Prepared By Sheet Contents

Eng Mahmoud Tag No. Tab Name Description

Position Mechanical Technical Senior 1 Coordination Mechanical-electrical-architectural coordination checklist
Company AIM-United 2 ASHRAE Tracker Tracks ASHRAE compliance for HVAC and ventilation systems
Email mahmoudtageldein@[Link] 3 HVAC Primary data for HVAC load, equipment, zoning, and layout
Phone 201000852230 4 Air Terminal Data for supply, return, and exhaust air terminals
Certification Kaitech Academy – Mechanical Diploma 5 Air Louver Louver sizing and airflow details per location
Experience 5+ Years (HVAC, FF, Plumbing – BIM Expert) 6 Corridor Smoke Smoke control strategy and pressurization for corridors
7 Duct Weight Duct sizing and weight estimation per SMACNA or project specs
8 Car Parking Ventilation Ventilation system for enclosed or semi-enclosed parking areas
9 Fan Static Calculation Fan total static pressure calculation and system curves
10 Space Ventilation Fresh air and exhaust requirements per space function
11 Chilled Water CHW pipe sizing, equipment connections, and pump head data
12 NFPA Tracker Fire protection compliance with NFPA standards
13 FF Data Firefighting system equipment data (FHCs, sprinklers, pumps)
14 FF Calculations Hydraulics, pressure loss, and pump capacity calculations
15 End Suction Pump Selection and sizing data for HVAC and firefighting pumps
16 PL Codes Plumbing fixture counts and code-based water demand
17 Water Supply Domestic cold and hot water supply data and pipe sizing inputs
18 Drainage Sanitary and stormwater drainage fixture units and layout
19 Water Tank Ref Potable and firefighting water tank capacity reference
 Recommended Min.
Element 1 Element 2 Purpose / Notes Reference Duct Size Support Type Max Spacing (m) Hanger Rod Size Min Clearance to Other Services
Clearance
Fire pipe Cable tray 10 cm (vert), 15 cm (horiz) Insulation, access, separation SMACNA, NEC, Coordination Best Practices FireFighting ≤ 300 mm (width) Perforated angle + rods 2.0 – 2.5 M8 – M10 ≥ 150 mm from pipes/cables
Fire pipe Water supply pipe 10 cm Allow expansion & support IPC / Coordination Guidelines Electrical 300–600 mm Clevis hanger + rods 2.5 – 3.0 M10 – M12 ≥ 150 mm
Fire pipe HVAC duct (rigid) 15 cm Prevent spray obstruction NFPA 13 [Link] HVAC > 600 mm Trapeze hanger (rod both sides) 3.0 – 3.5 M12 – M16 ≥ 200 mm
Fire pipe Flexible duct 15 cm Prevent damage & interference SMACNA Flexible Duct Standard Water Vertical duct Wall bracket + anchor Every 3.0 m — ≥ 100 mm
Fire pipe Trunking / conduit 10 cm Mounting clearance NEC 300.4, Coordination Practice Cordination
Fire pipe Light fixture 15 cm Avoid heat or blocking NFPA 13, Lighting Clearance Norms ARCH Pipe Dia. Support Type Max Spacing (m) Rod Size Min Clearance
Cable tray Cable tray (stacked) 15–20 cm Access & tray cover removal NEC 392.8(B), BICSI ≤ 25 mm (1") Clevis / Ring hanger 2.4 M8 ≥ 150 mm from ducts or cables
Cable tray Water supply pipe 10 cm (water below) Leak protection NEC 300.5, IPC 603 32–50 mm (1.25–2") Clevis / U-type hanger 3 M10 ≥ 150 mm
Cable tray HVAC duct (rigid) 15 cm EMI & airflow protection ASHRAE, NEC 65–100 mm (2.5–4") Pipe clamp or trapeze 3.6 M12 ≥ 200 mm
Cable tray Flexible duct 10 cm Prevent crushing SMACNA Flexible Duct Guide ≥ 125 mm Welded saddle / trapeze 4.5 M16 ≥ 200 mm
Cable tray Trunking / conduit 10 cm Service separation NEC, Coordination Practice
Cable tray False ceiling 10–15 cm Cable pulling, ceiling access BICSI / NEC Pipe Type Pipe Dia. Support Type Max Spacing (m) Min Clearance to Others
Water supply pipe HVAC duct (rigid) 15 cm Insulation space & access IPC Ch. 6, Coordination Practice PVC / HDPE ≤ 50 mm Plastic clamp + inserts 1.2 – 1.5 ≥ 100 mm
Water supply pipe Flexible duct 15 cm Avoid vibration/contact SMACNA, IPC PPR ≤ 75 mm U-clip / clamp 1.5 – 2.0 ≥ 100 mm
Water supply pipe Trunking / conduit 15 cm Prevent water-electrical hazard NEC 300.5, IPC Copper ≤ 50 mm Copper clamp + anchor 1.5 – 2.0 ≥ 100 mm
HVAC duct (rigid) Light fixture 15 cm Prevent shadowing ASHRAE Applications Handbook Steel ≥ 65 mm Clevis hanger / trapeze 2.5 – 3.5 ≥ 150 mm
Flexible duct Any service (crossing) 5–10 cm Prevent crushing/sagging SMACNA Flexible Duct Standards
Flexible duct Trunking / electrical 15 cm Avoid vibration & damage SMACNA, NEC Tray Width Support Type Max Spacing (m) Clearance to Others
Trunking / conduit Light fixture 10 cm Access & heat separation NEC 410, Coordination Guides ≤ 150 mm Cantilever / wall mount 1.2 – 1.5 ≥ 150 mm from fire pipes
Sprinkler head Any obstruction below 45.7 cm (18 in) radius Maintain spray coverage NFPA 13 8.5.5 200–450 mm Trapeze hanger 1.5 – 2.0 ≥ 150 mm from ducts
Drain Any
pipeservice
(horizontal) Any service
Finished below
floor level 2.1 m (7 20
ft) cm
in corridors Leak
Headroom safety
per safety code IPC Ch. 7, Coordination Best Practices
IBC, Local Code > 450 mm Trapeze + reinforcement 2.0 – 2.5 ≥ 200 mm

Access panel Any MEP service 50 cm clearance Maintenance access SMACNA / Facility Maintenance Guidelines System A System B Min Horizontal Spacing Min Vertical Clearance
Duct support Cable tray support 150 mm 150 mm
Duct hanger Fire pipe hanger 150 mm 150 mm
Element 1 Element 2 Minimum Clearance Standard / Guidance Notes Pipe hanger Cable tray 100–150 mm 150 mm
Sprinkler Supply diffuser ≥ 1.5 m (5 ft) NFPA 13 – Section 8.6.7 To avoid airflow deflecting sprinkler spray pattern All systems Structural beam/soffit ≥ 50 mm gap (if not fixed) N/A
Sprinkler Return grille ≥ 1.0 m (3.3 ft) recommended NFPA 13 (best practice) Less critical than supply; verify airflow direction
Sprinkler Side wall ≥ 4 inches (10 cm) NFPA 13 – Table [Link].1 Distance from deflector to wall for proper spray
Sprinkler (pendant) Ceiling 1–12 inches (2.5–30 cm) below ceiling NFPA 13 – Table [Link] Depends on type (pendent, upright, sidewall)
Lighting fixtures /
Sprinkler ≥ 18 inches (45.7 cm) below sprinkler NFPA 13 – Section [Link].2 Maintain spray pattern and coverage
obstructions
Sprinkler HVAC duct / beam Cannot obstruct spray pattern NFPA 13 – Obstruction criteria Use 3D clearance zones if in doubt
Sprinkler (sidewall) Adjacent wall 4–6 inches (10–15 cm) NFPA 13 – Section [Link] Measured from wall to sprinkler deflector
Diffuser Wall Typically ≥ 6 inches (15 cm) ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals To avoid short cycling and proper air throw
Diffuser Return grille ≥ 1.5–2.0 m (5–6.5 ft) if possible ASHRAE guidelines Prevents short-circuiting of airflow
Sprinkler Sprinkler (spacing) 6 ft (1.8 m) min, 15 ft (4.6 m) max NFPA 13 – Table [Link].1 Depends on hazard classification and layout
 ASHRAE Code Full Name What It Covers Key Use in Projects PDF
Safety Standard for Refrigeration Design, installation & safety of Chiller rooms, VRF/VRV systems,
ASHRAE 15 ASHRAE [Link]
Systems refrigeration systems refrigerant leak detection
Refrigerant classification by safety A1 to B3 classes (toxicity &
ASHRAE 34 Designation of Refrigerants ASHRAE [Link]
and environmental impact flammability)
Thermal Environmental Conditions Acceptable thermal comfort ranges
ASHRAE 55 HVAC setpoint and comfort design ASHRAE [Link]
for Human Occupancy (temperature, humidity, air speed)
Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Minimum outdoor air rates,
ASHRAE 62.1 Office buildings, schools, malls, etc. ASHRAE [Link]
Quality – Commercial ventilation effectiveness
Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air
ASHRAE 62.2 Residential ventilation design Homes, apartments, dormitories ASHRAE [Link]
Quality – Residential
Energy Standard for Buildings Except Minimum energy efficiency for HVAC, Referenced in most energy codes (e.
ASHRAE 90.1 ASHRAE [Link]
Low-Rise Residential lighting, envelope g. LEED, IECC)
Energy Efficient Design of Low-Rise
ASHRAE 90.2 Residential building energy standards Small homes, villas, low-rise housing ASHRAE [Link]
Residential Buildings
Hospital-specific ventilation and
ASHRAE 170 Ventilation of Health Care Facilities Operating rooms, patient wards, labs ASHRAE [Link]
filtration standards
Standard for the Design of High- Sustainability, water use, and indoor Green/LEED buildings, energy
ASHRAE 189.1 ASHRAE [Link]
Performance Green Buildings environmental quality modeling

Handbook Year in Cycle What It Contains Use PDF

Thermodynamics, psychrometrics,
Fundamentals Year 1 (e.g. 2021, 2025) All HVAC calculations, basic theory ASHRAE Handbooks [Link]
heat transfer, solar loads
System design for different Hospitals, data centers, schools, ASHRAE Handbooks HVAC Applications.
HVAC Applications Year 2 (e.g. 2022, 2026)
building types offices pdf
Details on HVAC components and ASHRAE Handbooks HVAC Systems &
HVAC Systems & Equipment Year 3 (e.g. 2023, 2027) AHUs, chillers, fans, ducts, pumps
how they work [Link]
Refrigeration cycles, systems, food Supermarkets, cold storage,
Refrigeration Year 4 (e.g. 2024, 2028) ASHRAE Handbooks [Link]
storage applications industrial processes

Standard Full Name What It Covers Use in Projects PDF

HVAC Duct Construction Fabrication and installation of
Duct sizing, gauges, supports, HVAC Duct Construction Standards –
Standards – Metal and Most used SMACNA standard sheet metal ducts (rectangular,
round, flexible)
hangers Metal and [Link]
Flexible
HVAC Air Duct Leakage Test Duct leakage limits and testing Leakage classes, test procedures, Pressure class testing during
HVAC Air Duct Leakage Test [Link]
Manual methods allowable limits commissioning

