Module 1

1) The unique subak water management system used to irrigate the rice paddy fields of the Indonesian island of Bali has a rich cultural,
philosophical, and historical significance dating back to the ninth century. The many elements of subak–terraces, canals, and water
temples–are : they are joined together into а single cohesive unit.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. interconnected
B. outmoded
C. optional
D. informal

2) The mihrab (or niche) is one of many features that are foundational to traditional mosque architecture and is therefore considered
aspect of mosque design. Even mosques that exhibit elements of multiple architectural styles, such as the KH Hasyim Asy'ari Grand Mosque,
which incorporates elements from the Betawi and Indonesian Islamic styles, will also include several of these standard features.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. an imposing
B. an embellished
C. a quintessential
D. an unprecedented

3) The Egyptian plover–a bird native to Africa–has a symbiotic relationship with the Nile crocodile. While a crocodile rests on land with its mouth
open for extended periods of time, the plover eats the food that is stuck in the crocodile's teeth. This relationship provides a nutritious
meal for the bird and removes potentially dangerous bacteria from the crocodile's mouth.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. inefficient
B. reciprocal
C. interchangeable
D. unequal

4) Until 1917, there was no formal measure in the United States Senate that could be to end a debate that had been excessively
prolonged as a tactic to block voting on a matter. In that year, a procedure was created to allow a majority of senators to curtail deliberation and
force a vote.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. improvised
B. invoked
C. abolished
D. partitioned

5) The following text is adapted from Akwaeke Emezi's 2019 novel Pet. Jam is a teenager who lives with her father, Aloe, and her mother,
Bitter, who is a painter.

Bitter finished the painting in the dark morning of a day–it was well past midnight when Jam heard the studio door creak open. She stared into
the velvet black of her room and listened to her mother's footsteps walking in her [mother] and Aloe's bedroom. There was a weight thrumming
through the floorboards in a low song, and that was how Jam knew the painting was done. Bitter's feet were singing the news.

Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
A. It adds to the idea that Bitter's footsteps reveal something to Jam.
B. It indicates that Jam is more interested in music than in art.
C. It indicates that Bitter always sings when working on a painting.
D. It describes Aloe's reaction upon seeing the painting for the first time.

6) Olms are salamanders that live in underwater caves. Scientists once thought that olms stay in their caves all their lives. However, Raoul
Manenti and team claim that olms regularly come to the surface to perform important activities such as finding food. 61 Which finding, if true,
would most strongly support the underlined claim?
A. Researchers learn that olms' brains differ from other salamanders' brains.
B. Researchers determine that olms don't breed often.
C. Researchers confirm that olms live in only a few cave systems.
D. Researchers discover that earthworms from surface soils are a major part of olms' diet.
7) Habitat navigation is a skill that helps animals reach food or safety. To test how navigation works in fish, Shachar Givon and colleagues
taught goldfish to drive a vehicle–a motorized fish tank with wheels–on land. The vehicle was programmed to move in the same direction that
the fish swam in within the tank. In the experiment, the fish were tasked with driving their tank to a pink board. They received a treat when they
succeeded, and they often did. Because the fish could move their tank to the board, Givon concludes that their navigational skills aren't specific
to an aquatic environment.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Research shows that although they live in the water, fish can navigate on land with a little mechanical help.
B. Fish can navigate only within their natural aquatic environment in order to find food and safety.
C. Researchers can train animals to complete many different tasks when they offer the animals treats.
D. An animal's navigational skills directly depend on that animal's particular environment.

8) Deposits of valuable objects, or hoards, have been unearthed in many different parts of
Ireland and Northern Ireland. Some of these hoards were discovered before 2000; for
example,
A. the Broighter Hoard was discovered in 1896, and the Balline Hoard was discovered in
1940.
B. the Broighter Hoard was one of several hoards discovered in the 1800s.
C. the Dooyork Hoard was discovered in 1940, and the Balline Hoard was discovered in
2001.
D. the Balline Hoard and the Dooyork Hoard were both discovered in the 2000s.

