RN SHETTY TRUST®

RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Recognized by GOK, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
(NAAC ‘A+ Grade’ Accredited, NBA Accredited (UG - CSE, ECE, ISE, EIE and EEE)
Channasandra, Dr. Vishnuvardhan Road, Bengaluru - 560 098
Ph:(080)28611880,28611881 URL: [Link]

BIKS609: INDIAN
KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
Introduction
By
Dr. R RAJKUMAR
Associate Professor
Dept. of CSE – CY, RNSIT
Tribute to Our Founder
Our leaders

Dr. R N Shetty
Founder
1928 - forever
 Vision
To be a global leader in imparting Cyber Security education,
research & development and empowering young minds to safeguard
the digital world.

Mission
1. Empower students with Cyber Security essentials through hands-on facilities
and a strong ethical foundation.
2. Facilitate collaborative learning environment, teamwork, and global
certifications for real-time challenges.
3. Drive innovation in Cyber Security through state-of-the-art research,
fostering a culture of exploration through higher learning and
entrepreneurship.
4. Promote students to possess qualities of interpersonal, interdisciplinary,
leadership, and societal responsibilities.

11-03-2025 Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering (Cyber Security) 3

 Indian Knowledge System
• Syllabus
BIKS609
• Scheme of Evaluation
Indian Knowledge
System • Importance of the Course

• Introduction to IKS
 Indian Knowledge System

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 RN SHETTY TRUST®

RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Recognized by GOK, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
(NAAC ‘A+ Grade’ Accredited, NBA Accredited (UG - CSE, ECE, ISE, EIE and EEE)
Channasandra, Dr. Vishnuvardhan Road, Bengaluru - 560 098
Ph:(080)28611880,28611881 URL: [Link]

BIKS609: INDIAN
KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
UNIT-1: Introduction to Indian Knowledge
Systems (IKS)

By
Dr. R RAJKUMAR
Associate Professor
Dept. of CSE – CY, RNSIT
Tribute to Our Founder
Our leaders

Dr. R N Shetty
Founder
1928 - forever
 Vision
To be a global leader in imparting Cyber Security education,
research & development and empowering young minds to safeguard
the digital world.

Mission
1. Empower students with Cyber Security essentials through hands-on facilities
and a strong ethical foundation.
2. Facilitate collaborative learning environment, teamwork, and global
certifications for real-time challenges.
3. Drive innovation in Cyber Security through state-of-the-art research,
fostering a culture of exploration through higher learning and
entrepreneurship.
4. Promote students to possess qualities of interpersonal, interdisciplinary,
leadership, and societal responsibilities.

3/11/2025 Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering (Cyber Security) 3

 Indian Knowledge System
• Syllabus
BIKS609
• Introduction to IKS
Indian Knowledge
System • Vedic Corpus

• Philosophy

• Character Scope and Importance

• Traditional vis-a-vis Indigenous Knowledge

• Traditional vs Western Knowlwdge

 Indian Knowledge System
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 What do we mean by Knowledge System?

An organized structure and dynamic process :

a) Generating and representing content, components, classes, or
types of knowledge, that is,
b) Domain specific or characterized by domain-relevant features
as defined by the user or consumer,
c) Reinforced by a set of logical relationships that connect the
content or various components or attributes of this
Knowledge System..

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 What is Indian Knowledge System?
• This is something evolved over 5000 years ago and in the Socio-Cultural-Geography
of the "Bharath” that is Indian subcontinent.
• Al factors have played Significant role in shaping this and continue to do so.
• There is no ONE book that is sacred and is Polytheists Including Female & Child
God's. (Highly Non-Individualistic)
• Its main Character is belief in Rebirth and moral compass grounded in Dharma &
Karma.
• It has either not been Institutionalized or has multiple Institutions (along different
Philosophies, thus multiple parallel authority, each can suit oneself or move to
other or disown).
• Rebelling or Questioning of Tenets is permitted and frequent. (one reason for
multiple philosophies that emerged).