Velocity/pressure system design, Sizing low/medium/high pressure

HVAC Systems Duct Design Design and layout guidance HVAC Air Duct Leakage Test [Link]
fittings, loss coefficients ducts

Fire, Smoke, and Radiation Damper installation & sealing Fire, Smoke, and Radiation Damper
Placement, access panels, labeling Fire-rated duct and shaft systems
Damper Installation Guide requirements Installation [Link]
Thermal Insulation
Insulation thicknesses and Internal/external duct insulation,
Standards – Ductwork and HVAC insulation specification File
materials mechanical equipment wrap
Equipment
Round Industrial Duct Large-diameter and heavy-gauge Factories, process exhaust Round Industrial Duct Construction
Industrial duct fabrication
Construction Standards round ducts systems [Link]
Rectangular Industrial Duct Rectangular duct reinforcement Lab exhaust, dust collection Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction
Heavy-duty duct design
Construction Standards and gauges systems [Link]
Seismic Restraint Manual:
Restraint methods for ducts, pipes, Seismic Restraint Manual Guidelines for
Guidelines for Mechanical Seismic support & anchoring Earthquake-prone regions
and HVAC units Mechanical [Link]
Systems
Architectural Sheet Metal Roof flashing, gutters, Custom sheet metal details for
Roof drainage and metal flashings Architectural Sheet Metal [Link]
Manual downspouts, cladding buildings
HVAC Sound and Vibration Noise and vibration control in Silencers, isolation, vibration Acoustic treatment in mechanical
HVAC Sound and Vibration [Link]
Manual HVAC curves systems
 CH-W FCU SELECTION
Convertor UNIT NO.
AIR CAP EXT PRES. TOT. LOAD TOT. LOAD SENS. LOAD ENTERING AIR DATA WATER FLOW RATE ELECTRICAL POWER
REMARKS
TR 50.00 L/S PA TR KW KW DB °C WB °C L/S GPM WATT P.S.
KW 175.50 FCU-01 189 50 0.80 2.8 2.7 24 17 0.076 1.19 150 220/1/50
KW 287.60 FCU-02 284 50 1.22 4.3 4.1 24 17 0.116 1.83 150 220/1/50
TR 81.94 FCU-03 378 50 1.62 5.7 5.4 24 17 0.154 2.43 150 220/1/50
FA Flow(L/S) 121 L/S FCU-04 478 50 2.05 7.2 6.5 24 17 0.194 3.07 150 220/1/50
TR 1.3 FCU-05 566 50 2.45 8.6 7.8 24 17 0.232 3.67 150 220/1/50
CFM 2,000 CFM FCU-06 660 50 2.84 10 9 24 17 0.270 4.26 280 220/1/50
LPS 943 L/S FCU-07 755 50 3.13 11 10 24 17 0.297 4.69 280 220/1/50
GPM 197 gpm
LPS 12.40 L/S NOTES:
-THE CONTRACTOR SHALL CALCULATE THE REQUIRED STATIC PRESSURE OF THE FAN AS PER SITE CONDITIONS DURING MATERIAL AND SHOP DRAWINGS SUBMISSION STAGE AND
LPS 78.00 L/S Liner Slot Diff With Plinum Calc.
SUBMIT CALCULATION FOR ENGINEERING APPROVAL, ACCORDINGLY THE REQUIRED MOTOR SIZE SHALL BE PROVIDED WITHOUT EXTRA COST.
GPM 1,236.3 gpm Flow (LPS) 500 L/S - ALL FCU'S TO BE SELECTED AT MEDIUM SPEED.
mm 25 mm No. of Slots 3 - CHILLED WATER TEMPERATURES SHALL BE 5.5 / 14.4 °C.
in 1'' Diff. Length 5.44 m - ALL FAN COIL UNITS SERVING ELECTRIC ROOMS, IT/ELV AND TELECOM ROOMS SHALL BE PROVIDED WITH AN EXTRA DRAIN PAN UNDERNEATH THE UNIT.
in 1'' No. of SLD 1 - FCU'S WASHABLE FILTERS SHALL BE 68% EFFICIENCY BASED ON ASHREA ARREST ANCE RATING
mm 19 mm Length For 1 Diff 5.44 m

DX-DUCTED FCU SELECTION

Grill Size Calc. KW TR TOTAL LOAD TOTAL AIR FLOW AIR FLOW ELECTRICAL TOTAL LOAD POWER CONSUMED
UNIT NO. ESP (PA) OD UNIT
Flow 500 L/S 2.81 0.8 (KW) LOAD (TR) (LPS) (CFM) LOAD (KW) (TR) KW V PH HZ
Velocity 1.30 m/s 3.51 1 FCU-01 7.0 2.00 373 790 50 0.09 CU-01 2.00 2.35 220 1 50
Grill Dipth 200 mm 4.39 1.25 FCU-02 8.8 2.50 472 1000 50 0.09 CU-02 2.50 2.95 220 1 50
Grill Width 1,923 mm 5.27 1.5 FCU-03 10.6 3.00 566 1199 50 0.09 CU-03 3.00 3.55 380 3 50
Velocity Check 6.14 1.75 FCU-04 12.3 3.50 661 1401 50 0.09 CU-04 3.50 4.15 380 3 50
Grill Width 600 mm 7.02 2 FCU-05 14.1 4.00 755 1600 50 0.09 CU-05 4.00 4.75 380 3 50
Grill Dipth 600 mm 7.90 2.25
Velocity 1.39 m/s 8.78 2.5
10.53 3
CH-W Flow Rate (Gpm) 12.29 3.5
Load 3.517 KW 14.04 4
Delta T 5.6 15.80 4.5
2.3 Gpm 17.55 5
CH-W Flow
0.15 L/S DUCTED CONCEALED SPLIT UNITS
ACTUAL LOAD @
AIR CAP EXT PRES. NOMINAL Total LOAD @ 35°C ELECTRICAL POWER
UNIT NO. QTY. 40°C ambiant & 24 °C indoor
CH-W Flow Rate Sizing L/S PA Btu/Hr KW Total Kw Sensible Kw KW P.S.
Flow Rate 6,500.0 Gpm CSU-01 1 200 50 12,000 3.5 3.2 2.9 1.3 220/1/50
450.0 mm CSU-02 1 225 50 18,000 5.3 4.8 4.3 2 220/1/50
Pipe Size
18.00'' CSU-03 1 325 50 24,000 7 6.3 5.7 2.5 220/1/50
CSU-04 1 385 50 30,000 8.8 7.9 7.1 3 220/1/50
CH-W Flow Rate Sizing CSU-05 1 555 50 36,000 10.6 9.5 8.6 3.5 380/3/50
3,962.6 Gpm CSU-06 1 590 75 48,000 14.1 12.7 11.4 5 380/3/50
Flow Rate
250.000 L/S
350.0 mm NOTES:
Pipe Size
14.00'' -UNITS RATINGS SHALL BE AT (40°C AMBIENT & 24°C indoor condition) ,AND SHALL RUN CONTIOUSLY WHEN AMBIENT TEMPERATURE REACHES 50°C ON A DERATED LOAD.
-ALL UNITS TO BE SELECTED TO ACHIEVE THE REQUIRED AIR FLOW AT MEDIUM FAN SPEED & AT THE ABOVE MENTIONED EXTERNAL PRESSURE.
-ALL UNITS SHALL BE COMPLETE WITH WASHABLE FILTER.
-REFRIGERANT PIPING SIZING AND LENGTHS BETWEEN OUTDOOR AND INDOOR UNITS ARE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CONTRACTOR AND ACCORDING TO MANUFACTURER RECOMMENDATIONS.

TR to KW VRF INDOOR CONCEALED SELECTION

TR DX/Chilled AIR CAP EXT PRES. TOT. LOAD SENS. LOAD ENTERING AIR DATA ELECTRICAL POWER
UNIT NO. QTY.
TR 1,500 TR L/S PA KW KW DB °C WB °C WATT P.S.
KW 2,400 KW IU-01 0 125.00 50 2.1 2 24 17 50 220/1/50
TR VRF IU-02 0 133.00 50 2.3 2 24 17 50 220/1/50
TR 1,200 TR IU-03 0 208.00 50 3.6 3 24 17 50 220/1/50
KW 1,800 KW IU-04 0 300.00 50 5.2 5 24 17 50 220/1/50
TR CHILLER IU-05 0 325 50 5.6 5.3 24 17 50 220/1/50
TR 200 TR IU-06 0 450 50 7.7 6.9 24 17 125 220/1/50
KW 280 KW IU-07 0 516 50 8.9 8 24 17 125 220/1/50
IU-08 0 566 50 9.8 8.8 24 17 250 220/1/50
ELEC ROOM AC LOAD
AREA 15 m2 NOTES:
COOLING 150 W - UNITS RATINGS SHALL BE AT 40°C AMBIENT AND SHALL RUN CONTIOUSLY WHEN AMBIENT TEMPERATURE REACHES 50°C ON A DERATED LOAD.
COOLING 0.528 TR - ALL UNITS SHALL BE COMPLETE WITH WASHABLE FILTER.
- REFRIGERANT PIPING SIZING AND LENGTHS BETWEEN OUTDOOR AND INDOOR UNITS ARE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CONTRACTOR AND ACCORDING TO MANUFACTURER RECOMMENDATIONS.
- IT IS RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CONTRACTOR TO ACHIEVE THE FCUs AIR FLOW & SENSIBLE / LATENT LOADS WHICHEVER IS GREATER.
-UNITS RATING SHALL BE SELECTED AT MEDIUM FAN SPEED.
- EXTERNAL STATIC PRESSURE SHALL BE VERIFIED BY THE CONTRACTOR.

WALL MOUNTED VRV INDOOR UNITS

TOT. LOAD SENS. LOAD ENTERING AIR DATA ELECTRICAL POWER
UNIT NO. QTY.
KW KW DB °C WB °C WATT P.S.
ISU-01 0 2 1.7 24 17 25 220/1/50
ISU-02 0 3 2.8 24 17 30 220/1/50
ISU-03 0 3.9 3.5 24 17 50 220/1/50
ISU-04 0 5.5 5 24 17 50 220/1/50
ISU-04 0 7.7 7 24 17 50 220/1/50

NOTES:
-UNITS RATINGS SHALL BE AT 40°C AMBIENT AND SHALL RUN CONTIOUSLY WHEN AMBIENT TEMPERATURE REACHES 50°C ON A DERATED LOAD.
-ALL UNITS SHALL BE COMPLETE WITH WASHABLE FILTER.
-REFRIGERANT PIPING SIZING AND LENGTHS BETWEEN OUTDOOR AND INDOOR UNITS ARE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CONTRACTOR AND ACCORDING TO MANUFACTURER RECOMMENDATIONS.
-UNITS RATING SHALL BE SELECTED AT MEDIUM FAN SPEED.