9) Researcher Helen O'Neill and her team were studying sponges in the family Irciniidae when they discovered that
three of the sponges were functioning as microhabitats for banded sand catsharks (Atelomycterus fasciatus).
Additionally, the team found that male and female A. fasciatus share the same sponge (the same microhabitat), a
behavior not found among Port Jackson sharks (Heterodontus portusjacksoni), another seabed-dwelling species.

Which choice best describes data from the graph that support the underlined claim? A. Each of the three sponges
was inhabited by at least one male
A. fasciatus and at least one undetermined A. fasciatus.
B. Each of the three sponges was inhabited by at least one male A. fasciatus and at least one female A. fasciatus.
C. Sponge 1 was inhabited by 13 female A. fasciatus.
D. Sponge 1 was inhabited by 17 male A. fasciatus

10) In 2011 Ingrid L. Cripps and colleagues published a study concluding that ocean acidification has a strong effect on the behavior of
Pseudochromis fuscus, a species of fish. However, Cripps and colleagues' study relied on a mean sample size of only about 9 fish. In a 2022
review of various scientists' conclusions about the impacts of ocean acidification on fish behavior, Josefin Sundin and colleagues caution that
relying on such a relatively small sample size can increase the potential for biased analysis. Such analysis, in turn, can contribute to reports of
exaggerated effects.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To explain how the behavior of a fish species has changed over time
B. To note a potential concern about the findings of a scientific study
C. To present a debate between two research teams about a cause of ocean acidification
D. To discuss an aspect of ocean acidification that is frequently overlooked

11) High-reward flowers that produce nectar with relatively high sugar concentrations are thought to be especially attractive to stripe-throated
hermits and other hummingbird species. But when María A. Maglianesi and team monitored hummingbird visits to flowering plants, including
Palicourea tomentosa, at Los Cusingos Bird Sanctuary and other sites in Costa Rica, they found that visit frequencies weren't influenced by
nectar traits. Rather, physical compatibility of flower corollas (collections of petals) and hummingbird bills more strongly predicted
hummingbird-plant interaction patterns.

Which statement about hummingbird preferences is most strongly supported by the text?
A. Hummingbirds consistently prefer plant species whose flowers have physical traits that are compatible with their bills but offer relatively low
nectar rewards.
B. The floral traits that most strongly influence which plant species hummingbirds prefer may result in certain hummingbird species visiting
flowers with relatively low nectar rewards over those with higher nectar rewards.
C. Hummingbirds' preferences are primarily driven by trait-matching between their bills and flower corollas, though nectar qualities are a
secondary factor driving their preferences.
D. Physical compatibility between flower corollas and hummingbird bills becomes an important factor that influences hummingbird preferences
when hummingbird
12) Twinflower (Linnaea borealis) plants are native to Alaska, where harsh conditions have historically impeded potential invasive species. As
the boreal climate has warmed in recent decades, however, goosefoot (Chenopodium album) plants have established themselves in Alaska. It
has been suggested that warming-induced delays in the onset of subfreezing temperatures in autumn can benefit invasives more than native
species; to evaluate this possibility, biologists Christa Mulder and Katie Spellman tracked L. borealis and C. album, along with other native and
invasive species, over several years, concluding that invasives are advantaged by delays in subfreezing temperature onset in Alaska.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support Mulder and Spellman's conclusion?
A. Although L. borealis and C. album tended to stop producing leaves at about the same time in years with historically typical temperature
patterns, C. album stopped producing leaves sooner than L. borealis did in years with late subfreezing temperature onset.
B. Although significant interannual variations in subfreezing temperature onset were observed during the study, neither C. album nor L. borealis
showed any significant interannual variation in the cessation of leaf production.
C. Although L. borealis and C. album both tended to produce leaves later into autumn in years with late subfreezing temperature onset, the
extension was much greater for C. album than for L. borealis.
D. Although L. borealis and C. album both tended to produce more leaves overall in years with late subfreezing temperature onset than they did
in years with historically typical temperature patterns, the years with late subfreezing temperature onset also had early growing season onset in
spring.

