Nanjing University of

Aeronautics and Astronautics

Electrical and Electronic

Techniques

Lejun Chen
03.09.2025
1
Assessment：
Class Performance: 25%
Stage Performance : 15%
Final Exam: 60%
Format: Closed-book written exam plus continuous
assessment.

Note:
• 8 hours laboratory lessons.
• Discuss the arrangement with
Miss Guangxia Hu
Building 3, office: 3305-03
2
Task 1: Set up a group chat in Wechat

Task 2: Pick up a course representative

3
 1 Introduction

2 Resistive Circuits

Inductance and
3 Capacitance

CO N T E N T S
4 Transient

Steady-state
5 Sinusoidal Analysis
4
1 Introduction

5
1.1 O v e r v i e w o f E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g
1.2 C i r c u i t s , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s
1.3 Po w e r a n d E n e r g y
1.4 K i r c h h o f f 's C u r r e n t L a w
1.5 K i r c h h o f f 's Vo l t a g e L a w
1.6 I n t r o d u c t i o n t o C i r c u i t E l e m e n t s

1.7 I n t r o d u c t i o n t o C i r c u i t

6
 1 Introduction

In this chapter:
• we introduce electrical engineering,
• define circuit variables (current, voltage,
power, and energy),
• study the law that these circuit variables
obey (KCL, KVL, Ohm’s law),
• meet several circuit elements (current
sources, voltage sources, and resistors).

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1.1 O ve r v i e w of E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g

Electrical engineers design systems that have two

main objectives:
1. To gather, store, process, transport, and present
information.
Objective Example Applications
Sensors collecting temperature, pressure, speed, or
Gather
voltage (e.g., air data sensors on an aircraft).
Memory devices storing flight records or data logs (e.g.,
Store
black box, hard drives, flash memory).
Microprocessors or DSPs processing signals (e.g.,
Process smartphone CPU processing images, flight control
computer).
Communication systems transmitting information (e.g.,
Transport
Wi-Fi, optical fiber, satellite communication).
Output devices presenting information to humans (e.g.,
Present monitors displaying video, cockpit HUD showing flight
parameters, speakers playing sound).
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1.1 O ve r v i e w of E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g

2. To distribute, store and convert energy between

various forms.
Distribute
Electric power grid delivering electricity from power plants to homes and
factories.
Example: High-voltage transmission lines carrying energy across cities.

Store
Rechargeable batteries storing energy for mobile phones or electric vehicles.
Example: Lithium-ion battery packs in Tesla cars.

Convert
Electric motors converting electrical energy into mechanical motion.
Solar panels converting solar energy into electricity.
Wind turbines converting kinetic energy of wind into electrical power.

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1.1 O ve r v i e w of E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g
Electronic/Electrical Applications
Table 1.1. Current and emerging Electronic/Electrical Applications ：
Automobiles vs. Low-Altitude Economy

Automobiles vs. Low-Altitude Economy?

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1.1 O ve r v i e w of E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g
Electronic/Electrical Applications
Table 1.1. Current and emerging Electronic/Electrical Applications ：
Automobiles vs. Low-Altitude Economy

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1.1 O ve r v i e w of E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g
Electronic/Electrical Applications
Table 1.1. Current and emerging Electronic/Electrical Applications ：
Automobiles vs. Low-Altitude Economy

12
1.1 O ve r v i e w of E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g
Electronic/Electrical Applications
Table 1.1. Current and emerging Electronic/Electrical Applications ：
Automobiles vs. Low-Altitude Economy

13
1.1 O ve r v i e w of E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g
Electronic/Electrical Applications
Table 1.1. Current and emerging Electronic/Electrical Applications ：
Automobiles vs. Low-Altitude Economy

14
1.1 O ve r v i e w of E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g
Electronic/Electrical Applications
Table 1.1. Current and emerging Electronic/Electrical Applications ：
Automobiles vs. Low-Altitude Economy