VRV OUTDOOR UNITS

TOT. LOAD ELECTRICAL POWER
UNIT NO.
KW KW P.S.
OU-01 16.0 7.0 380/3/50
OU-02 20.0 9.0 380/3/50
OU-03 23.0 10.0 380/3/50
OU-04 26.0 12.0 380/3/50
OU-05 28.0 13.0 380/3/50
OU-06 36.0 16.0 380/3/50
OU-07 39.0 18.0 380/3/50
OU-08 43.0 19.0 380/3/50
OU-09 46.0 20.0 380/3/50
OU-10 48.0 21.5 380/3/50
OU-11 51.0 23.0 380/3/50
OU-12 54.0 24.0 380/3/50
OU-13 56.0 25.0 380/3/50
OU-14 66.0 30.0 380/3/50
OU-15 68.0 30.0 380/3/50
OU-16 71.0 32.0 380/3/50
OU-17 74.0 33.0 380/3/50
OU-18 76.0 34.0 380/3/50
OU-19 78.0 35.0 380/3/50
OU-20 82.0 37.0 380/3/50
OU-21 84.0 38.0 380/3/50

NOTES:
-UNITS RATINGS SHALL BE AT 40°C AMBIENT AND SHALL RUN CONTIOUSLY WHEN AMBIENT TEMPERATURE REACHES 50°C ON A DERATED LOAD.
-REFRIGERANT PIPING SIZING AND LENGTHS BETWEEN OUTDOOR AND INDOOR UNITS ARE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CONTRACTOR AND ACCORDING TO MANUFACTURER RECOMMENDATIONS.
-THE OUTDOOR UNITS MENTIONED LOADS ARE BASED ON THE ACTUAL SPACES LOADS @ THE AMBIENT DESIGN CONDITIONS OF 40°C. & THE CONTRACTOR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
SELECTING / MATCHING THE OUTDOOR UNITS WITH CORRESPONDING FCUs CONSIDERING THE REFRIGERANT PIPING LOSSES.
-CONDENSING UNITS SHALL BE OF THE VERTICAL DISCHARGE TYPE.

VRV OUTDOOR UNITS

TOT. LOAD ELECTRICAL POWER
UNIT NO.
KW KW P.S.
OU-01 16.0 7.0 380/3/50
OU-02 20.0 9.0 380/3/50
OU-03 23.0 10.0 380/3/50
OU-04 26.0 12.0 380/3/50
OU-05 28.0 13.0 380/3/50
OU-06 36.0 16.0 380/3/50
OU-07 39.0 18.0 380/3/50
OU-08 43.0 19.0 380/3/50
OU-09 46.0 20.0 380/3/50
OU-10 48.0 21.5 380/3/50
OU-11 51.0 23.0 380/3/50
OU-12 54.0 24.0 380/3/50
OU-13 56.0 25.0 380/3/50
OU-14 66.0 30.0 380/3/50
OU-15 68.0 30.0 380/3/50
OU-16 71.0 32.0 380/3/50
OU-17 74.0 33.0 380/3/50
OU-18 76.0 34.0 380/3/50
OU-19 78.0 35.0 380/3/50
OU-20 82.0 37.0 380/3/50
OU-21 84.0 38.0 380/3/50
 Square Diffuser with Round Neck Sizing (Airflow in L/s) Square Diffuser – 400×400 Face with Round Neck (Airflow in L/s) Jet Diffuser (Round Nozzle Type)
Round Neck Velocity Airflow Round Neck Face Size Velocity Jet Diffuser Diameter Throw Distance Recommended Noise Criteria
Airflow (L/s) Face Size (mm) NC Level Throw (m) NC Level Throw (m) Airflow (L/s)
Diameter (mm) (m/s) (L/s) Diameter (mm) (mm) (m/s) (mm) (m) Mounting Height (NC)
50–90 Ø150 595 × 595 ~2–3.5 < NC 25 1.5–2.5 30–60 Ø150 400 × 400 ~2.5–4 < NC 25 1.5–2.2 200–400 Ø160 10–15 m 3–5 m NC < 30
90–140 Ø200 595 × 595 ~3–4.5 < NC 30 2–3.5 60–100 Ø200 400 × 400 ~3.5–5 < NC 30 2–3 400–700 Ø200 15–20 m 4–6 m NC < 35
140–200 Ø250 595 × 595 ~3.5–5 < NC 35 3–4.5 100–130 Ø250 400 × 400 ~4–5.5 < NC 35 2.5–3.5 700–1000 Ø250 20–25 m 5–7 m NC < 40
200–280 Ø300 595 × 595 ~4–5.5 < NC 40 3.5–5 1000–1400 Ø315 25–30 m 6–8 m NC < 45
280–350 Ø350 595 × 595 ~4–6 ~NC 45 4.5–6 1400–2000 Ø400 30–35+ m 7–10 m NC 45–50

Face size is usually 595x595 mm (standard ceiling tile size). Ideal for smaller spaces like offices, bedrooms, bathrooms, or kitchens. Air Velocity at Nozzle: Typically 7–12 m/s
Round neck connects easily to flexible ducts. Mounting: Ceiling or wall (adjustable direction)
Round neck diameters are matched to flexible duct sizes for easy installation.
Velocity and NC levels depend on ceiling height and supply pressure — best to keep velocity Control: Manual or motorized deflection
Higher velocities can increase noise – limit to ~5 m/s for comfort zones. below 5 m/s for comfort. Typical Applications:
A plenum box with damper is typically used to balance airflow and reduce noise. Face size 400×400 mm is compact and provides decent throw in medium-velocity applications. High ceiling halls, Exhibition areas, Airport terminals, Industrial spaces

Square Ceiling Diffusers Linear Slot Diffusers

Velocity Approx. Noise Airflow Slot Width
Airflow (L/s) Neck Size (mm) Face Size (mm) Throw (m) Number of Slots Length (mm) Throw (m) Notes
(m/s) (NC) (L/s) (mm)
50–100 150 × 150 300 × 300 ~2–3.5 < NC 25 1.5–2.5 25–50 1 600–1200 20 1–2 Low ceiling use
100–150 200 × 200 400 × 400 ~3–4.5 < NC 30 2–3.5 50–100 2 900–1500 20 1.5–3 Medium flow
150–250 250 × 250 500 × 500 ~3.5–5 < NC 35 2.5–4.5 100–200 3–4 1200–1800 25 2–4 High ceiling
250–400 300 × 300 600 × 600 ~4–5.5 < NC 40 3–5 200–350 4–6 1800–2400 25 3–5 For large rooms

Sidewall Supply Grilles (Double Deflection) Return Grilles

Face Velocity Airflow Face Velocity Pressure
Airflow (L/s) Size (mm) NC Level Throw (m) Size (mm)
(m/s) (L/s) (m/s) Drop
50–100 150 × 150 2–2.5 < NC 25 2–3 50–100 300 × 150 1–1.5 Low
100–200 300 × 150 2–3 < NC 30 3–5 100–200 400 × 200 1–2 Low
200–300 450 × 150 2.5–3.5 < NC 35 4–6 200–300 600 × 300 1.5–2 Low
300–400 600 × 200 2.5–4 < NC 40 5–7
Face Velocity: 2–2.5 m/s for supply; 1–1.5 m/s for return
Noise Level: Keep below NC 35 for comfort
Throw: Depends on room height & diffuser type
Maximum Slot Diffuser Airflow: ~50 L/s per slot per meter
Duct Accessories Summary – Function & Application
Accessory Function Where / When to Use
Volume Control - At branch takeoffs- Zoning control-
Regulates air volume in a duct
Damper (VCD) Air balancing
Prevents fire from spreading through - Where duct passes through fire-
Fire Damper
ductwork rated walls/floors- Required by code
Stops smoke movement between - Typically in return/exhaust ducts-
Smoke Damper
zones Connected to BMS/FA system
- Where both fire and smoke
Fire-Smoke Damper Combines both fire and smoke
barriers are required (e.g.,
(FSD) functions
corridors, shafts)
- In exhaust systems to prevent
Backdraft Damper Allows airflow in one direction only
reverse air movement
Similar to backdraft damper, more - Fan outlets, exhaust lines, toilet
Non-Return Damper
airtight fans
Splitter (Turning Guides air through sharp duct turns to - In 90° elbows or transitions in
Vanes) reduce pressure loss & turbulence ducts
Flexible Duct Isolates vibrations between duct and - At AHUs, FCUs, fans- Between
Connector equipment metal duct and machine
- Near fire/smoke dampers- In
Provides access for cleaning or
Access Door / Panel kitchen ducts- AHU inlet/outlet
inspection
ducts
Air Terminal Plenum - Behind ceiling diffusers (especially
Distributes air uniformly to diffusers
Box slot/square diffusers)
Sound Attenuator Reduces noise transmission through - Near fans, AHUs- In return ducts
(Silencer) ductwork close to rooms
Heats air within the duct (electric or hot - In VAV systems- Zone-based
Duct Heater
water coil) reheating
Duct Sensor Allows safe sensor installation in air - For temperature, humidity, CO₂
Mounting Tube stream sensors in AHU supply/return ducts
Inspection Bend / - In kitchen exhausts and long
Enables visual inspection / cleaning
Tee straight runs
- On all AHU/fan coil unit
Prevents air escape from condensate
Drain Trap condensate lines (ensure trap depth
drain points in AHUs
per static pressure)
Manual damper for shutting air in - Industrial ducts or dust extraction
Blast Gate
specific branch (mainly in industrial) systems
Interface between round duct and jet - For high-velocity, long-throw air
Jet Nozzle Adapter
diffuser delivery

Location / Condition Recommended Accessories

VCD, Flexible Connector, Sound Attenuator, Access
AHU Supply / Return connection
Door
Toilet Exhaust Backdraft Damper, Non-return Damper, Fan Box
Access Door, Grease Filter Housing, Drain Point,
Kitchen Hood Duct
Fire Damper
Duct Passing Through Fire Wall Fire Damper / Fire-Smoke Damper
Branch Ducts Volume Control Damper, Turning Vanes
Ducts near sound-sensitive areas Silencer, Duct Liner, Low velocity design
VAV System Duct Heater, VCD, Thermostat Sensors
Maintenance / Inspection Zones Access Panels, Inspection Tees, Sensor Tubes

Damper Access: Always provide access doors for fire/smoke/balancing dampers.