13) Eastern Ohio's Monroe County is among the most rural counties in the United States: the US Census Bureau classified it as 97.7% rural in
2010. Researchers studying populations of counties like Monroe often struggle to recruit and retain participants. Melissa Valerio and colleagues
tested whether a method called snowball sampling could improve recruitment and retention. Working in two rural counties, the researchers
identified a small number of people who had the characteristics desired for a proposed study and asked them to recruit additional participants
from their social [Link] and colleagues found that participants recruited via snowball sampling showed a much higher retention rate
than did people recruited by strangers, suggesting that

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. snowball sampling is more likely to improve retention rates among rural participants than among nonrural participants.
B. being recruited to participate in a study by someone with whom one is socially connected may impart a feeling of obligation to persist with
participation in the study.
C. social networks can become large enough that two people can share a network but nevertheless regard each other as strangers.
D. people with relatively small social networks are inherently less likely to be recruited to participate in a study via snowball sampling than are
people with relatively large social networks.

14) The glossy ibis and the little blue heron are long-legged birds that live in wetlands, like the Everglades in Florida. Laura D'Acunto and
colleagues wanted to know how these birds choose an area in which to live. They looked at features of the birds' habitats, such as the
geographic location of the area and how deep the water is during breeding season. They found that although only glossy ibises prefer areas
with deep water during breeding season, both glossy ibises and little blue herons prefer areas that have standing water for more than 60 days
per year. The researchers therefore concluded that neither species is very drawn to areas where

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. there is relatively deep water during the breeding season.
B. there are any features that attract the other species.
C. species with breeding seasons longer than 60 days are likely to be present.
D. there is standing water for far fewer than 60 days per year.

15) In the periodic table, an element's atomic number indicates how many protons there are in an atom of the element. For example, a calcium
atom 20 protons. Professor Raymond Chang explains this concept in more detail in the textbook Chemistry.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. is having
B. had
C. has had
D. has

16) Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor, born in 1968, is a novelist from Nairobi, Kenya. In recent years more writers from Kenya, including Owuor,
to reach audiences beyond the African nation's borders.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. begins
B. is beginning
C. has begun
D. have begun
17) The Hereford map is a mappa mundi from the fourteenth century. Currently held at Hereford Cathedral in Hereford, England, it is one of
over 1,000 such world maps from the European Middle Ages still remaining, with the even older Theodulf of Orleans map from the eleventh
century (now held at the Vatican Library in Vatican City) another one.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. is
B. has been
C. being
D. was

18) The African baobab (Adansonia digitata) known as Panke Baobab, located in Zimbabwe, was one of the oldest known trees in the world, at
2,419 years old. With over two millennia of climate data in its tree single tree like this, claims dendrochronologist Valerie Trouet, can tell
the history of the world.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. rings. A
B. rings and a
C. rings, a
D. rings; a

19) Topographical prominence is a measure of a mountain's independence from other mountains. Having 9,721 feet of prominence,

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. Pico do Ramelau, a peak located in Timor-Leste, is ranked by geographers as the world's 98th most prominent mountain.
B. the list of mountains geographers rank as the world's most prominent includes Pico do Ramelau, a peak located in Timor-Leste, at number
98.
C. geographers have ranked Pico do Ramelau, a peak in Timor-Leste, as the world's 98th most prominent mountain.
D. the ranking given by geographers to Pico do Ramelau, a peak located in Timor-Leste, is 98th most prominent mountain in the world.

