Mr.
Food’s Journey Through Enzyme Land
Once upon a time…
🍎 Mr. Food entered Mouth City , where the Salivary Amylase Soldiers 🦸♂️(ptyalin) came running!
💥 They sliced Starch 🍞 into Sweet Maltose 🍬 pieces.
(Starch → Maltose)
⬇️He slid down the Oesophagus Slide 🎢 and reached Stomach Castle 🏰.
Here, the Pepsin Knights with Acid Fire (HCl) 🔥 chopped the big Protein Giants 💪 into tiny Peptides
🧩.
(Proteins → Peptides)
🚢 Next stop: Small Intestine Island . But before entering, the Bile Builders 👷 from Liver Town 🏡
arrived and broke Fat Mountains into tiny drops 💧 (emulsification), making it easier for other heroes
to work.
At the Duodenum Gate 🚪, the Pancreatic Trio 🤝 welcomed him:
✅ Pancreatic Amylase → turned leftover starch into maltose.
✅ Trypsin → smashed proteins into smaller peptides.
✅ Lipase → melted fat into Fatty Acids + Glycerol 🧴.
Finally, in the Intestinal Village 🌳, the Finisher Enzymes 🏅 took over:
✨ Maltase → Maltose into Glucose ⚡ (energy!).
✨ Peptidase → Peptides into Amino Acids (for growth).
✨ Lipase → leftover fat into Fatty Acids + Glycerol 💪.
🎉 Mr. Food entered Blood City ❤️through Villi Gates 🌾, ready to supply Energy, Growth, and
Strength to the entire kingdom! 👑
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Digestive System – Revision Notes
1. What is Digestion?
Definition: Digestion is the process of breaking down complex food substances into simpler,
soluble forms that can be absorbed and utilized by the body.
Need: Large molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) cannot be absorbed directly; they
must be broken down into simple molecules like glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and
glycerol.
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2. Components of Digestive System
Alimentary Canal
Digestive Glands
A. Alimentary Canal
It is a long muscular tube starting from the mouth and ending at the anus.
Parts:
1. Mouth and Buccal Cavity
Functions:
o Ingestion (intake of food)
o Mechanical breakdown by teeth
o Mixing food with saliva
Teeth:
o Types of Teeth in Humans (Heterodont Dentition):
Incisors (I): Cutting and biting
Canines (C): Tearing
Premolars (PM): Crushing and grinding
Molars (M): Grinding food
o Dental Formula (Adults):
2:1:2:3/2:1:2:3
Total = 32 teeth
o Milk Teeth: Temporary teeth (20 in number)
o Permanent Teeth: Replace milk teeth (32 in number)
Structure of Tooth:
Crown: Visible part above gum, covered by enamel (hardest substance in body).
Neck: Junction between crown and root.
Root: Fixed in jawbone.
Layers of Tooth:
o Enamel: Hard, white outer layer
o Dentine: Bone-like layer beneath enamel
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o Pulp Cavity: Contains nerves and blood vessels
2. Tongue
Functions: Tasting, mixing food with saliva, swallowing, speech.
3. Saliva and Salivary Glands
Saliva: Secreted by salivary glands; contains salivary amylase (ptyalin) which converts starch
→ maltose.
4. Pharynx and Oesophagus
Food moves to stomach through oesophagus by peristalsis (wave-like muscle contraction).
5. Stomach
Bag-like organ; secretes gastric juice:
o HCl: Kills bacteria, acidic medium
o Pepsin: Proteins → Peptides
o Mucus: Protects stomach lining
6. Small Intestine (6 m long)
Duodenum: Receives bile and pancreatic juice
Jejunum & Ileum: Site of digestion and absorption
Secretions:
o Bile (Liver): Emulsifies fats
o Pancreatic Juice:
Amylase → starch → maltose
Trypsin → proteins → peptides
Lipase → fats → fatty acids + glycerol
o Intestinal Juice: Completes digestion
7. Large Intestine
Absorbs water and salts; forms faeces.
8. Rectum and Anus
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Stores and eliminates undigested food (egestion).
B. Digestive Glands
Salivary Glands: Produce saliva
Liver: Produces bile (stored in gall bladder)
Pancreas: Produces pancreatic juice
3. Types of Digestion
Mechanical: Chewing, churning
Chemical: Enzymatic breakdown
4. Digestion of Food
Carbohydrates: Starch → Maltose → Glucose
Proteins: Proteins → Peptides → Amino acids
Fats: Fats → Fatty acids + Glycerol
5. Absorption and Assimilation
Absorption: Digested food absorbed by villi in small intestine
Assimilation: Nutrients transported to body cells
6. Egestion
Removal of undigested food through anus.
7. Importance of Digestive System
Provides energy for body functions
Supplies nutrients for growth and repair
8. Common Disorders
Diarrhoea: Watery stools
Constipation: Difficulty in passing stool
Indigestion: Improper digestion
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