Avoid Flexible Ducts in Long Runs: Use for short connections only.
Fire Dampers Must Match Wall Rating: Check UL/BS/EN ratings and wall types.
Turning Vanes Improve Performance: Always include in large rectangular elbows.
Label Dampers: Clearly mark for operation and maintenance visibility.
 Design calculation sheet
Project no: Computed by:
Subject: Date: 7/8/2025 Sheet no.: Checked by:
LOUVERS SIZING Approved by:

INTAKE LOUVERS
Velocity 3.50 m/s
689 fpm
PRECENT OF FREE AREA 35%

FRESH AIR FLOW

EQuipment FREE AREA m2 TOTAL AREA m2 WIDTH DEPTH
L/s m3/S
AHU- 6000 6.00 1.71 4.90 1.00 m 4.90 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m

EXHAUST LOUVERS
VELOCITY 4.30 m/s
846 fpm
PRECENT OF FREE AREA 35%

FRESH AIR FLOW

EQuipment FREE AREA m2 TOTAL AREA m2 WIDTH DEPTH
L/s m3/S
AHU- 6000 6.00 1.40 3.99 1.00 m 3.99 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m

DRAINABLE LOUVERS
VELOCITY 4.30 m/s
846 fpm
PRECENT OF FREE AREA 45%

FRESH AIR FLOW

EQuipment FREE AREA m2 TOTAL AREA m2 WIDTH DEPTH
L/s m3/S
AHU- 6000 6.00 1.40 3.10 1.00 m 3.10 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
AHU- 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 m 0.00 m
 Corridor Smoke Managment System
FLOOR GROUND FLOOR 1ST FLOOR 2ND FLOOR 3RD FLOOR 4TH FLOOR 5TH FLOOR 6TH FLOOR 7TH FLOOR

CORRIDOR AREA 850 m2 600 m2 550 m2 600 m2 500 m2 400 m2 300 m2 200 m2

FLOOR HIGHT 5 m 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m

AIR CHANGE PER HOUR 6 ACH 6 ACH 6 ACH 6 ACH 6 ACH 6 ACH 6 ACH 6 ACH

SMOKE REQUIRED AIR FLOW 7,083 L/S 3,000 L/S 2,750 L/S 3,000 L/S 2,500 L/S 2,000 L/S 1,500 L/S 1,000 L/S

MAKEUP AIR PERSENTAGE 85% 85% 85% 85% 85% 85% 85% 85%

MAKEUP AIR FLOW 6,021 L/S 2,550 L/S 2,338 L/S 2,550 L/S 2,125 L/S 1,700 L/S 1,275 L/S 850 L/S

NO. OF FANS 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

SMOKE AIR FLOW PER FAN 3,542 L/S 1,500 L/S 1,375 L/S 1,500 L/S 1,250 L/S 1,000 L/S 750 L/S 500 L/S

MAKEUP AIR FLOW PER FAN 3,010 L/S 1,275 L/S 1,169 L/S 1,275 L/S 1,063 L/S 850 L/S 638 L/S 425 L/S

SMOKE FAN AIR FLOW 3,542 L/S INPUT EMIRATES CODE 10 ACH
OUTPUT EGYPTION CODE 6 ACH
MAKEUP FAN AIR FLOW 3,010 L/S OUTPUT SUDI CODE 4 ACH
 Duct Weight (INSULATED) Duct Weight (UNINSULATED)
Designed By Mahmoud Tag Designed By Mahmoud Tag
Checked By Checked By
Project Data Project Data
Project Name Project Name
Input Input
TYPE W H Length ( m ) Area ( m²) Thick (mm) KG/m² Weight (KG) Weight + 20 % losses TYPE Size ( W × H ) ( mm.) Length ( m ) Area ( m²) Thick (mm) KG/m² Weight (KG) Weight + 20 % losses
1 Box 1 mm 1 mm 500 m 2 0.7 5.6 11 KG 13 KG 1 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
2 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 2 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
3 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 3 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
4 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 4 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
5 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 5 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
6 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 6 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
7 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 7 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
8 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 8 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
9 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 9 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
10 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 10 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
11 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 11 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
12 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 12 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
13 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 13 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
14 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 14 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
15 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 15 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
16 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 16 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
17 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 17 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
18 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 18 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
19 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 19 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
20 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 20 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
21 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 21 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
22 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 22 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
23 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 23 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
24 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 24 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
25 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 25 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
26 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 26 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
27 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG 27 Box 0 0 0 0 KG 0 KG
13.44 0

Output Output

Duct Weight 0.01 Ton Duct Weight 0.00 Ton

 Car Park Ventilation
Project Name: Date: 07/08/2025 Sheet no.: Computed by: Mahmoud Tag
Checked by:
Subject: Basement 01 Approved by:

Normal Case Normal Case Fire Case (Less than 4.5m) Fire Case (More than 4.5m) Freash Air
Air Change per Hour = 6 ACH 7.5 L/S 10 L/S 10 ACH 90%

Parking Height = 10.00 m

Parking Area = 5,000 m2

Ramp Data: Hight= 3.00 m Width= 3.00 m Air Velocity= 1.00 m/s Fresh Air Flow Rate= 9,000 L/S 19,070 CFM

Required Flow Rate = 83,333 L/S 176,573 CFM 37,500 L/S 79,458 CFM 50,000 L/S 105,944 CFM 138,889 L/S 294,289 CFM 33,750 L/S 71,512 CFM

No. Fans = 2 Fans 2 Fans

Flow Rate Per Fan = 41,667 L/S 88,287 CFM 18,750 L/S 39,729 CFM 25,000 L/S 52,972 CFM 69,444 L/S 147,144 CFM 12,375 L/S 26,221 CFM
 PROJECT DATA
PROJECT:
BUILDING NO. : GENERAL DATA
TAG NO: DUCT MATERIAL : [Link]
Date : 07/08/2025 ROUGHNESS COEF. : 0.15
Revision : 00 AIR DENSITY : 1.23 Kg/m3

DUCTS PRESSURE LOSSES BOARD

FAD
SECTION Unit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 TOTAL
FLOW L/S 1000
FLOW M3/S 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LENGTH M 5
DIAM. MM 266 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
DIAM. EQUIV. MM 266 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 LM
WIDTH MM 200 1 1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
HEIGHT MM 300 1 1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
AREA M2 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
VELOCITY M/S 17.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
PD per Meter Pa 12.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
PD x LENGTH Pa 63.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 63.14 Pa

DUCT NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
FITTINGS DUCT FT DUCT FT DUCT FT DUCT FT DUCT FT DUCT FT DUCT FT DUCT FT DUCT FT DUCT FT DUCT FT DUCT FT DUCT FT DUCT FT DUCT FT TOTAL
TOTAL NO OF FT CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO
QT QT QT QT QT QT QT QT QT QT QT QT QT QT QT
ELBOW 30° 0
ELBOW 45° 0
ELBOW 90° 0
TEE 45° 0
TEE 90° 0
BRANCH TEE 0
BRANCH TEE 0
BRANCH TEE 0
TRANSITION 0
VOLUME DAMPER 0
REC TO ROUND TRANSITION 0
BELL MOUTH with
WIRE MESH (FREE 0
AREA 50 %) 2000 L/S
FIRE DAMPER 0
WYE DOVETAIL 0
TOTAL Co 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
DUCTS PD Pa 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pa
PRESSURE DROP Pa 63.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 63.14 Pa

SPECIAL FITTING PRESSURE DROPS STATIC PRESSURE AT 100% 2.856 WG

DESIGNATION PD (PA) QTY TOTAL * TOTAL PRESSURE DROP 711.14 Pa
SUPPLY GRILL 15 1 15 1.00 m3/h
FIRE DAMPER 10 1 10 * DUCTS PRESSURE DROP : 63.14 Pa
VOLUME DAMPER 10 1 10 *ACCESSORIES PRESSURE DROP 648.00 Pa
MOTORIZED SMOKE FIRE DAMPER 10 1 10
FRESH AIR LOUVER 8 1 8 STATIC PRESSURE AT 110% 3.116 WG
SOUND ATTENUATOR 100 1 100 * TOTAL PRESSURE DROP 775.94 Pa
SAND TRAP LOUVER 100 1 100 0.06 m3/h
ALUMINUM FILTER 80 1 80 * DUCTS PRESSURE DROP : 63.14 Pa
BAG FILTER 150 1 150 *ACCESSORIES PRESSURE DROP 712.80 Pa
GREASE FILTER 100 1 100
RETURN LINEAR SLOT 15 1 15 STATIC PRESSURE AT 120% 3.376 WG
FLEXIBLE DUCT CONNECTION 10 1 10 * TOTAL PRESSURE DROP 840.74 Pa
PLENUM BOX 10 1 10 0.00 m3/h
WIRE MESH SCREEN 10 1 10 * DUCTS PRESSURE DROP : 63.14 Pa
VAV BOX 20 1 20 *ACCESSORIES PRESSURE DROP 777.60 Pa

TOTAL SPECIAL FITTINGS LOSS 648 Pa

 Ventilation Volume Flow Rate Calculations

Project : Hospital
Designed by: Mahmoud Tag Date: 7/8/2025 Bldg. No :
Checked by: Mahmoud Tag Date: 8/8/2025 Contract :
Revised by: Mahmoud Tag Date: 9/8/2025 Section : HVAC Sheet No.: 1/ 1
Room Dimensions Fan selection Data
Space Name & No. Length Width Height Volume No. of Air Air flow rate
m m m m3 Change/Hour LPS CFM

Basement Floor
10.0 10.0 10.0 1000.0 15.0 4166.7 8828.6
0.0 30.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2

Ground Floor
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2

1st Floor
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2

2nd Floor
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2

3rd Floor
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2

4th Floor
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2

5th Floor
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2
0.0 35.0 74.2

Total
 Chilled Water System Basics Velocities & Friction Limits Calculator
Component Function Pipe Size Max Velocity (m/s) Remarks
Chiller Produces chilled water at ~6–7°C (inlet) and receives return at ~12–13°C < 50 mm 1.5 – 2.0 Low noise, avoid erosion CH-W Flow Rate (Gpm)
CHW Supply & Return Supply: chilled water to AHUs/FCUs; Return: collects heated water back 50 – 150 mm 2.0 – 2.5 Standard branch lines Load 3.517 KW
Pumps Circulate water across the system >150 mm 2.5 – 3.0 Mains and risers Delta T 5.6
AHU/FCU Coils Transfer cooling from water to air Friction Loss 200 – 400 Pa/m Target design range 2.33 Gpm
CH-W Flow
Expansion Tank Absorbs system pressure changes 0.15 L/S
Air Separator Removes air bubbles
Strainers Protect pumps and coils from debris CH-W Pipe Sizing
Flow Rate 6,500.0 Gpm

Chilled Water Pipe Sizing Pipe Size

450.0 mm
18.00''

Q: Cooling load (kW) CH-W Pipe Sizing

m: Water mass flow rate (kg/s) 3,962.6 Gpm
Cp:Specific heat of water (4.186 kJ/kg.°C) Flow Rate
250.000 L/S
ΔT: Temperature difference (typically 5–6°C)
350.0 mm
Pipe Size
14.00''