20) The radial velocity method, a means of indirect planetary discovery, has detected previously unknown exoplanets at vast distances from
the Neptune-like planet DMPP-1 b; at 296 light-years away, the gas giant 42 Draconis b; and, as of 2023, over 1,000 other exoplanets
that are too far away and dim to be observed directly.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. Earth, at 204 light-years away,
B. Earth at 204 light-years away,
C. Earth at 204 light-years away:
D. Earth: at 204 light-years away,

21) L. Leann Kanda, a researcher and sewing enthusiast, experimented with several techniques in her attempt to replicate the famous pleating
of the Fortuny Delphos gown. The specific method, which the fashion developed in the early twentieth century, is considered lost.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. designers Henriette Nigrin and Mariano Fortuny y Madrazo,
B. designers Henriette Nigrin and Mariano Fortuny y Madrazo
C. designers, Henriette Nigrin and Mariano Fortuny y Madrazo
D. designers, Henriette Nigrin and Mariano Fortuny y Madrazo,

22) On February 1, 2018, a Florida-based research team-Martha A. Scholl, Maoya Bassiouni, and Angel J. Torres-Sánchez-compiled climate
data from several sites in Puerto Rico's Luquillo Mountains. At site CC1, the site with the highest elevation, the air temperature fluctuated
slightly throughout the day, registering and 16.2°C at 8:30 p.m.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. 17.9°C, at 3:00 p.m. 16°C, at 5:00 p.m.
B. 17.9°C at 3:00 p.m., 16°C at 5:00 p.m.,
C. 17.9°C at 3:00 p.m. 16°C at 5:00 p.m.
D. 17.9°C at 3:00 p.m. 16°C at 5:00 p.m.,
23) While studying jorō spiders, a large species originally from East Asia, University of Georgia researchers wondered if the spiders' rapid
spread throughout the southeastern US was a result of aggressive behavior. they discovered that jorõ spiders are gentle giants who
react to even minor disturbances by "freezing" in place for an hour or more.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Instead,
B. Therefore,
C. For example,
D. In other words,

24) Some bands choose a name that's as unique as possible to distinguish themselves from other bands. The experimental rock band Boris,
took a different approach. They chose to name themselves after a song by a well-known band, the Melvins.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. therefore,
B. secondly,
C. by contrast,
D. for example,

25) Portuguese researcher Isabel C.F.R. Ferreira reports that the cinnamic acid in termite mushrooms benefits the mushroom by combating
harmful molecules called free radicals. Ferreira suggests that the acid can promote cellular health in humans, who also experience free
radical damage.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. For example,
B. Moreover,
C. Conversely,
D. Rather,

26) The Eloi are not real: they are fictional creatures that feature in H.G. Wells's acclaimed science fiction novella The Time Machine. the
Eloi were prime candidates for inclusion in Jorge Luis Borges and Margarita Guerrero's The Book of Imaginary Beings, a compendium of
fantastical entities from legend and literature.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In reality,
B. Granted,
C. For example,
D. As such,

27)
Claude McKay (1890-1948) was a Jamaican American poet.
McKay also worked as a novelist and journalist.
"Labor's Day" is a poem by McKay.
It was published in the September 1919 issue of The Messenger.
The Messenger was an influential Black literary magazine.

The student wants to provide an example of a poem by McKay. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. McKay was a Jamaican American poet, novelist, and journalist.
В. One example of a poem by McKay is "Labor's Day" (1919).
C. McKay published poetry in a literary magazine called The Messenger.
D. The Messenger was an influential Black literary magazine that published poetry.
Module 2
1) Because blue holes (such as the Lost Blue Hole in the Bahamas) and cenotes (such as Cenote Dos Ojos in Mexico) differ in their size, water
composition, and type of location, they are not usually viewed as being , but both are water-filled sinkholes typically produced by the
natural dissolution and collapse of rocks.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. distinct
B. explicable
C. analogous
D. incongruous

