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Horizontal Distance Measurement
Surveying Course: Module 4

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------------------- Objectives ------------------- --------------------- Outline ---------------------

Spatial and Horizontal Distances
Define and differentiate spatial and horizontal distances
Methods of Determining Distances
Pacing
Enumerate the methods and instruments used to
determine horizontal distances Taping
Mechanical Devices
Tacheometry
Compute for horizontal distances using various methods
Graphical and Mathematical Methods
Photogrammetry
Explain the different sources of error in taping Global Navigation Satellite Systems
Electronic Distance Measuring Equipment
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REQUIRED
---------------- SPATIAL DISTANCE ---------------- ACCURACY
PURPOSE OF THE COST
• distance between any two random points MEASUREMENT INVOLVED
in 3D space

------------ HORIZONTAL DISTANCE ------------

• linear distance between two points on
any horizontal surface
• if points are at different elevations, -----------------------------------------------------------------------
distance is the horizontal length between FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN CHOOSING THE
plumb lines at the points METHOD OF DETERMINING HORIZONTAL DISTANCES
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA 5 6

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SL I DE C O N T EN T C O URT ESY O F K .A .V ER GA R A O F U P DGE

GRAPHICAL &
MATHEMATICAL
PA C I N G METHODS

T A PI N G PHOTOGRAMMETRY

ME C H A N I C AL
DEVICES
GLOBAL
NAVIGATION
SATELLITE
PACING
SYSTEMS

TACHEOMETRY EDM
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---------------- PACING ---------------- ---------------- PACING ----------------

• Consists of counting the number of steps or paces in • PACE: length of a step in
a required distance walking; measured from
• Furnishes a rapid means of approximately checking heel-to-heel or toe-to-toe
more precise measurements of distance • STRIDE: two paces or
• Used on: double-step
• reconnaissance surveys • Relative Precision: 1/200 to
• small-scale mapping 1/100
• locating details
Source: J.P. La Putt (1987)
9 Source: J.P. La Putt (1987) 10

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How to calibrate one’s PACE? Factors Affecting the Length of Pace

Walk at a uniform step along a line of known speed of pacing

length on a level ground roughness and evenness of the ground
slope of the terrain
Count the number of paces to cover the whole direction of pacing (i.e. uphill or downhill)
stretch
physical preparedness and fatigue of the pacer
weight of clothing and shoes
Compute the pace factor in m/pace age and sex of the pacer

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EXAMPLE
Pacing

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EXAMPLE – PACING EXAMPLE – PACING

A pacer walked over a 90.0 m line on a fairly level ground. He counted his paces per trial as A pacer walked over a 90.0 m line on a fairly level ground. He counted his paces per trial as
given in column A. given in column A.
A (paces) B (strides) A (paces) B (strides)
The pacer then started walking along line XY of unknown The pacer then started walking along line XY of unknown
length. He recorded, in column B, the number of strides it 102 88.5 length. He recorded, in column B, the number of strides it 102 88.5
took for him to cover the whole length of XY. took for him to cover the whole length of XY.
105 89 105 89
Determine (use rounded-off values with 4 decimal places): 103 88 Determine (use rounded-off values with 4 decimal places): 103 88
1. Pace Factor of the pacer: 105 87 1. Pace Factor of the pacer: 105 87
2. Length of line XY: 103 2. Length of line XY: 103
3. Relative Precision if the calibrated distance of XY is 152.5 m 3. Relative Precision if the calibrated distance of XY is 152.5 m
1 pace factor:

𝟗𝟎 𝐦 𝐗𝐘 = ? 𝟗𝟎 𝐦
[Link]

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EXAMPLE – PACING EXAMPLE – PACING