CHW Pump Selection

Element Estimated Range
Static Head Based on highest point in the loop
Friction Loss 1–4 m / 100 m (based on velocity & pipe)
Fittings Loss Add 10–25% to friction loss
 NFPA Code What It Covers Full Name Key Chapters / Use PDF
Comprehensive fire protection requirements; Fire department access, hazardous materials,
NFPA 1 Fire Code [Link]
often used by AHJs life safety
Selection, placement, inspection &
NFPA 10
maintenance of extinguishers
Portable Fire Extinguishers Offices, kitchens, mechanical rooms NFPA [Link]
Design, layout, and installation rules for Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Sprinkler types, pipe sizing, obstructions,
NFPA 13
sprinkler systems Systems clearances
NFPA [Link]
Requirements for standpipes in stairwells and
NFPA 14
fire fighting access
Standpipe and Hose Systems Standpipe classes, location, sizing [Link]
Pump room layout, driver types, controller
NFPA 20 Design and installation of fire pump systems Fire Pumps
requirements
NFPA [Link]
Ongoing inspection & testing of sprinklers, Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of
NFPA 25
standpipes, etc. Water-Based Fire Protection Systems
Weekly/monthly/yearly ITM schedules [Link]
Storage, handling, and use of
NFPA 30
flammable/combustible liquids
Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code Fuel tanks, mechanical rooms, warehouses NFPA [Link]
Electrical design, wiring, grounding, load
NFPA 70
calculations
National Electrical Code (NEC) Used for all electrical system designs NFPA [Link]
NFPA 72 Fire alarm system design, installation, testing National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code Detection zones, notification, monitoring NFPA [Link]
90A: Commercial buildings90B: Residential
NFPA 90A/B
HVAC systems
HVAC and Air Duct Systems Duct smoke detectors, fire dampers NFPA [Link]
Design of smoke control systems in atria,
NFPA 92
large spaces
Smoke Control Systems Used for malls, airports, high-rise NFPA [Link]
Building egress, occupancy classification, fire
NFPA 101
barriers
Life Safety Code Occupancy types, exit access, travel distance NFPA [Link]
Requirements for backup power (generators,
NFPA 110
UPS)
Emergency and Standby Power Systems Hospitals, high-rise buildings [Link]
Design and installation of gas-based
NFPA 2001
suppression systems
Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems Server rooms, data centers NFPA [Link]
 Accessory Application When to Use Notes FHC Type Description Coverage Area Application / Location Notes
Contains a 30 m hose reel with nozzle, valve, and Office floors, corridors, residential
Sprinkler Head Automatic fire suppression Distributed in rooms as per NFPA layout Types: Pendent, Upright, Sidewall, Concealed Hose Reel Cabinet inlet
30 m radius (max)
towers
For Class II manual firefighting by occupants

Near exits / corridors per code (max 30 Contains a 65 mm landing valve for fire brigade High-rises, commercial floors,
Hose Reel Manual fire-fighting inside buildings
m coverage)
Comes with 30 m hose, nozzle, and valve Landing Valve Cabinet hose connection
By stair core / fire shaft
podiums
Used by civil defense or trained personnel

Houses hose reel, landing valve, nozzle, and Wall-mounted in corridors, risers, or Includes both hose reel and landing valve in one Common in commercial/mixed-use
Fire Hose Cabinet (FHC) accessories shafts
May be recessed or surface-mounted Combined Cabinet unit
30 m radius for hose reel
buildings
Saves space; dual access

Outlet for fire brigade or manual hose Vertical riser point with landing valve and blank Low-rise buildings (>15 m high), no
Landing Valve fighting
Installed inside FHC 65 mm standard; brass or stainless steel Dry Riser Cabinet cap (no permanent water)
One per 900 m² (typical)
fire pump
Requires fire truck connection at ground level

On risers, landing valves, and pump Riser connected to fire pump with permanent High-rise buildings (>28 m), as per
Pressure Gauge Monitors water pressure
discharges
Glycerin-filled; 0–16 bar range typical Wet Riser Cabinet water supply
One per floor
NFPA 14 or local code
Constantly pressurized

Cabinet made of IP-rated or stainless steel, wall- Warehouses, factories, parking decks,
Flow Switch Detects flow and activates alarm In sprinkler and wet riser lines Connected to fire alarm system External FHC (Weatherproof) mounted externally
30 m radius (if hose reel type)
external walls
Must be weather-resistant (IP65+), lockable

For landing valves only; used by fire

Test & Drain Valve Allows testing and draining of system End of sprinkler zones or risers 3-in-1 combo valve (ball valve + sight glass + orifice) Staircase / Shaft FHC Wall-mounted in staircase/fire escape shafts Covers floor level via riser
brigade
Often recessed to save space

External access for fire truck to pump into

Fire Department Connection (FDC) system
Building façade or accessible road side Siamese inlet; typically 4 × 2½" inlets Recessed Cabinet Built into the wall; aesthetic and space-saving Same as above Commercial and hotel projects Requires coordination with architecture

In multi-zone buildings (per floor or

Zone Control Valve (ZCV) Controls and isolates individual fire zones
area)
Includes butterfly valve, flow switch, test and drain, and gauge Surface-Mounted Cabinet Externally mounted on wall surface Same as above Industrial or basement areas Easier to install, more visible

Check Valve Prevents reverse flow of water After pump discharge or FDC Ensures unidirectional water flow
Air Release Valve Removes trapped air in system At high points (top of risers or headers) Prevents air lock and flow disruption Use Case Recommended Cabinet Why
Enables occupants to fight fire before
Pressure Relief Valve Relieves excess pressure in system On main header or pump line Required as per NFPA 20 Residential high-rise Hose Reel or Combined FHC
brigade arrival
In BMS-controlled or automated fire Covers corridor with reel and allows
Motorized Butterfly Valve Remote-controlled water isolation
systems
Integrated with zone valves Office floors (commercial) Combined FHC
brigade intervention
Joins pipes with flexibility and quick
Grooved Coupling installation
Used with grooved fittings Allows vibration absorption and disassembly Basement or plant rooms Landing Valve Cabinet For professional firefighter use only

Controls water flow into sprinkler system Must be rust-proof and accessible
Sprinkler Alarm Valve with alarm function
At each riser feeding a sprinkler zone Includes trim set, clapper, and pressure gauge External facade External Weatherproof FHC
from fire route
Connects sprinkler head to branch line Mandatory in risers for vertical fire
Flexible Sprinkler Hose easily
In false ceilings or tight spaces Speeds up installation; comes with bracket set Staircase shaft Landing Valve (Shaft Type)
protection
Detects pressure drop or increase and On jockey pump, main header, or relief Industrial applications with higher risk
Pressure Switch triggers alarm/pump valve
Sends signal to fire pump controller or panel Warehouse/Factory External or Surface-Mounted
zones
Fire Pump Controller Panel Controls operation of fire pumps In pump room Includes auto/manual start, alarms, and indicators
Provides access to fire-rated ducts or
Access Door (Fire Rated) valves
At valves or inside shafts Must match fire rating of surrounding wall

At low points or ends of system

Drain Valve Allows draining for maintenance or testing
branches
Manual ball valve or globe valve type

End Cap with Drain Valve Flushes pipe ends or test points At the end of risers or test lines Useful for system flushing
Hydrant Nozzle & Coupling Manual fire fighting by fire brigade With landing valve or external hydrant Compatible with local fire dept. standards
Signage & Labeling Plates Identifies accessories and valves All visible firefighting elements Required by civil defense and NFPA

All accessories must be UL/FM approved unless otherwise required by authority. Hose reel coverage radius: 30 meters max (hose length = 30 m; consider obstacles
Minimum 1 cabinet per 800–900 m² (check local codes)
Test & drain valves should be accessible and installed at reachable heights.
Placed near exits or corridors, visible and accessible
Label all accessories clearly with engraved or printed signage.
Cabinet mounting height: 1.2 – 1.5 m from floor to valve center
Coordinate cabinet and access door locations with architecture and ID teams. Door type: Single or double leaf, must open 180° unobstructed
Ensure minimum clearances for operation (e.g., 500 mm in front of cabinets and valves). Clear labeling: “Fire Hose Cabinet” + content labels

Type Fire Class Used For Limitations Class Fire Type Examples
Water (Stored Pressure) Class A Paper, wood, textiles, plastics Not suitable for Class B (liquids), Class C (electrical), or metal fires A Solid combustibles Wood, paper, plastic, fabric
Flammable liquids (petrol, diesel),
Foam (AFFF) Class A & B
solids
Not for electrical fires unless certified safe B Flammable liquids Petrol, paint, solvents

Dry Powder (ABC) Class A, B, C Versatile: liquids, solids, gases, electrics Limited visibility after discharge, messy residue C Flammable gases Propane, butane, methane
Live electrical equipment, servers, No post-fire cooling, risk of re-ignition, suffocation in confined
Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Class B & E (Electrical)
panels spaces
D Combustible metals Magnesium, titanium, lithium

Cooking oil, deep fat fryers (commercial

Wet Chemical Class F (Kitchen Fires)
kitchens)
Only suitable for kitchen use, not for other classes E Electrical equipment Switchboards, computers, panels

Clean Agent (Halon / FM-200 /

Class B & E Electrical rooms, data centers, archives Expensive; Halon banned in many regions due to ozone depletion F Cooking oils and fats Deep fryers, kitchen fires
Novec)
Combustible metals (magnesium,
Metal (D Class) Class D
lithium, titanium)
Only for metal fires, not general-purpose

Location Recommended Extinguisher Extinguisher Type Not Suitable For

Offices, schools Water or Foam (Class A) Water Electrical fires, flammable liquids
Car parking / fuel areas Foam or Dry Powder (Class B) Foam Electrical fires (unless tested), Class D or F
Confined spaces (breathing risk), sensitive
Electrical rooms CO₂ or Clean Agent (Class E) Dry Powder
electronics
Outdoor areas (dissipates quickly), not for
Kitchens (commercial) Wet Chemical (Class F) CO₂
Class A solids
Non-kitchen fires, electrical fires unless
Laboratories Dry Powder or Clean Agent Wet Chemical
dual certified
Banned in many countries (Halon); high
Workshops with metals Class D Extinguisher Halon/Clean Agents
cost
Server/Data rooms Clean Agent (FM-200 / Novec) Class D Anything other than metal fires

Pump Type Description Typical Use

Motor-driven pump; requires dedicated Standard buildings with reliable grid
Electric Fire Pump power supply with backup power
Engine-driven; operates independently of Essential for redundancy (backup or
Diesel Fire Pump electric power primary)
Small capacity pump that maintains Prevents frequent start/stop of main
Jockey Pump pressure in the system fire pump
Steam Fire Pump Powered by steam turbine (rare today) Industrial plants with steam supply
Compact design; motor and pump on the
Vertical Inline Pump same shaft
Space-constrained mechanical rooms

High-capacity, easy to maintain, Large commercial, industrial, high-rise

Horizontal Split Case motor/diesel driven buildings
Compact; pump and motor aligned end-to-
End Suction Pump end
Small to medium-sized installations

Where suction lift is required (e.g.,

Vertical Turbine Pump Draws water from underground tank/well
tanks, lakes)

Accessory Purpose / Description

Controls pump start/stop based on
Pump Controller pressure switches or signals
Senses system pressure drop and activates
Pressure Switch pump
Verifies flow rate during testing and
Flow Meter operation
Protects pump from overpressure
Relief Valve conditions
Allows testing of pump capacity and
Test Header / Hose Valve performance
Ensures cooling for diesel engines or motor
Pump Room Ventilation heat dissipation
Prevents transmission of vibration to piping
Flexible Connector system
Non-return Valve (Check Valve) Prevents backflow to the pump
Isolation Valve (Gate Valve) Allows manual shut-off for maintenance
Indicates suction and discharge pressure
Pressure Gauges levels
For electric pumps with generator backup
Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) power
Battery & Charger (Diesel pump) Starts and operates the engine reliably
Provides uninterrupted diesel supply for 8+
Fuel Tank (Diesel pump) hours
Ensures the pump is always primed (for
Priming Tank (Vertical turbine) above-grade installations)
 Hazard Classifications
Rellgious INPUT
OUTPUT
Extra Hazard Calculator FM200 Calculator Water Tank Data