2) Run by researchers in Australia, the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children (LSIC) is an examination of childhood development that has
attempted to track approximately 1,700 people for several years. Long-running studies like this need a lot of participants not merely for
statistical robustness but also because of: over such a length of time, a substantial number of participants will withdraw or fall out of
contact with the researchers.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. impartiality
B. replicability
C. attrition
D. circumspection

3) Disproportionate emphasis on instances of invention, such as the emergence of potter's wheels circa 4500 BCE, contributes to a
pro-innovation bias that studies of the history of technology. More attention to technological discontinuance (e.g., the loss of various
hunting and fishing implements in Tasmania over thousands of years) is thus a necessary corrective to the dominant view that innovations are
steadily and inevitably adopted.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. supersedes
B. pervades
C. abridges
D. foments

4) Paleontologists think that Tyrannosaurus, Sauroposeidon, and other long-extinct theropods and sauropods may have breathed using air
sacs connected to tubelike extensions inside the animals' bones. Such structures are found in modern birds, which is why some paleontologists
treat the respiratory systems of birds as those of Tyrannosaurus, Sauroposeidon, and other theropods and sauropods.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. harbingers of
B. emissaries for
C. proxies for
D. subordinates of

5) The Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) in New York City has an exhibition of video games that includes Vib-Ribbon from 1999, which museum
visitors can play on site, and SimCity 2000 from 1994, which visitors can see only in a video presentation. MOMA claims the video
presentations are only for games that would be impractical to display in a playable form, but video games are an inherently interactive medium,
a feature that is grossly absent in a video-only presentation.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
A. It provides MOMA's rationale for a decision that the author critiques.
B. It introduces a fact about video games that the author thinks MOMA did not appropriately consider when choosing which video games to
exhibit.
C. It details a criticism of MOMA that the author defends against in the remainder of the sentence.
D. It presentsamisconception about video games that the author believes is evident in MOMA's choice about which video games to exhibit.
6) Several sociologists have observed that the word "culture," though commonly used in academic literature, is an ultimately hazy concept-for
example, Victoria Bonnell and Lynn Hunt have noted that "many critics have pointed to the vagueness of the concept of culture." Does the
concept of culture encompass knowledge, or laws, or both these things and others? For casual usage, such haziness is permissible-we know
culture when we see it-but for researchers, a standardization of the term is called for if sociology is to truly progress.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
A. It lists two essential components of what is referred to by Bonnell and Hunt as "culture."
B. It presents a point regarding the definition of "culture" on which nonspecialists and specialists tend to disagree.
C. It describes the questions first raised by Bonnell and Hunt's inquiry into the meaning of the word "culture."
D. It illustrates a difficulty associated with the meaning of "culture" that the author believes holds back an academic field

7)
Text 1
The land that became Grande Terre island split from remnants of the former supercontinent Gondwana approximately 80 million years ago,
carrying Gondwanan biota with it, and experienced periodic submersion until 37 million years ago. Some researchers posit that the island's
current biota includes members of Gondwanan clades (i.e., clades predating the split) that persisted by seeking temporary refuge on nearby
islands during submergence events.

Text 2
In a recent study, Prashant Sharma and Gonzalo Giribet found that the crown age -the age of the most recent common ancestor of all species
in the clade (i.e., the clade's founder)-is 48.9 million years for Grande Terre's clade of harvest spiders. Most of the island's extant biota belong
to clades with younger crown ages, however: Jérôme Murienne et al. found that the crown age of Grande Terre's clade of cockroaches is 2.7
million years, for example.

Taken together, Text 1 and Text 2 best support which statement about the clades of harvest spiders and cockroaches on Grande Terre?
A. The clade of harvest spiders must have originated on Gondwana, but the clade of cockroaches may or may not have.
B. Both the clade of harvest spiders and the clade of cockroaches originated elsewhere and colonized Grande Terre.
C. Neither the clade of harvest spiders nor the clade of cockroaches originated on Gondwana.
D. The clade of harvest spiders originated before Grande Terre split from Gondwana, whereas the clade of cockroaches originated after the
split but before the periodic submergence events began.

