costs
✓To improve our life
Importance of research
✓to provide a solution to a problem
 ✓It is conducted to prove or disprove a hypothesis
or to learn new facts about something.
✓academic research is usually conducted to prove or
disprove a theory
✓ medical research is conducted to advance knowledge
of medical conditions and create treatments
✓For promotion
Engineering, Computer and IT Research
✓Involve in the development of new
algorithms/techniques/methodologies.
✓ Involve in the confirmation of newly proposed
algorithms (applications to benchmark problems or
laboratory equipment).
✓Involve in the design of new products/circuits.
✓Involve in comparing a number of different
methodologies.
✓Stability analysis on newly proposed algorithms.
✓Involve in the application of some proposed
algorithms in novel applications.
✓Involve in the study of certain aspects of dynamics
(behavior) of plants/systems.
Engineering, Computer and IT Research
✓Involve in surveys of some engineering aspects.
 ✓Involve in market study of certain
engineering products.
✓ Involve in the study on the effects of
environmental factors on a particular
product/design.
✓Involve in improving the design of existing
products.
✓Involve in extending the algorithms developed by
others to a wider variety of applications/systems.
✓Involve in the testing of new techniques
extensively on benchmark problems in which
earlier research has not done.
 What is a Thesis?
✓The written product of the systematic study of a
significant problem.
✓It identifies the problem, states the major
assumptions, explains the significance of the
undertaking, sets forth the sources for and
methods of gathering information, analyzes the
data, and offers a conclusion or recommendation.
✓The finished product evidences originality, critical
and independent thinking, appropriate
organization and format, and thorough
documentation.
 What is a Project?
✓A significant undertaking appropriate to the fine
and applied arts or to professional fields.
✓It evidences originality and independent thinking,
appropriate form and organization, and a rationale.
✓It is described and summarized in a written
abstract that includes the project's significance,
objectives, methodology, and a conclusion or
recommendation.

Note: Engineering Thesis project represents the

capstone learning experience of the program,
integrating the academic content of the curriculum,
prior academic knowledge, and student work
experiences.
Activity
✓In a group of five, think of a current technology issue
✓Devise a question about the issue
✓Collect information that will answer the
question ✓Analyze the information
✓Submit your output next meeting.