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 Introduction to Indian Knowledge Systems

• Indian: The indigenous sources of knowledge generated by the Indian

society. “Indian” points to the undivided Indian subcontinent (Akhaṇḍa
Bhārata)
• Knowledge: Emanating from the wisdom and insights arising out of
deep experiences, observation, experimentation, and analysis and
validated, improved, and augmented further
• Formal repository of knowledge available in literary sources
• Pervades all three domains: spiritual, religious, and others
addressing social and day-today issues
• System: A structured methodology and a classification scheme to
access the available corpus of knowledge
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 IKS-Rise and Fall
• A country with a long-surviving civilizational history ought to have
accumulated knowledge over its long period of existence
• The Indian “wootz” steel was used to manufacture what was famously known as
“Damascus blades” and despite several attempts by the metallurgists in the
past, it was not possible to replicate the properties of the wootz steel.
• Indian’s contributions in the fields of Number Systems, Mathematics, and
Astronomy in the first millennia of CE percolated into the West via the Arabic
countries
• The ancient knowledge in India was preserved and transmitted
“orally” until a few centuries back
• Due to major changes in the educational system introduced in India about 200
years back, there was an abrupt end to this process of knowledge transmission
and the continuity is mostly lost
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 Why bother about Indian Knowledge System (IKS)?

IKS is not about merely knowing about some ancestral knowledge

• Protecting received wisdom, economic security, and national pride
• Documenting traditional knowledge, to provide evidence of prior knowledge
• An US company was awarded a patent for neem as a pesticide
• We failed in our efforts to get the US patents on products of the neem tree cancelled
• India's Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),successfully forced the
US Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) to revoke a patent it granted on the use of
powdered turmeric(Curcuma longa) for wound healing

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 1 - Case Study On Turmeric Patent Case
Turmeric is widely used in India as a medicine, a food ingredient and a dye to name a few of its uses.
In 1995, the United States awarded patent on turmeric to University of Mississippi medical centre for
wound healing property. The claimed subject matter was the use of turmeric powder for wound
healing. The Indian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) had objected to the patent
granted. Due to extensive researches, 32 references were located in different languages namely
Sanskrit, Urdu and Hindi on the traditional use of turmeric. After a legal battle the patent was
revoked, stating that the claims made in the patent were obvious and anticipated, and agreeing that
the use of turmeric was an old art of healing wounds. The Traditional Knowledge that belonged to
India was safeguarded in Turmeric case. This paper is a brief review
on the turmeric patent, the legal battle and final revocation of the patent. Implications of the legal
victory in the turmeric patent case and the safeguarding of the traditional knowledge are discussed.

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2 - Case Study On Basmati Case (India – US Basmati Rice Dispuit
In the late 1997, when an American company RiceTec Inc was granted a patent by the US patent office to call
the aromatic rice grown outside India "Basmati", India objected to it. India has been one of the major exporters
of Basmati to several countries and such a grant by the US patent office was likely to affect its trade. Since
Basmati rice is traditionally grown in India and Pakistan, it was opined that granting patent to RiceTec violated
the Geographical Indications Act under the TRIPS agreement. A geographical indication (sometimes abbreviated
to GI) is a name or sign used on certain products which corresponds to a specific geographical location or origin
(eg. a town, region, or country). The use of a GI may act as a certification that the product possesses certain
qualities, or enjoys a certain reputation, due to its geographical origin. RiceTec's usage of the name Basmati for
rice which was derived from Indian rice but not grown in India, and hence not of the same quality as Basmati,
would have lead to the violation of the concept of GI and would have been a deception to the consumers.
Intellectual Property law now considers this a very important arena which seeks to preserve the varieties in their
natural habitat and let the geographical area where it is traditionally and originally grown have certain special
rights over it. This paper is an attempt to understand the impact and importance of such patents and appreciate
the law regarding the same in the light of the Basmati Case.