No. of SP= 17 (SP) Room Area= 7 (m2) Pump Flow= 500 Gpm

Pipe Size= 80 (mm) Room Hight= 5.00 (m) Duration Time= 60 min
Light Hazard
Pipe Size= 3.00'' FM200 Weight= 19 (kg) Ordinary hazard Tank Volume= 114 m3
Exrta Hazard

Filling Pipe= 2 in
Ordinary Hazard Calculator Co2 Calculator
Discharge Pipe= 8 in
No. of SP= 60 (SP) Room Area= 30 (m2)
Vent Pipe= 4 in
Pipe Size= 100 (mm) Room Hight= 3.50 (m)
Drain Pipe= 2 in
Pipe Size= 4.00'' Co2 Weight= 139.7 (kg)
Antivortex Plate= 16 X 16
No. of Cylinders= 4 (Cylinder)
Light Hazard Calculator

No. of SP= 8 (SP) Aerosol Calculator Sp K factor Selection

Pipe Size= 50 (mm) Room Area= 67 (m2) HEIGHT= 9.0 (m)

Pipe Size= 2.00'' Room Hight= 6.35 (m) SP K Factor = 8

Safe Factor= 1.3

ZCV Max. Protection Area
Above and below Calculator Mass of Aerosol= 46.459 (Kg)
Extra Hazard 3,660 m2
No. of SP= 59 (SP) No. Boxes= 9 (Nos)

Pipe Size= 80 (mm)

CO2 REQUIREMENTS Max. & Min. "SP" Spacing Check
Pipe Size= 3.00''
AREA= 10 (m2) Light / Ordinary Hazard

Foam Calculator HEIGHT= 3.50 (m) 4.00 m

Discharge Criteria= 6.50 (L/min.m2) VENTILATION AREA= 12 (m2) Extra / Storage Hazard

Discharge Duration= 10 (min) VOLUMES FACTOR= 1.35 (kg/m3) 1.80 m

Foam Concentrate= 3% TIME OF DISCHARGE= 2 (min)

Room Area= 22 (m2) FORCED VENTILATION= 5 (Kg/min)

Min. Area Per SP= 9 (m2) CO2 Mass= 107.3 (Kg)

Min. No. of SP= 3 (SP) No. of Cylinders= 3 (Cylinder)

Flow of Foam Solution= 144 (L/min) FLOW RATE= 53.63 (Kg/min)

Volume of Foam Solution= 1,443 (Litters)

Quantity of Foam Conc.= 43.3

Foam Tank Size= 12 (gallon)

 Pressure PSI Pressure Bar Pressure PSI Pressure Bar
Rate Capacity Rate Capacity
Size (in) FROM TO From To Rated Speed Size (in) FROM TO From To Rated Speed
(GPM) (GPM)
50 GPM 2 X 1 1/4 62 PSI 95 PSI 4 Bar 7 Bar 2,950 RPM 300 GPM 4X3 167 PSI 222 Bar 12 Bar 15 Bar 3,550 RPM

50 GPM 2 X 1 1/4 55 PSI 85 Bar 4 Bar 6 Bar 2,800 RPM 300 GPM 4X3 159 PSI 203 Bar 11 Bar 14 Bar 2,950 RPM

50 GPM 2 X 1 1/4 113 PSI 130 Bar 8 Bar 9 Bar 2,950 RPM 300 GPM 4X3 143 PSI 183 Bar 10 Bar 13 Bar 2,800 RPM

50 GPM 2 1/2 X 2 103 PSI 167 Bar 7 Bar 12 Bar 2,600 RPM 400 GPM 4X3 165 PSI 222 Bar 11 Bar 15 Bar 3,550 RPM

50 GPM 2 1/2 X 2 88 PSI 142 Bar 6 Bar 10 Bar 2,400 RPM 400 GPM 4X3 105 PSI 139 Bar 7 Bar 10 Bar 2,950 RPM

100 GPM 2 X 1 1/4 103 PSI 125 Bar 7 Bar 9 Bar 2,950 RPM 400 GPM 4X3 158 PSI 203 Bar 11 Bar 14 Bar 2,950 RPM

100 GPM 2 1/2 X 2 178 PSI 298 Bar 12 Bar 21 Bar 3,500 RPM 400 GPM 4X3 142 PSI 183 Bar 10 Bar 13 Bar 2,800 RPM

100 GPM 2 1/2 X 2 132 PSI 210 Bar 9 Bar 14 Bar 2,950 RPM 400 GPM 5X4 123 PSI 158 Bar 8 Bar 11 Bar 2,950 RPM

100 GPM 2 1/2 X 2 119 PSI 189 Bar 8 Bar 13 Bar 2,800 RPM 400 GPM 5X4 110 PSI 142 Bar 8 Bar 10 Bar 2,800 RPM

100 GPM 2 1/2 X 2 102 PSI 166 Bar 7 Bar 11 Bar 2,600 RPM 400 GPM 5X4 98 PSI 172 Bar 7 Bar 12 Bar 2,600 RPM

100 GPM 2 1/2 X 2 87 PSI 141 Bar 6 Bar 10 Bar 2,400 RPM 400 GPM 5X4 83 PSI 147 Bar 6 Bar 10 Bar 2,400 RPM

150 GPM 2 1/2 X 2 177 PSI 296 Bar 12 Bar 20 Bar 3,500 RPM 450 GPM 4X3 157 PSI 203 Bar 11 Bar 14 Bar 2,950 RPM

150 GPM 2 1/2 X 2 132 PSI 209 Bar 9 Bar 14 Bar 2,950 RPM 450 GPM 4X3 140 PSI 182 Bar 10 Bar 13 Bar 2,800 RPM

150 GPM 2 1/2 X 2 118 PSI 188 Bar 8 Bar 13 Bar 2,800 RPM 450 GPM 5X4 122 PSI 158 Bar 8 Bar 11 Bar 2,950 RPM

150 GPM 2 1/2 X 2 99 PSI 165 Bar 7 Bar 11 Bar 2,600 RPM 450 GPM 5X4 110 PSI 142 Bar 8 Bar 10 Bar 2,800 RPM

150 GPM 2 1/2 X 2 84 PSI 140 Bar 6 Bar 10 Bar 2,400 RPM 450 GPM 5X4 98 PSI 172 Bar 7 Bar 12 Bar 2,600 RPM

200 GPM 2 1/2 X 2 173 PSI 296 Bar 12 Bar 20 Bar 3,500 RPM 450 GPM 5X4 83 PSI 147 Bar 6 Bar 10 Bar 2,400 RPM

200 GPM 2 1/2 X 2 127 PSI 209 Bar 9 Bar 14 Bar 2,950 RPM 500 GPM 4X3 101 PSI 137 PSI 7 Bar 9 Bar 2,950 RPM

200 GPM 2 1/2 X 2 113 PSI 188 Bar 8 Bar 13 Bar 2,800 RPM 500 GPM 4X3 163 PSI 220 Bar 11 Bar 15 Bar 3,550 RPM

200 GPM 3 x 2 1/2 159 PSI 290 Bar 11 Bar 20 Bar 3,500 RPM 500 GPM 4X3 155 PSI 202 Bar 11 Bar 14 Bar 2,950 RPM

200 GPM 3 x 2 1/2 108 PSI 201 Bar 7 Bar 14 Bar 2,950 RPM 500 GPM 4X3 136 PSI 182 Bar 9 Bar 13 Bar 2,800 RPM

200 GPM 3 x 2 1/2 97 PSI 181 Bar 7 Bar 12 Bar 2,800 RPM 500 GPM 5X4 144 PSI 212 Bar 10 Bar 15 Bar 3,550 RPM

200 GPM 3 x 2 1/2 104 PSI 158 Bar 7 Bar 11 Bar 2,600 RPM 500 GPM 5X4 132 PSI 208 Bar 9 Bar 14 Bar 3,550 RPM

200 GPM 3 x 2 1/2 88 PSI 133 Bar 6 Bar 9 Bar 2,400 RPM 500 GPM 5X4 122 PSI 158 Bar 8 Bar 11 Bar 2,950 RPM

250 GPM 3 x 2 1/2 157 PSI 290 Bar 11 Bar 20 Bar 3,500 RPM 500 GPM 5X4 110 PSI 142 Bar 8 Bar 10 Bar 2,800 RPM

250 GPM 3 x 2 1/2 107 PSI 201 Bar 7 Bar 14 Bar 2,950 RPM 500 GPM 5X4 97 PSI 172 Bar 7 Bar 12 Bar 2,600 RPM

250 GPM 3 x 2 1/2 97 PSI 181 Bar 7 Bar 12 Bar 2,800 RPM 500 GPM 5X4 82 PSI 147 Bar 6 Bar 10 Bar 2,400 RPM

250 GPM 3 x 2 1/2 102 PSI 155 Bar 7 Bar 11 Bar 2,600 RPM 750 GPM 5X4 119 PSI 147 Bar 8 Bar 10 Bar 2,950 RPM

250 GPM 3 x 2 1/2 85 PSI 131 Bar 6 Bar 9 Bar 2,400 RPM 750 GPM 5X4 104 PSI 131 Bar 7 Bar 9 Bar 2,800 RPM

300 GPM 3 x 2 1/2 155 PSI 289 Bar 11 Bar 20 Bar 3,500 RPM 750 GPM 5X4 89 PSI 166 Bar 6 Bar 11 Bar 2,600 RPM

300 GPM 3 x 2 1/2 107 PSI 201 Bar 7 Bar 14 Bar 2,950 RPM 750 GPM 5X4 113 PSI 139 Bar 8 Bar 10 Bar 2,950 RPM

300 GPM 3 x 2 1/2 97 PSI 181 Bar 7 Bar 12 Bar 2,800 RPM 750 GPM 5X4 140 PSI 212 Bar 10 Bar 15 Bar 3,550 RPM

300 GPM 3 x 2 1/2 98 PSI 152 Bar 7 Bar 10 Bar 2,600 RPM 1,000 GPM 5X4 104 PSI 131 Bar 7 Bar 9 Bar 2,950 RPM

300 GPM 3 x 2 1/2 82 PSI 128 Bar 6 Bar 9 Bar 2,400 RPM 1,000 GPM 5X4 132 PSI 208 Bar 9 Bar 14 Bar 3,550 RPM
 Code / Standard Full Name What It Covers Use in Water Supply pdf Topic Code/Standard
Water supply & distribution: pipe sizing, Main code for cold/hot water piping layout, fixture
IPC – Chapter 6 International Plumbing Code
pressure, backflow prevention supply, booster pumps
[Link] Water pipe sizing IPC / UPC / IRC

Similar to IPC but stricter; includes water

UPC – Chapter 6 Uniform Plumbing Code heater installation, pipe sizing, pressure Used in California & UPC jurisdictions UPC - [Link] Pressure requirements IPC / UPC
regulating valves
Residential water system sizing, pipe types,
IRC – Chapter 29 International Residential Code
pressure, water heaters
For 1- and 2-family homes [Link] Pipe material safety NSF 61 / ASTM B88 / ASTM F876

Standard for the Installation of Private

NFPA 24 Fire Service Mains
Potable and fire water supply outside building Underground mains from city or tanks to building [Link] Backflow prevention ASSE 1015 / 1020 / IPC