A pacer walked over a 90.0 m line on a fairly level ground. He counted his paces per trial as A pacer walked over a 90.0 m line on a fairly level ground. He counted his paces per trial as
given in column A. given in column A.
A (paces) B (strides) A (paces) B (strides)
The pacer then started walking along line XY of unknown The pacer then started walking along line XY of unknown
length. He recorded, in column B, the number of strides it 102 88.5 length. He recorded, in column B, the number of strides it 102 88.5 = 𝟏𝟕𝟕 𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬
took for him to cover the whole length of XY. took for him to cover the whole length of XY.
105 89 105 89 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖 𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬
Determine (use rounded-off values with 4 decimal places): 103 88 Determine (use rounded-off values with 4 decimal places): 103 88 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔 𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬
1. Pace Factor of the pacer: 105 87 1. Pace Factor of the pacer: 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟕 𝐦/𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞 105 87 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒 𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬
2. Length of line XY: 103 2. Length of line XY: 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟒 𝐦 103
3. Relative Precision if the calibrated distance of XY is 152.5 m 3. Relative Precision if the calibrated distance of XY is 152.5 m
2 length of line XY: 3 RP:
error
RP =
calibrated distance
153.1084 m − 152.5 m
RP =
152.5 m

𝐗𝐘 = ? 1 1 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 → 𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐗𝐘 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟒 𝐦

RP = ≈ ′𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆′ → 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐗𝐘 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟓 𝐦
250.6575 250

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---------------- TAPING ----------------

A B
• Involves direct measurement of distances with steel
TAPING tapes
• Consists of stretching a calibrated tape between two
points and reading the distance indicated on the tape
• Most common method of measuring or laying out
horizontal distances
19 Source: J.P. La Putt (1987) 20

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---------------- TAPING ---------------- ---------------- TAPING ----------------

RANGE POLES
TAPING ACCESSORIES
• STEEL TAPE: ribbon of steel;
0.5-1.0cm in width; weighs PLUMB BOB
0.8-1.5kg / 30 m; used for
most conventional CLINOMETER
measurements in surveying
and engineering works
CHAINING
PINS
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
Source: J.P. La Putt (1987)
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
[Link] eying- [Link] [Link]
21 Equipment-Tools/[Link] content/uploads/2019/08/[Link] [Link]/Images/Original/5564_43096_p1.jpg 22

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----------- TAPING OPERATIONS ----------- ----------- TAPING OPERATIONS -----------

• BREAKING TAPE: measurement of shorter distances which • SLOPE TAPING: taped measurements are made directly
are accumulated to total a full tape length along the slopes when the ground is of uniform inclination
and fairly smooth

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SL I DE C O N T EN T C O URT ESY O F K .A .V ER GA R A O F U P DGE

Tape not of standard length

50 m standard tape

CORRECTIONS
TO TAPE Slope Alignment Temperature 50 m - TAPE TOO SHORT

50 m - TAPE TOO LONG

Tension Sag Wind
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------ RULES IN TAPE CORRECTIONS ------

When a line is measured with a tape that is
“TOO LONG”, corrections are ADDED
B A
A B
+
50 m standard tape

50 m tape - TOO LONG

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------ RULES IN TAPE CORRECTIONS ------ ------ RULES IN TAPE CORRECTIONS ------
When laying out a length with a tape that is When a line is measured or laid out with a
“TOO LONG”, corrections are SUBTRACTED tape that is “TOO SHORT”, corrections applied
are opposite of 1st and 2nd rules
A B
-
50 m standard tape ACTION TOO SHORT TOO LONG
MEASURE - +
50 m tape - TOO LONG LAYOUT + -
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TOO LONG/ TOO LONG/

TOO SHORT TOO SHORT
TOO SHORT TOO SHORT

Tape not of standard length Slope Alignment Temperature

MECHANICAL DEVICES
Tension Sag Wind

TOO LONG/
TOO SHORT TOO SHORT
TOO SHORT 31 32

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-------- MECHANICAL DEVICES --------

• PEDOMETER
• MEASURING WHEEL
• ODOMETER/MILEAGE RECORDER TACHEOMETRY:
• OPTICAL RANGEFINDER
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

STADIA METHOD

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA 33 34

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------------- TACHEOMETRY ------------- ------------- STADIA METHOD -------------

• An indirect method of measuring
horizontal distances
• It is based on the optical geometry of • Uses a telescope with Upper
Stadia Hair
the instrument two horizontal cross hairs Stadia
Interval
called stadia hairs, and Horizontal
• Uses subtended intervals and angles a graduated rod called
Cross Hair

observed with a transit/theodolite/level stadia rod Lower

on a graduated rod Stadia Hair

• Relative accuracy is 1:300 to 1:400

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Source: J.P. La Putt (1987) Source: J.P. La Putt (1987) This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
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------------- STADIA METHOD -------------