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Importance of IKS
• Defines the context for several aspects of the day-
to-day living of every individual
• Manifestation of human intellectual achievement
regarded collectively by society over time
• Without the continuity of thoughts, it is very
difficult to make further progress in terms of new
ideas.
• Avoiding “reinventing” the wheel
• Transforming knowledge into economic value has
been fully formalized with the global intellectual
property rights regulations and patent laws

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The IKS
Corpus
 Sanātana-dharma
• Basic and applied Sciences - Mathematics, Astronomy, Plant Sciences
• Engineering and Technology - Metalworking Technology, Shipbuilding, Dams and
Waster-shed Management, Alchemy, Cosmetics, Perfumes, Dyes, Town planning,
and Architecture
• Health, Wellness, and Psychology
• Three important works on
• Āyurveda (Caraka-saṃhita, Suśruta-saṃhita, and Aṣtāṇga-hṛdaya) provide a
wealth of information on health and wellness
• The philosophical systems such as Yoga and Sāṃkhya and the Upaniṣhads have
discussed the issue of psychology.
• Nīti-śāstras informs the society of the good code of living
• Sāmānya-nīti deals with elements of good living, and the role of ethics and morality
• Rāja-nīti deals with public administration and governance
• Aesthetics, Kāvyas, and Performing Arts is another area with rich contributions

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 The Vedic Corpus
What are Vedas?
• The word `Veda', is generally derived from the Sanskrit root ि वद् (vid - to know)
• A vast body of knowledge
• concerning the eternal spiritual values and principles
• practices for gainful and happy living
• revealed to the ṛṣis through their deep meditation
• is preserved and transmitted through an oral tradition. Hence, referred to as śruti, “what is heard”
• Three broad issues addressed
• Karma-kāṇḍa: nudges an individual to obtain a purity of mind as we actively engage with the
world
• Upāsanā-kāṇḍa: helps an individual develop single pointedness of the mind through
contemplation and focus
• Jñāna-kāṇḍa: opens the mind of an individual to its limits and facilitates much deeper inquiry
about oneself

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 The Four Vedas
1. Ṛgveda :
• Represents the earliest sacred book of India, oldest and biggest amongst all the four Vedas
• Utterances of the Vedic sages on several topics in the form of poetry
• Ṛgveda priest
• is known an Hotṛ
• employs the mantras to sing the praise of devatā invoked
• Variety of topics discussed: Origin of the Universe, Marriage, Nature and its importance etc.

2. Yajurveda
• derived from the root “Yaj”, meaning, the worship associated with sacrifice
• confines itself to the major issue of conducting the sacrifices
• Yajurveda priest (Adhvaryu) is mainly charged with the performance of sacrifices makes
use of the yajus

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 3. Sāmaveda
• derived from the Sanskrit root, “Sāma”
indicating “to please, pacify or satisfy”
• The Sāmaveda priest
• Udgātṛ pleases the devatās by singing
mantras after making the offering

4. Atharvaveda
• generally believed that the Atharvaveda
is a later addition to the original set of the
three Vedas
• Atharvaveda priest
• is known as Brahma
• whose main job is overall coordination and
monitoring of the Vedic ritual
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 Classification of each Veda into sub-components
• Saṁhitā
• constitutes the main portion of each Veda
• consist of a certain number of mantras presented in
metrical form
• Brāhmaṇas
• Does not relate to the modern word “Brahmin”
• Is a collection of knowledge mainly confined to the
issue of rituals and rites written in prose.
• Form a large portion of the Vedic repository
• Āraṇyakas
• Take a philosophical approach while discussing a
yajña
• Explain the symbolism and philosophical aspects of a
ritual
• Upaniṣads
• By far the loftiest thoughts of the Vedic seers
• Philosophical treatises dealing with the ultimate
problems of life that every one of us confronts

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 Content in
four Vedas:
A Summary

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 Philosophical Systems
Need for Philosophical Systems
• Why should one not commit theft?
• A religious preacher: injunctions prohibit such actions.
• A modern‐day rationalistic professional: it is against the law of the land and would introduce costs and
complexities in life
• Why should the God or the sovereign issue commands?
• There is something fundamental to an individual that can resolve such questions that one faces in life
• it provides a sound footing to handle dilemmas and confusions in life
• We inquire into certain fundamental questions about life;
• Who am “I” and what is my source and destination?
• What are the nature of the Universe and that of God?
• Are there any universal laws for an individual to remain happy forever?
• A study of such questions of existential nature belongs to the domain of
philosophy