Water supply for fire sprinkler systems

NFPA 13/13R/13D Sprinkler System Standards
(building interior)
Coordination with domestic water systems if shared NFPA [Link] Hot water temp limits ASSE 1070 / IPC

Drinking Water System Components – Material safety for water pipes, valves, tanks,
NSF/ANSI 61 Health Effects fittings
Ensures safe components for potable water NSF-ANSI_61_2016.pdf Water meter and main supply AWWA / NFPA 24

Performance and quality of plastic piping

NSF/ANSI 14 Plastic Piping System Components
(PEX, CPVC, etc.)
Piping used in cold/hot water systems [Link]
Performance of double check valve
ANSI/ASSE 1015 Backflow Preventer Standard
assemblies
Prevents contamination in water supply ANSI-ASSE [Link]
Mixing Valves & Temperature Limiting
ANSI/ASSE 1016/1070 Devices
Ensures safe delivery temperature to fixtures Used at showers, lavatories, and public faucets File

AWWA Standards American Water Works Association Municipal water supply pipes, valves, meters Interface with main city water lines AWWA [Link]
ASTM Standards ASTM B88, D3309, F876, etc. Specs for copper, CPVC, PEX, and fittings Ensures physical pipe quality and dimensions ASTM [Link]

Code / Standard Full Name What It Covers Use in Drainage Systems PDF Drainage Topic Codes / Standards
Sanitary drainage, venting, traps, stormwater
IPC – Chapters 7 to 11 International Plumbing Code
drainage, indirect waste
Main reference for all drainage sizing and layout [Link] Sanitary drainage system sizing IPC / UPC / IRC

Same scope as IPC but with more prescriptive

UPC – Chapters 7 to 11 Uniform Plumbing Code
requirements
Common in California & some U.S. states UPC - [Link] Vent sizing and configuration IPC Chapter 9 / UPC

Simplified drainage and vent sizing for small

IRC – Chapter 30 International Residential Code
buildings
1- & 2-family residential systems [Link] Grease and oil interceptors ASSE 1017–1055 / IPC Ch. 10

Drainage for sprinkler system testing and fire

NFPA 13 / 13R / 13D Automatic Sprinkler System Standards
pump relief
Floor drains, main drains in pump rooms NFPA [Link] Stormwater drainage (roof drains) IPC Chapter 11 / UPC

NFPA 99 Health Care Facilities Code Sanitary drainage of medical gases and waste Used in hospitals for vacuum drainage and isolation NFPA [Link] Material specifications (PVC, CI, ABS) ASTM D2665 / F409 / A74
Grease, acid, hair, oil interceptors, and trap
ANSI/ASSE 1016–1055 Traps, interceptors, specialty devices
standards
Required in kitchens, labs, salons, garages File Greywater / Special Waste IPC Chapter 13 / Green Codes

NSF/ANSI 14 Plastic Drainage Pipes Quality/performance of DWV systems Applies to PVC, ABS, and polypropylene pipes [Link] Medical and lab waste NFPA 99 / ASSE specialty traps
ASTM D2665 / D1785 /
ASTM Pipe Standards Pipe specs for PVC, ABS, cast iron, etc. Used for material compliance in DWV ASTM [Link]
F409
For larger sewer/drain piping (mostly
AWWA M23 PVC Pipe Design & Installation
municipal)
Occasionally referenced in site drainage AWWA [Link]
Greywater reuse, stormwater harvesting, low-
Green Plumbing Codes CALGreen, LEED, WaterSense
impact drainage
Sustainable site and building design [Link]
 Flush Tank Flush Valve Water Supply Fixture Units
Occupancy Type of supply control
Load Demand Load Demand Fixture Cold Hot Total
Water Supply Gallons per Cubic feet per
Water Supply Fixture Units Gallons per minute Cubic feet per minute Bathroom group Private Flush tank 2.7 1.5 4.2
Fixture Units minute minute
1 3 0.0 1 3 0.04 Bathroom group Private Flush valve 6 3 9
2 5 0.1 2 5 0.07 Bathtub Private Faucet 1 1 2
3 6.5 0.9 3 6.5 0.87 Bathtub Public Faucet 3 3 6
4 8 1.1 4 8 1.07 Bidet Private Faucet 1.5 1.5 3
5 9.4 1.3 5 15 2.01 Combination fixture Private Faucet 2.25 2.25 4.5
6 10.7 1.4 6 17.4 2.33 Dishwashing machine Private Automatic 0 1.4 1.4
7 11.8 1.6 7 19.8 2.65 Drinking fountain Offices, etc 3/8" valve 0.25 0 0.25
8 12.8 1.7 8 22.2 2.97 Kitchen sink Private Faucet 1 1 2
9 13.7 1.8 9 24.6 3.29 Kitchen sink Hotel restaurant Faucet 3 3 6
10 14.6 2.0 10 27 3.61 Laundry trays (l to 3) Private Faucet 1 1 2
11 15.4 2.1 11 27.8 3.72 Lavatory Private Faucet 0.5 0.5 1
12 16 2.1 12 28.6 3.82 Lavatory Public Faucet 1.5 1.5 3
13 16.5 2.2 13 29.4 3.93 Service sink Offices, etc. Faucet 2.25 2.25 4.5
14 17 2.3 14 30.2 4.04 Shower head Public Mixing valve 3 3 6
15 17.5 2.3 15 31 4.14 Shower head Private Mixing valve 1 1 2
16 18 2.9 16 31.8 4.24 Urinal Public 1" flush valve 10 0 10
17 18.4 2.5 17 32.6 4.36 Urinal Public 3/4" flush valve 5 0 5
18 18.8 2.5 18 33.4 4.46 Urinal Public Flush tank 3 0 3
19 19.2 2.6 19 34.2 4.57 Washing machine (8 lb) Private Automatic 1 1 2
20 19.6 2.6 20 35 4.68 Washing machine (8 lb) public Automatic 2.25 2.25 4.5
25 21.5 2.9 25 38 5.08 Washing machine (15 lb) public Automatic 3 3 6
30 23.3 3.1 30 42 5.61 Water closet Private 6 0 6
35 24.9 3.3 35 44 5.88 Water closet Private Flush tank 2.2 0 2.2
40 26.3 3.5 40 46 6.15 Water closet Public Flush valve 10 0 10
45 27.7 3.7 45 48 6.42 Water closet Public Flush tank 5 0 5
50 29.1 3.9 50 50 6.68 Water closet Public or private Flushometer tank 2 0 2
60 32 4.3 60 54 7.22
70 35 4.7 70 58 7.75
80 38 5.1 80 61.2 8.18
Total Fixture Units
90 41 5.5 90 64.3 8.60 Fixture Occupancy Type of supply control Qty.
Per Each Fixture
100 43.5 5.8 100 67.5 9.02 Bathtub Private Flush valve 0
120 48 6.4 120 73 9.76 Bidet Private Faucet 0
140 52.5 7.0 140 77 10.29 Dishwashing machine Private Automatic 0
160 57 7.6 160 81 10.83 Kitchen sink Private Faucet 4 2
180 61 8.2 180 85.5 11.43 Kitchen sink Hotel restaurant Faucet 300 50
200 65 8.7 200 90 12.03 Lavatory Private Faucet 35 35
225 70 9.4 225 95.5 12.77 Lavatory Public Faucet 582 194
250 75 10.0 250 101 13.50 Shower head Public Mixing valve 0
275 80 10.7 275 104.5 13.97 Shower head Private Mixing valve 0
300 85 11.4 300 108 14.44 Urinal Public 3/4" flush valve 350 70
400 105 14.0 400 127 16.98 Water closet Public Flush tank 830 166
500 124 16.6 500 143 19.12 Water closet Private Flush tank 0
750 170 22.7 750 177 23.66
1,000 208 27.8 1,000 208 27.81 Total Fixture Units = 2,101 WFU
1,250 239 31.9 1,250 239 31.95 Demand = 325.0 GPM
1,500 269 36.0 1,500 269 35.96
1,750 297 39.7 1,750 297 39.70 Hot Water Calculations
2,000 325 43.4 2,000 325 43.45 Fixture Type Building Qty. Hotels Qty.
2,500 380 50.8 2,500 380 50.80 Lavatory 2 gph 1 2 gph 0
3,000 433 57.9 3,000 433 57.88 Bathtub 20 gph 0 20 gph 1
4,000 525 70.2 4,000 525 70.18 Shower 30 gph 1 75 gph 2
5,000 593 79.3 5,000 593 79.27 Kitchen sink 10 gph 0 30 gph 5
Loundry 20 gph 0 28 gph 0
Dishwashers 15 gph 0 50 gph 0
32 gph 320 gph
Dometic Water Tank Claculator Office Hospital Demand Factor 0.3 0.25
ity

No. of Persons = 100 Person 300 Bed Storage Factor 1.25 0.8
ac
ap

Consumbtion per person = 20 Gallons/day 60 Litters/day Building Hotels

C

No. of Storage Days = 1 day(s) 1 day(s)

g

10 gph 80 gph
tin
ea

2,000 Gallons 4,755 Gallons EWH Capacity 65 Litters EWH Capacity 346 Litters
H
al

Tank Capacity = 7,571 Litters 18,000 Litters 1.7 KW 9 KW

t
To

8 M3 18 M3 8,080 BTU/hr 67,333 BTU/hr

For Boilers 2 KW
For Boilers 20 KW
 Drains & Trench Systems
Drain Type Typical Location Purpose Applications Limitations Key Data Max Coverage Area / Distance
Toilets, kitchens, plant rooms, Collect wastewater or wash-down water from Washrooms, pantries, Not suitable for large surface areas - Size: Ø75–Ø150 mm- Flow rate: 0.5–2.5
Floor Drain washrooms floors mechanical rooms or heavy flow L/s- Grate type: square/round
Max area: 10–20 m² per drain

Outdoor courtyards, landscaping, fire Collect surface water and rainwater from open Firefighting areas, irrigation, Can clog with leaves/debris if no - Size: Ø100–Ø200 mm- Flow: 2–6 L/s-
Area Drain areas areas planters screen used With/without sediment basket
Max area: 30–50 m² (rain intensity dependent)

Trench Drain / Parking areas, loading bays,

Continuous surface drainage over long areas
Garages, kitchens, workshops, Requires proper slope and grating - Width: 100–500 mm- Grating: A15–F900 Max distance: 25–50 m length slope
Channel Drain commercial kitchens balconies strength (load class) class- Flow: up to 20 L/s Max area: 100–300 m²
Needs slope; sensitive to blockage - Size: Ø100–Ø150 mm- With dome Max area: 80–150 m² per drain (based on
Roof Drain (Flat) Flat roofs, podiums, terraces Collect rainwater from flat or sloped roofs All buildings with flat roofs
by debris strainer- Flow: 5–12 L/s rainfall intensity)
Secondary/emergency overflow from roof or Used only as overflow/emergency - Horizontal outlet- Typically Ø100 mm- Free Max spacing: every 12–15 m
Scupper Drain Parapet walls on roofs, balconies
terrace
Secondary roof drainage
option discharge or pipe connected Serves same area as primary drain
May clog easily; must be weather-
Balcony Drain Balconies, external walkways Drain rainwater from small exterior areas Residential and hotel balconies
and corrosion-resistant
- Small size: Ø50–Ø75 mm- Flow: <2 L/s Max area: 3–6 m²