15
1.1 O ve r v i e w of E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g
Electronic/Electrical Applications
Table 1.1. Current and emerging Electronic/Electrical Applications ：
Automobiles vs. Low-Altitude Economy

16
1.1 O ve r v i e w of E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g
Electronic/Electrical Applications
Table 1.1. Current and emerging Electronic/Electrical Applications ：
Automobiles vs. Low-Altitude Economy

17
 1.1 O ve r v i e w of E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g
Subdivisions (system level) of Electrical Engineering
1 Communication systems

2 Computer systems

3 Control systems

4 Electromagnetics systems

5 Electronics

6 Photonics

7 Po wer sy stems

8 Signal processing
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 1.1 O ve r v i e w of E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g
Why do we need to study Electrical Engineer?
1 To h a v e a b r o a d e n o u g h k n o w l e d g e b a s e s o
that you can lead design projects in your own
field (mechanical and aerocraft design).

2 To b e a b l e t o o p e r a t e a n d m a i n t a i n e l e c t r i c a l
systems, such as those found in control
systems for manufacturing processes.

3 To b e a b l e t o c o m m u n i c a t e with electrical-
engineering consultants.

4 To p a s s t h e f i n a l a n d o b t a i n t h e c r e d i t s .

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 1.2 C i r c u i t , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s
Overview of an Electrical Circuit

① Battery: chemical energy

→electrical energy

② Wires: made of excellent

electrical conductor

③ Switch: Control the flow

of current

④ Headlamp: Tungsten
wires that can withstand
high temperature
Figure 1.2 The headlight circuit

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 1.2 C i r c u i t , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s

Fluid-Flow Analogy

battery→ pump

charges→fluid
charges→
conductors→pipes
conductors→
current→flow
current→ rate of fluid

voltage→pressure
voltage→ differential
switch→valves
switch→
resistance→constriction
resistance→
(turbulence conversion of
energy to heat)
Figure 1.2 Fluid-Flow Analogy

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1.2 C i r c u i t , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s
Electrical Circuit

Figure 1.3 An electrical circuit consists of circuit elements,

such as voltage sources, resistances, inductances, and
capacitances, connected in closed paths of conductors.
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1.2 C i r c u i t , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s
Electrical Current
Electrical current
is the time rate of
flow of electrical
charge through a
conductor or
circuit element.

Units: amperes (A)

=coulombs per
second(C/s).

The charge on an
electron is
-1.602×10-19 C
Figure 1.4 Electrical Current
Note the reference direction, points from
one side of the cross section to the other.
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 1.2 C i r c u i t , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s

Reference Direction & Actual Direction

For example, suppose i1 = -2 A.

The actual current flows in the
direction opposite to the
reference direction.
Thus, the actual current is 2 A
flowing downward through
element A.
What are the actual direction of
i2=1A and i3= -3A?
Figure 1.6 In analyzing circuits, we frequently start by
assigning current variables i1, i2, i3, and so forth.

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1.2 C i r c u i t , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s
Electrical Current
The electrical current flowing through the element in the reference direction
is given by:
dq(t )
i (t ) = (1.1)
dt
one ampere is equal to one coulomb of passing charge through the cross section
each second.
To find charge given current, we must integrate. Thus. we have
t
q(t ) = ∫ i (t )dt + q(t 0) (1.2)
t0

in which t0 is some initial time at which the charge is known. (Throughout this
book, we assume that time t is in seconds unless stated otherwise.)

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1.2 C i r c u i t , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s
Electrical Current
Example 1.1 Determining Current Given Charge

Suppose that charge versus time for a given circuit element is given by

q( t ) = 0 for t < 0

and

q(t ) = 2 − 2e −100t C for t > 0

Sketch q(t ) and i (t ) to scale versus time

[Link]
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27
 1.2 C i r c u i t , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s
Electrical Current
Solution
First we use Equation 1.1 to
find an expression for the
current
dq( t )
i (t ) =
dt

=0 for t < 0

= 200e −100t A for t > 0

Plot of q(t ) and i (t ) are

shown in Figure 1.5.
Figure 1.5 Plot of charge and current versus time for Example 1.1
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1.2 C i r c u i t , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s

Exercise

Exercise 1.1 A constant current of 2 A flows through a circuit element. In 10

seconds (s), how much net charge passes through the element?