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 Indian Philosophical Systems(Darśanas)

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 Indian philosophical thought Unique aspects

• Unlike the Western counterpart, the Indian philosophical thought (Darśana) is closely intertwined
with religious thought
• The philosophical systems provide a broad basis for addressing larger existential issues of
individuals
• The religious dimension provides the operating principles for the mundane life based on these
specific configurations
• All the religious‐oriented philosophical systems agree on certain common parameters the notion of
accumulation of fruits of action (Karma)
• birth – death cycle (Samsāra)
• the notion of free will
• the common goal of liberation (Mukti)
• The ultimate goal of the human life is clearly spelt out and the path for attaining the same is also
articulated

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 The Six Vedic schools
Some salient aspects

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 Yoga Philosophy

• Founded by Patañjali through his yoga‐sūtras

• Serves as a methodology to the realisation of the difference of Prakṛti and
Puruṣa
• Elaborately establishes the necessary practices an individual needs to go
through to have the realisation of this separation
• Through an emphasis on understanding the mind, its various states, its
cognitive activities, and methods to control it
• Basic premise
• If a person wants to understand his true nature, he must focus on the physical,
psychological, and moral states of his being and make simultaneous progress
on all the three
• The operational part of Yoga provides a practical set of “actionable” steps that
an aspirant can go through sequentially to reach this state
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 Aṣtāṅga‐Yoga
Eight Step Process

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 Nyāya Philosophy

• Enormous emphasis on the means of obtaining “right knowledge”.

• Unique contributions of Nyāya school
• detailed inquiry of knowledge (Pramā)
• valid cognition and its means (Pramāṇa)
• elucidation of the correct way of thinking and arriving at the right conclusions
• the art of debating
• well laid out rules for a debate to arrive at the most reasonable conclusion
• Nyāya is commonly understood as “argumentation”.
• Nyāya concepts and the art of debating to establish true knowledge became
the de facto methodology to establish valid knowledge

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 Jaina Philosophy
Karma and Liberation
• Cycle of birth–death due to Pudgala that have embedded into the Jīva (known as
Karma)
• Just as a wet cloth becomes sticky when worn, kārmic matter gets attached to the
Jīva
• Passions that we get attracted to are compared to the water in a wet cloth
• A wet cloth attracts dust, in the same manner, the Jīva attracts karma
• Just as the seeds ripen eventually and bear fruit, the karma is supposed to have an
impact on the jīva in terms of some experiences
• Experiences could be pleasant, painful, or neutral, and evoke attraction, aversion, or
indifference
• Passions attract more kārmic particles or seeds, and the entire process repeats itself
• Association of the matter with Jīva is due to the ignorance about himself and the
world
• The real knowledge is obtained by listening to the teachings of the great masters, the
Tīrthaṅkaras
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 Which Knowledge System is Right?
• Al KS's have evolved over time, culture & Geography, Trade and Interaction.
• Some less, some more. Some are lost over time.
• There have been dramatic shifts from one KS to another in the course of nations
(Eg. Japan and Turkey, though not completely, N & S America, China, Russia,
[Link] !!).
• Many have "Adapted" or Reformed to add value to their KS, lest it should be
found redundant (only way to sustain).
• Many KS's are "outdated" rigidly deployed, mostly using Undemocratic forces and
Violently too.
• It is tough, since balance is needed, and society changes much slower than many
Individuals.
• For Ex.. Dress and Food Habits.
• Sports is another Ex. (Chess vs Cricket).

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 Which Knowledge System's now exist
• Western Knowledge System (WKS):
Predominantly in Europe, North America and China. Covers about
50% of worlds population. Its other name is Modern Scientific
System, it also relates to 75% of current Economics.