D = Ks + C
Upper Hair Reading (UR)
Middle Hair Reading (MR)
Lower Hair Reading (LR)
UR
K = stadia interval factor (100 usually)
s = stadia interval
C = instrument constant; distance from the center of MR
instrument to principal focus (0 if internal focusing
telescope )
s=UR-LR
EXAMPLE
UR LR
MR
Stadia Method
LR

Stadia Rod
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Instrument Horizontal Distance 37 38

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EXAMPLE – STADIA METHOD

A stadia rod held at a distant point B is sighted by an instrument set up at A.
The upper and lower stadia hair readings were observed as 1.30m and
0.90m, respectively. If the stadia interval factor is 100 and the instrument
constant is zero, determine the length of line AB.

D = Ks + C UR
GRAPHICAL AND
D = 100(1.30 m − 0.90 m) + 0
D = 40.0 m
MR
s = UR-LR
MATHEMATICAL
UR
LR METHODS
MR
LR

Stadia Rod This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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Instrument Horizontal Distance

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--- GRAPHICAL AND MATHEMATICAL --- ----- PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM -----

--- METHODS ---
• Use of basic geometry and trigonometry concepts
• The most commonly-used graphical and mathematical • Solving for the
methods for distance calculation are the following: length of a side
of a right
1. Pythagorean Theorem
triangle, given
2. Distance Formula the other two
3. Solving Triangles by SOH-CAH-TOA sides
4. Sine Law
5. Cosine Law
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---------- DISTANCE FORMULA ---------- ---------- SOH-CAH-TOA ----------

• Also based on the • Relates the sides to the

Pythagorean Theorem corresponding opposite angles
• This can be used when inside the right triangle to solve
solving for the distance for any unknown length or angle
between two points,
given the X and Y
coordinates of both O = opposite side
points A = adjacent side
𝟐 𝟐
H = hypotenuse of the right triangle
𝑫𝑶𝑷 = 𝑿 𝟐 − 𝑿𝟏 + 𝒀𝟐 − 𝒀𝟏 43 44

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---------- SINE LAW ---------- ---------- COSINE LAW ----------

• Applicable for any triangle • Applicable for any triangle

• Relates the length of the • Relates the length of the sides
sides and the sine of the and the cosine of the
corresponding (opposite) corresponding (opposite)
angles inside the figure angle inside the figure

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EXAMPLE 1 – GRAPHICAL and MATHEMATICAL METHODS

A triangular lot ABC has sides AB = 360 m and BC = 400 m and angle B = 50°.
Solve for all the missing sides and angles.
𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑤:

50°
𝑐 = 360 m
400 m = 𝑎

EXAMPLE 𝐴 𝑏 𝐶
Graphical and Mathematical Methods 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑤:

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EXAMPLE 2 – GRAPHICAL and MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Compute the distances of lines AB, BC Point Eastings (X) Northings (Y)
and CA using the given coordinates of A 20,000.00 20,000.00
the three points A, B, and C. B 20,050.00 18,900.00
𝐴 C 20,650.00 19,000.00
𝒅 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝟐

PHOTOGRAMMETRY
𝐶

50
𝐵

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-------- PHOTOGRAMMETRY --------

• Measuring of images on a
photograph
• Uses scale to obtain ground
distances

image distance EXAMPLE

scale = Photogrammetry
ground distance

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC

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EXAMPLE – PHOTOGRAMMETRY
A line connecting two electric posts and defining a lot boundary is 2.6cm
long on a photo. Determine its ground distance in meters if the photo scale
used is 1:500.
image distance
scale =
ground distance

GLOBAL NAVIGATION
SATELLITE SYSTEMS

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------------------ GNSS ------------------

• Fixing of satellites to determine

position of points
• Minimum of four satellites
ELECTRONIC DISTANCE
• Distance is determined from MEASUREMENT
position of points

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND

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------------------ EDM ------------------

• Measurement of distance is END OF LECTURE

based on the invariant speed of
light or electromagnetic waves
in a vacuum
QUESTIONS?

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC

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