Drain water from exposed deck or podium Mall podiums, pool perimeters, - Grate: stainless steel or polymer- Load Max area: 10–30 m², or continuous line along
Deck Drain Podiums, parking deck slabs, pools
surfaces car decks
Requires waterproofing coordination
class depends on use edge
Cleanout (Access Any floor near drain branches
Allow maintenance and blockage clearing of
Near toilets, kitchens, trenches
Not a drainage point; only for - Access cover with or without tile insert-
Not applicable (not a drain)
Point) drainage lines maintenance 100–150 mm pipe access

Note: Coverage areas are general guidelines and must be adjusted based on:
Local rainfall intensity (L/s/m²)
Pipe sizing and slope
Drain type and manufacturer specifications
Codes (e.g., IPC, ASPE, BS EN 12056)

Drainage System Types Material Types

System Description Pipe Material Used For Notes
Soil Waste System Handles black water (toilets, urinals)
and grey water (sinks, showers)
uPVC Internal drainage, venting Lightweight, easy to install
(SWS)
Rainwater System Collects and discharges rainwater from
roofs, balconies, terraces
Cast Iron Vertical stacks, noise-sensitive areas Durable, fire-resistant, low noise
(RWS)
Removes groundwater from below
Subsoil Drainage structures (used in basements, HDPE Roof and buried systems High resistance to chemicals, fusion welding
foundations)
Condensate Collects A/C and equipment
condensation (AHUs, FCUs, etc.)
Galvanized Steel Condensate or chemical waste Corrosion risk if improperly selected
Drainage
Special Waste For labs, kitchens, grease, chemical
drainage (with neutralizers/traps)
SS316/SS304 Kitchens, labs, aggressive waste High cost but durable
Systems

Key Design Elements

Component Purpose
Traps (P-trap, Bell Prevent sewer gas from entering
Cleanouts every 15–30 meters
trap) occupied space via water seal Cleanouts at direction changes
Vent Pipes
Prevent siphoning of traps, equalize
pressure in piping system
Drain access in maintenance rooms and risers
Provide access for maintenance and
Cleanouts blockage removal
Ensures gravity flow – typically 1–2%
Slope (1–2 cm/m) Grease Interceptors: Installed before kitchen waste enters main drainage.
Inspection Access for large buried pipe networks
Oil Interceptors: Used in garages or car washes.
Chambers/Manholes Pumping Stations: When gravity drainage is not possible (e.g., basements).
Catch Basins
Collect stormwater from ground surface, Backwater Valves: Prevent backflow from sewer in case of flood or blockage.
usually with sediment filter

Design Considerations
Parameter Recommendation
Minimum Slope
1%–2% (1 cm/m) toward drain
(floor)
Cast iron, PVC, HDPE, stainless steel,
Drain Material brass
Based on load: A15 (pedestrian) to
Grating Class F900 (heavy duty trucks)
Water seal trap, bell trap, deep seal for
Trap Type infrequently used drains
Floor drains with trap must be vented to
Ventilation avoid negative pressure and odors
Max 15 m between cleanouts in
Cleanout Distance horizontal drainage piping (as per
codes)
Coordinate waterproof membrane
Waterproofing connection at all drain perimeters
 TABLE [Link] Minimum Ventilation Rates in Breathing Zone
People Outdoor Area Outdoor Combined Outdoor
Air Rate Air Rate
Occupant Density
Air Rate Calculator
Occupancy Category
CFM / #/1000 ft2 CFM / Area Air Flow Area Air Flow
L/S*Person CFM / ft2 L/S*m2 L/S*Person
Person or #/100m2 Person (ft2) CFM (m2) L/S
Coffee stations 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 20 8 4 0 CFM 0 L/S
Conference/meeting 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 50 6 3.1 0 CFM 0 L/S
Corridors - - 0.06 0.3 - - - 0 CFM 0 L/S
Occupiable storage rooms 5 2.5 0.12 0.6 2 65 32.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Hotels, Motels, Resorts, Dormitories
Bedroom/living room 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 10 11 5.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Barracks sleeping areas 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 20 8 4 0 CFM 0 L/S
Laundry rooms, central 5 2.5 0.12 0.6 10 17 8.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Laundry rooms within dwelling units 5 2.5 0.12 0.6 10 17 8.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Lobbies/prefunction 7.5 3.8 0.06 0.3 30 10 4.8 0 CFM 0 L/S
Multipurpose assembly 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 120 6 2.8 0 CFM 0 L/S
Office Buildings
Breakrooms 5 2.5 0.12 0.6 50 7 3.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Main entry lobbies 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 10 11 5.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Occupiable storage rooms
5 2.5 0.06 0.3 2 35 17.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
for dry materials
Office space 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 5 17 8.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Reception areas 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 30 7 3.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Telephone/data entry 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 60 6 3 0 CFM 0 L/S
Miscellaneous Spaces
Bank vaults/safe deposit 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 5 17 8.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Banks or bank lobbies 7.5 3.8 0.06 0.3 15 12 6 0 CFM 0 L/S
Computer (not printing) 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 4 20 10 0 CFM 0 L/S
Freezer and refrigerated spaces (<50°F) 10 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 CFM 0 L/S
General manufacturing (excludes heavy
10 5 0.18 0.9 7 36 18 0 CFM 0 L/S
industrial and processes using chemicals)
Pharmacy (prep. area) 5 2.5 0.18 0.9 10 23 11.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Photo studios 5 2.5 0.12 0.6 10 17 8.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Shipping/receiving 10 5 0.12 0.6 2 70 35 0 CFM 0 L/S
Sorting, packing, light assembly 7.5 3.8 0.12 0.6 7 25 12.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Telephone closets - - 0 0 - 0 0 0 CFM 0 L/S
Transportation waiting 7.5 3.8 0.06 0.3 100 8 4.1 0 CFM 0 L/S
Warehouses 10 5 0.06 0.3 0 0 0 0 CFM 0 L/S
Correctional Facilities
Cell 5 2.5 0.12 0.6 25 10 4.9 0 CFM 0 L/S
Dayroom 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 30 7 3.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Guard stations 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 15 9 4.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Booking/waiting 7.5 3.8 0.06 0.3 50 9 4.4 0 CFM 0 L/S
Educational Facilities
Daycare (through age 4) 10 5 0.18 0.9 25 17 8.6 0 CFM 0 L/S
Daycare sickroom 10 5 0.18 0.9 25 17 8.6 0 CFM 0 L/S
Classrooms (ages 5–8) 10 5 0.12 0.6 25 15 7.4 0 CFM 0 L/S
Classrooms (age 9 plus) 10 5 0.12 0.6 35 13 6.7 0 CFM 0 L/S
Lecture classroom 7.5 3.8 0.06 0.3 65 8 4.3 0 CFM 0 L/S
Lecture hall (fixed seats) 7.5 3.8 0.06 0.3 150 8 4 0 CFM 0 L/S
Art classroom 10 5 0.18 0.03 20 19 9.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Science laboratories 10 5 0.18 0.9 25 17 8.6 0 CFM 0 L/S
University/college
10 5 0.18 0.9 25 17 8.6 0 CFM 0 L/S
laboratories
Wood/metal shop 10 5 0.18 0.9 20 19 9.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Computer lab 10 5 0.12 0.6 25 15 7.4 0 CFM 0 L/S
Media center 10 5 0.12 0.6 25 15 7.4 0 CFM 0 L/S
Music/theater/dance 10 5 0.06 0.3 35 12 5.9 0 CFM 0 L/S
Multiuse assembly 7.5 3.8 0.06 0.3 100 8 4.1 0 CFM 0 L/S
Food and Beverage Service
Restaurant dining rooms 7.5 3.8 0.18 0.9 70 10 5.1 0 CFM 0 L/S
Cafeteria/fast-food dining 7.5 3.8 0.18 0.9 100 9 4.7 0 CFM 0 L/S
Bars, cocktail lounges 7.5 3.8 0.18 0.9 100 9 4.7 0 CFM 0 L/S
Kitchen (cooking) 7.5 3.8 0.12 0.6 20 14 7 0 CFM 0 L/S
General
Break rooms 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 25 7 3.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Public Assembly Spaces
Auditorium seating area 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 150 5 2.7 0 CFM 0 L/S
Places of religious worship 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 120 6 2.8 0 CFM 0 L/S
Courtrooms 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 70 6 2.9 0 CFM 0 L/S
Legislative chambers 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 50 6 3.1 0 CFM 0 L/S
Libraries 5 2.5 0.12 0.6 10 17 8.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Lobbies 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 150 5 2.7 0 CFM 0 L/S
Museums (children’s) 7.5 3.8 0.12 0.6 40 11 5.3 0 CFM 0 L/S
Museums/galleries 7.5 3.8 0.06 0.3 40 9 4.6 0 CFM 0 L/S
Residential
Dwelling unit 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 0 0 0 0 CFM 0 L/S
Common corridors 0 0 0.06 0.3 0 0 0 0 CFM 0 L/S
Retail
Sales (except as below) 7.5 3.8 0.12 0.6 15 16 7.8 0 CFM 0 L/S
Mall common areas 7.5 3.8 0.06 0.3 40 9 4.6 0 CFM 0 L/S
Barbershop 7.5 3.8 0.06 0.3 25 10 5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Beauty and nail salons 20 10 0.12 0.6 25 25 12.4 0 CFM 0 L/S
Pet shops (animal areas) 7.5 3.8 0.18 0.9 10 26 12.8 0 CFM 0 L/S
Supermarket 7.5 3.8 0.06 0.3 8 15 7.6 0 CFM 0 L/S
Coin-operated laundries 7.5 3 0.12 0.6 20 14 7 0 CFM 0 L/S
Sports and Entertainment
Gym, sports arena (play area) 20 10 0.18 0.9 7 45 23 0 CFM 0 L/S
Spectator areas 7.5 3.8 0.06 0.3 150 8 4 0 CFM 0 L/S
Swimming (pool & deck) 0 0 0.48 2.4 0 0 0 0 CFM 0 L/S
 TABLE [Link] Minimum Ventilation Rates in Breathing Zone
People Outdoor Area Outdoor Combined Outdoor
Air Rate Air Rate
Occupant Density
Air Rate Calculator
Occupancy Category
CFM / #/1000 ft2 CFM / Area Air Flow Area Air Flow
L/S*Person CFM / ft2 L/S*m2 L/S*Person
Person or #/100m2 Person (ft2) CFM (m2) L/S
Disco/dance floors 20 10 0.06 0.3 100 21 100.3 0 CFM 0 L/S
Health club/aerobics room 20 10 0.06 0.3 40 22 10.8 0 CFM 0 L/S
Health club/weight rooms 20 10 0.06 0.3 10 26 13 0 CFM 0 L/S
Bowling alley (seating) 10 5 0.12 0.6 40 13 6.5 0 CFM 0 L/S
Gambling casinos 7.5 3.5 0.18 0.9 120 9 4.6 0 CFM 0 L/S
Game arcades 7.5 3.8 0.18 0.9 20 17 8.3 0 CFM 0 L/S
Stages, studios 10 5 0.06 0.3 70 11 5.4 0 CFM 0 L/S