8) Radamés Cordero et al. have confirmed that twenty mushroom species (including Coprinellus micaceus and species from the genus
Russula) maintain subambient temperatures in both their fruited bodies and their mycelium (the root-like hyphae from which the fruited bodies
grow), though the benefits of this hypothermic behavior are unclear. Noting that relative coldness was more pronounced in fruiting than in
nonfruiting sites of the mycelium—a difference that persisted even after fruited bodies were detached—the researchers speculate that
thermoregulation in the mycelium may influence reproductive success.

Which statement about the mycelium of the twenty mushroom species is best supported by the text?
A. Variation in thermoregulation across the mycelium may occur independent of the presence or absence of fruited bodies.
В. The correlation between higher mycelium temperature and greater fruit productivity indicates that successful reproduction may be dependent
on thermoregulation in the mycelium.
C. Temperatures in the fruiting areas of the mycelium are lower than in the nonfruiting areas due to differences in the depth and spread of the
mycelium within soil or other organic matter.
D. The mycelium generally maintains temperatures lower than those of the fruited bodies even when considering temperature variations
between fruiting and nonfruiting sites.

9) Uncle Vanya: Scenes from Country Life in Four Acts is an 1898 play by Anton Chekhov, originally written in Russian. In the play, Professor
Serebrakoff and his wife Helena have come to stay at their country estate, which Vanya manages with the help of Sonia, the professor's
daughter from a previous marriage. Chekhov portrays Vanya as feeling underappreciated by the professor, as is evident when

Which quotation from a translation of Uncle Vanya most effectively illustrates the claim?
A. Vanya says to Professor Serebrakoff, "For twenty-five years I have managed this place [the estate], and have sent you the returns from it like
the most honest of servants, and you have never given me one single word of thanks for my work, not one-neither in my youth nor now."
B. Professor Serebrakoff says to Helena, "Of course I see that it is foolish for me to live so long, but wait! I shall soon set you all free. My life
cannot drag on much longer."
C. Vanya says to Professor Serebrakoff, "We used to think of you as almost superhuman, but now the scales have fallen from my eyes and I
see you as you are! You write on art without knowing anything about it. Those books of yours which I used to admire are not worth one copper
kopeck. You are a hoax!"
D. Vanya says to himself, "I was proud of [Professor Serebrakoff] and of his learning; I received all his words and writings as inspired and now?
Now he has retired, and what is the total of his life? A blank!"
 10) Few of the most commercially successful films in US movie theaters are in a language other
than English. One journalist claims that to overcome what director Bong Joon-ho calls "the
one-inch-tall barrier of subtitles," it is essential for a film to receive an Oscar nomination:
non-English language films that are not given this public indication of high quality will struggle to
find an audience compared with those that do receive Oscar nominations.

Which choice best describes data from the table that weaken the journalist's claim?
A. Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, which was recognized by the Oscars, had lower opening
weekend earnings but higher lifetime earnings than Huevos: Little Rooster's Egg-cellent
Adventure, which was not recognized by the Oscars.
B. Instructions Not Included was not recognized by the Oscars but had higher lifetime earnings
than Eat Drink Man Woman, which was recognized by the Oscars.
C. Although the opening weekend earnings were $7,846,426 for Instructions Not Included and
$3,424,702 for Huevos: Little Rooster's Egg-cellent Adventure, neither film was recognized by the
Oscars.
D. Although both Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Eat Drink Man Woman were recognized by
the Oscars, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon had higher lifetime earnings.