• Arabic Knowledge System (AKS):

Predominantly in Middle East, North Africa, Indian Subcontinent,
Central Asia, Indonesia and Malaysia. Cover about 30% of world
Population. It also controls 70% of worlds petroleum economy.

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 • Indian Knowledge System (IKS):
Predominantly in Indian Subcontinent, SE Asia, Tibet, Japan.
Covers about 25 % of worlds population. it also relates to
25% of current Economics.

• Indigenous Knowledge System (IdKS):

Exists in all parts of the world in Isolation, more so in India,
Africa, and South America. Cover about 5% of world
Population. The Predecessor to all other KS's.
3/11/2025 Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering (Cyber Security) 32
 Traditional Knowledge vis-a-vis Indigenous Knowledge
Traditional knowledge :
• Involves agricultural, environmental, medicinal, and other knowledge
• Is based on survival tactics that have been passed down through generations
• Is often based on botanical and medical knowledge
• Is based on centuries of experience and adaptations to the local environment
• Traditional knowledge can help develop useful processes and practices that benefit
society.
• It can help save time, money, and investment in research and product development.
• It can help preserve cultural identity.
• It can help promote sustainable practices.
• It can help highlight the interconnectedness of all living things.

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 Indigenous knowledge :
• Involves understandings, skills, and philosophies
• Is embedded in the daily lives of a community
• Is based on long histories of interaction with the natural environment
• Is intended to preserve and communicate relationships with culture and landscape
• Is based on the social values and philosophies of the tribe
• IK has helped people understand ecology, evolution, and related fields.
• IK has been crucial in disaster risk reduction and environmental solutions.
• IK can help communities adapt to environmental threats.
• IK can enhance local ecological diversity

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 Traditional
knowledge
vs.
Western
knowledge

3/11/2025 Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering (Cyber Security) 35

 1. Traditional Knowledge (TK)

Definition:
Traditional Knowledge refers to the wisdom, practices, and skills developed by indigenous
communities over generations. It is often passed down orally and is closely tied to culture,
nature, and spirituality.

Characteristics:
• Holistic Approach: Considers interconnectedness of environment, spirituality, and human well-
being.
• Oral Transmission: Passed down through storytelling, rituals, and practice.
• Experience-Based: Derived from long-term observation and practical applications.
• Community-Centered: Knowledge is collectively owned and used for the benefit of the
community.
• Sustainability-Oriented: Focuses on balance with nature and resource conservation.

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 2. Western Knowledge (WK)

Definition:
Western Knowledge, also known as scientific knowledge, is based on systematic observation,
experimentation, and reasoning. It follows structured methodologies and is often documented
in written form.

Characteristics:
• Empirical & Analytical: Based on scientific experiments, logic, and reasoning.
• Specialized & Formalized: Categorized into disciplines (e.g., physics, medicine, engineering).
• Written & Systematic: Recorded in books, journals, and academic databases.
• Universal & Replicable: Seeks objective truths that can be tested and replicated.
• Technological Advancement: Leads to inventions and innovations.

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 Key Differences Between Traditional and Western Knowledge

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 Key Differences Between Traditional and Western Knowledge

Feature Traditional Knowledge (TK) Western Knowledge (WK)

Foundation Experience, intuition, spirituality Science, logic, experimentation

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 Key Differences Between Traditional and Western Knowledge

Feature Traditional Knowledge (TK) Western Knowledge (WK)

Foundation Experience, intuition, spirituality Science, logic, experimentation
Transmission Oral, practical training Written, formal education

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 Key Differences Between Traditional and Western Knowledge

Feature Traditional Knowledge (TK) Western Knowledge (WK)

Foundation Experience, intuition, spirituality Science, logic, experimentation
Transmission Oral, practical training Written, formal education
Ownership Community-based Individual/institutional patents

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 Key Differences Between Traditional and Western Knowledge

Feature Traditional Knowledge (TK) Western Knowledge (WK)

Foundation Experience, intuition, spirituality Science, logic, experimentation
Transmission Oral, practical training Written, formal education
Ownership Community-based Individual/institutional patents
Approach Holistic, interconnected Analytical, compartmentalized

