70 MATHEMATICS

Miscellaneous Examples

 cos θ sin θ   cos nθ sin nθ 

Example 23 If A = 
− sin θ cos θ  , then prove that A n = 
− sin n θ cos n θ  , n ∈ N.
   

Solution We shall prove the result by using principle of mathematical induction.

 cos θ sin θ   cos nθ sin nθ 
We have P(n) : If A =   , then A n =  ,n∈N
 − sin θ cos θ  − sin nθ cos nθ

 cos θ sin θ   cos θ sin θ 

P(1) : A =   , so A1
=  − sin θ cos θ 
 − sin θ cos θ  
Therefore, the result is true for n = 1.
Let the result be true for n = k. So

 cos θ sin θ   cos k θ sin k θ 

, then A = 
k
P(k) : A =   
 − sin θ cos θ  − sin k θ cos k θ 
Now, we prove that the result holds for n = k +1

 cos θ sin θ   cos k θ sin k θ 

Ak + 1 = A ⋅ A = 
k
Now  
 − sin θ cos θ   − sin k θ cos k θ 

 cos θ cos k θ – sin θ sin k θ cos θ sin k θ + sin θ cos k θ 

=  
 − sin θ cos k θ + cos θ sin k θ − sin θ sin k θ + cos θ cos k θ 

 cos (θ + k θ) sin (θ + k θ)   cos( k + 1)θ sin (k + 1)θ 

=  = 
 − sin (θ + k θ) cos (θ + k θ)   − sin (k + 1)θ cos (k + 1)θ 
Therefore, the result is true for n = k + 1. Thus by principle of mathematical induction,
 cos n θ sin n θ 
we have A = 
n
, holds for all natural numbers.
− sin n θ cos n θ 

Example 24 If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then show that AB
is symmetric if and only if A and B commute, that is AB = BA.
Solution Since A and B are both symmetric matrices, therefore A′ = A and B′ = B.

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Let AB be symmetric, then (AB)′ = AB

But (AB)′ = B′A′= BA (Why?)
Therefore BA = AB
Conversely, if AB = BA, then we shall show that AB is symmetric.
Now (AB)′ = B′A′
= B A (as A and B are symmetric)
= AB
Hence AB is symmetric.

 2 −1 5 2  2 5
Example 25 Let A =   ,B=  ,C=  . Find a matrix D such that
 3 4 7 4  3 8
CD – AB = O.
Solution Since A, B, C are all square matrices of order 2, and CD – AB is well
defined, D must be a square matrix of order 2.
a b 
Let D=   . Then CD – AB = 0 gives
c d 

 2 5  a b   2 −1  5 2
 3 8  c d  − 3 4 7 4 = O
     

 2a + 5c 2b + 5d   3 0   0 0 
or  3a + 8c 3b + 8d  −  43 22 =  
    0 0 

 2a + 5c − 3 2b + 5d   0 0 
or  3a + 8c − 43 3b + 8d − 22 =  0 0 
   
By equality of matrices, we get
2a + 5c – 3 = 0 ... (1)
3a + 8c – 43 = 0 ... (2)
2b + 5d = 0 ... (3)
and 3b + 8d – 22 = 0 ... (4)
Solving (1) and (2), we get a = –191, c = 77. Solving (3) and (4), we get b = – 110,
d = 44.

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 a b   −191 −110 
Therefore D= 
c d  =  77 44 
  

Miscellaneous Exercise on Chapter 3

1. If A and B are symmetric matrices, prove that AB – BA is a skew symmetric

matrix.
2. Show that the matrix B′AB is symmetric or skew symmetric according as A is
symmetric or skew symmetric.

0 2 y z
3. Find the values of x, y, z if the matrix A =  x y − z  satisfy the equation

 x − y z 
A′A = I.

1 2 0   0 
4. For what values of x : [1 2 1]  2 0 1   2  = O?
1 0 2   x 

3 1
5. If A =   , show that A2 – 5A + 7I = 0.
−1 2

 1 0 2  x 
6. Find x, if [ x −5 −1]  0 2 1   4  = O
  
 2 0 3 1 

7. A manufacturer produces three products x, y, z which he sells in two markets.

Annual sales are indicated below:
Market Products
I 10,000 2,000 18,000
II 6,000 20,000 8,000

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(a) If unit sale prices of x, y and z are ` 2.50, ` 1.50 and ` 1.00, respectively,
find the total revenue in each market with the help of matrix algebra.
(b) If the unit costs of the above three commodities are ` 2.00, ` 1.00 and
50 paise respectively. Find the gross profit.

1 2 3  −7 −8 −9 
8. Find the matrix X so that X  = 4 6 
4 5 6  2
Choose the correct answer in the following questions:
α β 
9. If A =  is such that A² = I, then
γ −α 
(A) 1 + α² + βγ = 0 (B) 1 – α² + βγ = 0
(C) 1 – α² – βγ = 0 (D) 1 + α² – βγ = 0
10. If the matrix A is both symmetric and skew symmetric, then
(A) A is a diagonal matrix (B) A is a zero matrix
(C) A is a square matrix (D) None of these
11. If A is square matrix such that A2 = A, then (I + A)³ – 7 A is equal to
(A) A (B) I – A (C) I (D) 3A

Summary
® A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions.
® A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n.
® [aij]m × 1 is a column matrix.
® [aij]1 × n is a row matrix.
® An m × n matrix is a square matrix if m = n.
® A = [aij]m × m is a diagonal matrix if aij = 0, when i ≠ j.
® A = [aij]n × n is a scalar matrix if aij = 0, when i ≠ j, aij = k, (k is some
constant), when i = j.
® A = [aij]n × n is an identity matrix, if aij = 1, when i = j, aij = 0, when i ≠ j.
® A zero matrix has all its elements as zero.
® A = [aij] = [bij] = B if (i) A and B are of same order, (ii) aij = bij for all
possible values of i and j.

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® kA = k[aij]m × n = [k(aij)]m × n
® – A = (–1)A
® A – B = A + (–1) B
® A+ B = B +A
® (A + B) + C = A + (B + C), where A, B and C are of same order.
® k(A + B) = kA + kB, where A and B are of same order, k is constant.
® (k + l ) A = kA + lA, where k and l are constant. n

® c
If A = [aij]m × n and B = [bjk]n × p , then AB = C = [cik]m × p, where ik = ∑a b
j =1
ij jk

® (i) A(BC) = (AB)C, (ii) A(B + C) = AB + AC, (iii) (A + B)C = AC + BC

® If A = [aij]m × n, then A′ or AT = [aji]n × m
® (i) (A′)′ = A, (ii) (kA)′ = kA′, (iii) (A + B)′ = A′ + B′, (iv) (AB)′ = B′A′
® A is a symmetric matrix if A′ = A.
® A is a skew symmetric matrix if A′ = – A.
® Any square matrix can be represented as the sum of a symmetric and a
skew symmetric matrix.
® If A and B are two square matrices such that AB = BA = I, then B is the
inverse matrix of A and is denoted by A–1 and A is the inverse of B.
® Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique.

—v —

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NOTES

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