11) "The Monster" is an 1898 story by Stephen Crane. In the story, the character of Jim, a young boy, is playing in his yard while his father
mows the lawn; while playing, Jim accidentally damages a peony (a flower). Crane emphasizes Jim's energy and his distracted absorption in
his play by writing,

Which quotation from "The Monster" most effectively illustrates the claim?
A. "[Jim] went on to the lawn, very slowly, and kicking wretchedly at the turf. Presently his father came along with the whirring machine, while
the sweet, new grass blades spun from the knives."
B. "Jim could do no reparation. He looked again towards his father."
C. "[W]hen [Jim] swung around the curve at the flower-bed, a wheel of his cart destroyed a peony."
D. "Little Jim was, for the time, engine Number 36, and he was making the run between Syracuse and Rochester. He was fourteen minutes
behind time, and the throttle was wide open."

12) In 2008, the US state of Hawaii enacted rate stability regulations (RSRs), constraining insurance companies' latitude to raise premiums (the
periodic fees policyholders pay to maintain insurance policies) after policies are in effect. RSRs are effective at protecting existing policyholders
from price volatility, but Naoki Aizawa and Ami Ko note that since dynamic pricing of premiums is an important risk-mitigation tool for insurers,
RSRs may lead some insurers to scale back or entirely cease selling new policies in the affected market, thereby reducing the competitive
pressure that typically restrains premium prices for new policies. Thus, Hawaii's RSRs may

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. benefit policyholders at the expense of nonpolicyholders seeking to acquire policies.
B. reduce premium price volatility once policies are in effect but increase risks for policyholders.
C. prevent large increases in premium prices for new policies despite leading to fewer insurers offering such policies in the affected market.
D. be more advantageous for insurers than they are for either current or prospective policyholders.

13) Saeed M.Z.A. Tarabieh conducted a study of consumer attitudes toward Jordanian food and beverage companies and found that for
consumers who value environmental conservation, their likelihood of purchasing a product decreased when their perception of the product's
risk of causing environmental harm increased. Subsequently, other researchers conducted a study of various demographic groups in Vietnam,
investigating participants' intentions to purchase a new skin-care product, and found that, on average, parents of small children had the lowest
perception among all the demographic groups in the study of the environmental risks of the skin-care product. Assuming that the results of
Tarabieh's study are broadly applicable, this finding suggests that

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. parents of small children likely prioritize other factors over a product's environmental sustainability when making purchasing decisions.
B. there is not a meaningful difference in the average likelihood of purchasing environmentally friendly products among the demographic groups
included in the study.
C. the new skin-care product is less appealing to parents of small children than other similar products on the market are.
D. parents of small children might be more likely than participants in the other demographic groups to purchase the skin-care product.

14) Trade with neighboring civilizations contributed to the success of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which reigned in Mesopotamia from around 911
BCE to 609 BCE. By supplying grain, textiles, and tin to societies that lacked these valuable Neo-Assyrian Empire grew not only in wealth
but also in power and influence.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. items. The
B. items the
C. items; the
D. items, the
15) Released in 1987, the Acorn ARM2 microchip contained a single CPU, or core, to execute commands. As processing speeds of single-core
chips increased over time, so too did the heat the chips generated. a "power wall" in which more heat was produced than could be
efficiently dissipated led developers to invent the dual-core chip in the early 2000s.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. Hitting
B. When they hit
C. They hit
D. Upon hitting

16) In a 2018 study, Ceri Shipton et al. concluded that stone tools excavated from an archaeological site in Saudi Arabia date to between
197,000 and 276,000 years ago. The reliability of the dates that Shipton et al. have posited, which were obtained through processes that
determined when buried mineral grains surrounding the tools were last exposed to sunlight, in part upon the researchers' exclusion of
mineral grains that lacked adequate sun exposure before burial.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. depending
B. depend
C. depends
D. having depended

17) In a chemical equation, converting between the mass of the reactants and the mass of the product requires knowing each component's
molar mass, a quantification of the average mass of the atoms in a compound. The liquid has a molar mass of 170.33 g/mol.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. compound, dodecane (C12H26),
B. compound, dodecane (C12H26)
C. compound dodecane (C12H26),
D. compound dodecane (C12H26)