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 Key Differences Between Traditional and Western Knowledge

Feature Traditional Knowledge (TK) Western Knowledge (WK)

Foundation Experience, intuition, spirituality Science, logic, experimentation
Transmission Oral, practical training Written, formal education
Ownership Community-based Individual/institutional patents
Approach Holistic, interconnected Analytical, compartmentalized
Validation Long-term practical success Scientific testing and peer review

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 Key Differences Between Traditional and Western Knowledge

Feature Traditional Knowledge (TK) Western Knowledge (WK)

Foundation Experience, intuition, spirituality Science, logic, experimentation
Transmission Oral, practical training Written, formal education
Ownership Community-based Individual/institutional patents
Approach Holistic, interconnected Analytical, compartmentalized
Validation Long-term practical success Scientific testing and peer review
Sustainability Environmentally friendly, preserves May exploit resources for
resources development

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3/11/2025 Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering (Cyber Security) 45
 RN SHETTY TRUST®

RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Recognized by GOK, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
(NAAC ‘A+ Grade’ Accredited, NBA Accredited (UG - CSE, ECE, ISE, EIE and EEE)
Channasandra, Dr. Vishnuvardhan Road, Bengaluru - 560 098
Ph:(080)28611880,28611881 URL: [Link]

BIKS609: INDIAN
KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
Unit-II: Traditional knowledge in Humanities and
Sciences
By
Dr. R RAJKUMAR
Associate Professor
Dept. of CSE – CY, RNSIT
Tribute to Our Founder
Our leaders

Dr. R N Shetty
Founder
1928 - forever
 Vision
To be a global leader in imparting Cyber Security education,
research & development and empowering young minds to safeguard
the digital world.

Mission
1. Empower students with Cyber Security essentials through hands-on facilities
and a strong ethical foundation.
2. Facilitate collaborative learning environment, teamwork, and global
certifications for real-time challenges.
3. Drive innovation in Cyber Security through state-of-the-art research,
fostering a culture of exploration through higher learning and
entrepreneurship.
4. Promote students to possess qualities of interpersonal, interdisciplinary,
leadership, and societal responsibilities.

11-03-2025 Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering (Cyber Security) 3

 Indian Knowledge System
• linguistics
BIKS609
• Number and measurements
Indian Knowledge
System • Mathematics ,Chemistry ,Physics
• Art ,Astronomy ,Astrology

• Crafts and Trade in India

• Engineering and Technology

 LINGUISTICS
• A branch of language research that provides a scientific study of a language
• Systematic study of language to understand speech sounds, grammatical structures,
and meaning
• To analyse the language form and meaning and identify systematic methods integral to
the language
• To derive the word forms and their meaning using structured rules and syntax
• The earliest approach to a systematic treatment of linguistics is attributed to the Indian
grammarian, Pāṇini who lived in the 6 th Century BCE
• His work on Sanskrit grammar known as Aṣṭādhyāyī is a magnum opus on linguistics

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 COMPONENTS OF A LANGUAGE:

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 LINGUISTICS IN INDIA
1. Pre-Paninean Linguistics – Indian linguistic thought dates back to the Rigveda,
with reflections on language found in texts like the Upanishads, Nirukta, and
Dhatupathas.
2. Paninean Revolution – Panini’s Astadhyayi (7th century BC) systematically codified
Sanskrit grammar with precise, rule-based descriptions, influencing modern
linguistics.
3. Post-Paninean Developments – Scholars like Patanjali (Mahabhashya) and
Bhartrhari expanded linguistic theory, linking grammar to cognition and metaphysics.
4. Medieval Linguistics – Language studies extended into literary theories (Bhamaha,
Vamana) and philosophical traditions (Mimamsa, Nyaya).
5. Modern Linguistics & AI – Panini’s structured approach to grammar has influenced
computational linguistics, machine learning, and NLP.