Answer 20 C.

Exercise 1.2 The charge that passes through a circuit element is given by
q(t ) = 0.01sin(200t ) C, in which the angle is in radians. Find the current as a
function of time.
Answer i (t ) = 2 cos(200t ) A.

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 1.2 C i r c u i t , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s

Direct current and Alternating Current

(a) Dc current (b) Ac current

Figure 1. 7 Examples of dc and accurrents versus time

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 1.2 C i r c u i t , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s

Direct current and Alternating Current （source, equipment）

(a) Triangular waveform (b) Square waveform

Figure 1. 8 AC currents can have various waveforms

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 1.2 C i r c u i t , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s

Double-Subscript Notation for Currents

iab and iba are the same in
magnitude and opposite in
sign ,they denote the same
current but with opposite
reference directions. Thus,
we have:

iab = −iba (1.3)

The reference direction for

iab points from a to b. On
the other hand, the Figure 1.9 Reference directions can be indicated by
reference direction for iba labeling the ends of circuit elements and using double
points from b to a. subscripts on current variables.

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1.2 C i r c u i t , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s

Voltages

The voltage associated with a circuit element

is the energy transferred per unit of charge
that flows through the element.

Units: Volts (V) = Joules per coulomb (J/C)

For example, The voltage across its terminals is

(nominally) 12 V. This means that 12 J are
transferred to or from the battery for each
coulomb that flows through it.
Figure 1.10 Voltage example

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1.2 C i r c u i t , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s

Exercise

Exercise 1.4 The voltage across a given circuit element is vab =20 V. A positive
charge of 2C moves through the circuit element. How much energy is
transferred?

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 1.2 C i r c u i t , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s

Reference Polarities

For example, if we find that

v 3 = −5 V in Figure 1.11, we
know that the voltage across
element 3 is 5 V in
magnitude and its actual
polarity is opposite to that
shown in the figure.

What about the actual

polarities for v1=-1V, v2=4V, Figure 1.11 If we do not know the voltage values
V4=-1V,v5=6V? and polarities in a circuit, we can start by assigning
voltage variables choosing the reference polarities
arbitrarily. (The boxes represent unspecified circuit
elements. Black box)
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1.2 C i r c u i t , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s

Reference Polarities
Voltages can be constant with time as they can vary. Constant voltages are
called dc voltages. On the other hand, voltages that change in magnitude and
alternate in polarity with time are said to be ac voltages. For example,

v1(t ) = 10 V
is a dc voltage. It has the same magnitude and polarity for all time. Another
example,

v 2(t ) = 10 cos(200πt ) V

is an ac voltage that varies in magnitude and polarity. When v 2(t ) has a

negative value, the actual polarity is opposite to the reference polarity.(We
study sinusoidal ac currents and voltages in Chapter 5.)

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1.2 C i r c u i t , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s

Double-Subscript Notation for Voltages

We use letters or numbers to label the
terminals between which the voltage appears,
as illustrated in the figure.

For the resistance shown in the figure, vab

represents the voltage between points a and b
with the positive reference at point a.

The two subscripts identify the points between

which the voltage appears, and the first
subscript is the positive reference at point b.
Thus, we can write:
vab = −vba (1.4)
Figure 1.12 Double-Subscript
vba has the same magnitude as vab , Notation for Voltages
but has the opposite polarity.
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1.2 C i r c u i t , C u r r e n t s , a n d Vo l t a g e s

Switches
Switches control the currents in circuits

Open: Open Circuit is=0 closed: short Circuit vs=0

Figure 1.13 the two states of switch

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 1.3 Po w e r a n d E n e r g y

The rate of energy transfer is

p = vi (1.5)

The physical units of the quantities on the

right-hand side of this equation are:

volts × amperes =
(joules/coulomb) × (coulomb/ second) =
joules/second =
watts
Figure 1.14 When current flows through
an element and voltage appears across
the element, energy is transferred.