18) Writer Silvia Moreno-Garcia's love of short fiction began when she read a collection of Edgar Allan Poe stories as a child, and she later
would become a prolific short story writer herself, publishing pieces like "Jackals" (2015) and "Year of the Monkey"(2008). Yet she's best
ever since her 2020 novel Mexican Gothic saw widespread critical and commercial success, as a novelist.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. known,
B. known
C. known;
D. known:

19) Conceiving of a communal gathering space in the style of European town centers, recalled those he saw in his native Vienna.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. architect Victor Gruen's designs for Pennsylvania's South Hills Village, an indoor shopping mall completed in 1965, contained promenades,
fountains, and greenery that
B. South Hills Village, an indoor shopping mall in Pennsylvania completed in 1965, was designed by architect Victor Gruen with promenades,
fountains, and greenery that
C. the promenades, fountains, and greenery of Pennsylvania's South Hills Village, an indoor shopping mall designed by architect Victor Gruen
and completed in 1965,
D. architect Victor Gruen designed Pennsylvania's South Hills Village, an indoor shopping mall completed in 1965, with promenades, fountains,
and greenery that

20) Among the small magazines animating Boston's vibrant literary scene in the early twentieth century was by William Stanley
Braithwaite and featuring poetry by John Gould Fletcher, Louis Untermeyer, and Richard Aldington; essays by Amy Lowell and Jeanette Marks;
and reviews of recent books, this magazine publicized the work of influential avant-garde writers and artists of the day.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. the Poetry Review of America. Edited
B. the Poetry Review of America, edited
C. the Poetry Review of America, edited
D. the Poetry Review of America edited
21) In contrast to first-past-the-post electoral processes, the proportional representation system by which Bolivia's Chamber of Senators is
elected begins with citizens casting their votes not for specific candidates but for political parties. once the votes have been tabulated,
each party is awarded a number of seats proportional to the number of votes it received.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In other words,
B. Conversely,
C. Then,
D. However,

22) Voxel modeling and kitbashing approaches to three-dimensional digital modeling for video games yield graphics that accurately represent
the relative sizes and proportions of real-world objects, but since these graphics are rendered from perfect geometric shapes, they tend to lack
organic realism. these 3D elements may display unnaturally precise angles and curves as compared to their real-world counterparts.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. However,
B. In addition,
C. In conclusion,
D. As such,

23) Srivijaya, a Buddhist sea power based in Sumatra in Indonesia that reached the height of its influence around 800 CE, is classified as a
thalassocracy. Thalassocracies are generally considered distinct from tellurocracies, or land-based powers. the British Empire
(1600s-1900s CE) notably extended its hegemony across both land and sea.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Underscoring this difference,
B. Exemplifying this distinction,
C. Supporting this claim,
D. Blurring this line,

24)
Brussels sprouts are vegetables that contain ascorbic acid, an essential nutrient for humans.
Cranberries are fruits that contain ascorbic acid.
There is 80 milligrams (mg) of ascorbic acid per every 100 grams (g) of brussels sprouts.
There is 13 mg of ascorbic acid per every 100 g of cranberries.
Humans cannot make ascorbic acid in their bodies, so they must get it from foods, including fruits and vegetables.
Ascorbic acid is also known as vitamin C.

The student wants to refute a claim that cranberries are a better source of vitamin C than brussels sprouts are. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Brussels sprouts contain ascorbic acid (also known as vitamin C), and cranberries do too.
B. Brussels sprouts contain vitamin C (also known as ascorbic acid); in fact, there is 80 mg of vitamin C in every 100 g of brussels sprouts.
C. With 80 mg of vitamin C per every 100 g, brussels sprouts are actually a better source of vitamin C than cranberries, which contain only 13
mg per every 100 g.
D. Humans cannot make ascorbic acid in their bodies, but they can get it from brussels sprouts and cranberries.