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1.3 Po w e r a n d E n e r g y
Passive Reference Configuration
How to represent energy supplied or absorbed by the element?
passive reference configuration (prc): provided the current reference
enters the positive polarity of the voltage, calculate power p by
p = vi for p = −vi for

positive p→
absorb energy

negative p→
supply energy

prc NOT prc 40

 1.3 Po w e r a n d E n e r g y

Example: 1.2 Power Calculations

Solve the power and identify if the element absorb/supply energy?

Va = 12 V Vb = 12 V Vc = 12 V
ia = 2 A 41
ib = 1 A ic = -3 A
1.3 Po w e r a n d E n e r g y
Example 1.2(a) Power Calculations

pa = vaia =12V × 2 A= 24 W

absorbing energy

Va = 12 V
ia = 2 A
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1.3 Po w e r a n d E n e r g y
Example 1.2(b) Power Calculations

pb = −vbib =﹣(12V) × 1 A= -12 W

supplying energy

Vb = 12 V
ib = 1 A
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1.3 Po w e r a n d E n e r g y
Example 1.2(c) Power Calculations

pc = vcic =12V × (﹣3 A) = -36 W

supplying energy

Vc = 12 V
ic = -3 A
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1.3 Po w e r a n d E n e r g y
Energy Calulations

To Calculate the energy w delivered to a circuit element between time instants t1

and t2, we integrate power:

t2
w = ∫ p(t )dt (1.7)
t1

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1.3 Po w e r a n d E n e r g y

Example 1.3 energy Calculation

Find an expression for the power for

the voltage source shown in Figure
1.16. Computer the energy for the
interval from t1=0 to t2 = ∞

Figure 1.16 Circuit

element for Example 1.3

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1.3 Po w e r a n d E n e r g y
Solution
The current reference enters the positive reference polarity. Thus, we compute
power as :
p (t ) = v (t )i (t )
= 12 × 2e − t
= 24e − t W
Subsequently, the energy transferred is given by
∞
w = ∫ p (t )dt
0
∞
= ∫ 24e −t dt
0

= [ −24e − t ]0∞ = −24e −∞ − ( −24e0 ) = 24 J

Because the energy is positive, it id absorbed by the source.
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1.3 Po w e r a n d E n e r g y
prefixes

Table 1.2. Prefixes Used for Large or Small Physical Quantities

Prefix Abbreviation Scale Factor

giga- G 109
meg- or mega- M 106
kilo- k 103
milli- m 10-3
micro- μ 10-6
nano- n 10-9
pico- p 10-12
femto- f 10-15

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1.3 Po w e r a n d E n e r g y

Exercise

Exercise 1.5 The ends of circuit element are labeled a and b, respectively. Are
the references for iab and vab related by the passive reference configuration?
Explain.

Answer The reference direction for iab enters terminal a, which is also the
positive reference for vab. Therefore, the current reference direction enters the
positive reference polarity, so we have the passive reference configuration.

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1.3 Po w e r a n d E n e r g y

Exercise
Exercise 1.6 Compute the power as a function of time for each of the elements
shown in Figure 1.17. Find the energy transferred between t1=0 and t2=10 s. In
each case is energy supplied or absorbed by the element?

Figure 1.17 See Exercise 1.6

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1.3 Po w e r a n d E n e r g y

Exercise
20 3 10 20
Answer a. pa (t ) = 20t 2 W, wa = t = ⋅ 1000 = 6667 J;
3 0 3
since wa is positive,energy is absorbed by element A.

2 10 10
Answer b. pb(t ) = 20t − 200 W, wb = 10t 0
− 200t 0 = 1000 − 2000 = −1000 J;

since wb is negative, energy is supplied by element B.

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