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 ORIGIN OF SOUND FROM ORAL CAVITY

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 PLACE OF PRONOUNCIATIN AND ARTICULATORY EFFORT IN SANSKRIT

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 Computational concepts in Aṣṭādhyāyī

• Pāṇinian approach to linguistics and Sanskrit grammar has several

features, which map to certain computational concepts.
• Exclusive syntax for Aṣṭādhyāyī
• Vocabulary exclusively meant for his work
• Abbreviated forms (mnemonics) for brevity and better retention
of ideas
• An algorithmic approach to word generation
• Recursive logic - These aspects make Sanskrit easily amenable for
machine coding, and current
• day applications such as Natural Language Processing
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 SIX KARAKAS
• कतृा(kartṛ - doer) – One in whom the cause of action is resident. In the above example, the technician is
where the cause of the action is resident. This is the first case.
• कमृान् (karman) – the locus of the result of an action) – In the example, the removing action is directed at
the machine and the effect of removing will be on the machine. This represents the second case.
• क्ण (karaṇa - instrument) - That which aids in the attainment of the action. In our example, the act of
removing was facilitated by a truck. This is the third case.
• संप्रदृान (sampradāna - receiver) - That with which the karman desires to get associated. We have not
included this in our example.
• अपृादृान (apādana - reference point in separation) – That which has the ability to create division. The office
was the point of separation for the machine, as it is being removed away from there. This is the fifth case.
• असक्णण (adhikaraṇa - the locus of the action) - That which provides the substratum, context, or reference
to the action performed through kartṛ or karmaṇ. In our example, the action is performed in the morning,
which provides the context. This represents the seventh case.

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 NUMBER AND MEASUREMENTS
NUMBER SYSTEM IN INDIA
• Laplace remarked, “The ingenious method of expressing every possible number using a
set of ten symbols (each symbol having a place value and an absolute value) emerged in
India.
• Whilst we use letters for calculation according to their numerical value, the Indians do
not use letters at all for arithmetic. (Al-Biruni, 1030 CE)
• The street widths in the Indus-Saraswati Civilization were highly standardized
• Kalibangam, a city in the Indus-Saraswati Civilization (in Rajasthan, India) had street
widths of 1.8 m, 3.6 m, 5.4 m, and 7.2 m. These were built to the standard dimensions of 1,
2, 3, and 4 Dhanuṣas
• The excavations at Harappa, Mohenjo Daro, Dholavira, and Lothal show that several
constructions were done using fired bricks standardised with length x width x depth in the
ratio 4:2:1.
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 THE CONCEPT OF ZERO

• Among the significant contributions of the ancient Indians is the concept of zero
• The available evidence shows that the concept of zero was established during the period
500 - 300 BCE and fully developed in India by 600 CE
1. Piṅgala a second century BCE Indian philosopher authored Chandaḥ-śāstra, in which
the word śūnya was used,which obtained the mathematical connotation of 0
2. It later became its proper name as a number
3. Brahmagupta developed a symbol for zero in 628 CE. With this invention, zero could be
used as an independent numeral for computational purposes
• Used both as a symbol (or numeral) and a concept meaning the absence of any quantity
1. The number name to indicate zero is Śūnya

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 REFERENCE TO LARGE NUMBERS IN ANCIENT TEXTS

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 ANCIENT INDIAN MEASURES FOR TIME

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 ANCIENT INDIAN MEASURES FOR LENGTH

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 ANCIENT INDIAN MEASURES FOR WEIGHT

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 MATHEMATICS, CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS
INDIAN MATHEMATICS
• Popular thinking that mathematics works with left-brain functionalities and literature works with
right-brain functionalities is not true
• Indian mathematics is a seamless blend of poetry, literature, logic, and mathematical thinking
weaved into a single work. Therefore, there is no fear or stress in learning Mathematics.
• Mathematics was considered as a part of life
• Mathematics could be found in temple inscriptions, literary work addressing issues of life, and in a
discussion on religion or spirituality.
• Bhāskarācārya in his Līlāvatī, for example, brings interesting mathematical concepts by posing
interesting riddles to a student and solving them.
• Śaṃkarācārya in his bhāṣya on Yoga-sūtra refers to the decimal place value system as an example
while discussing a philosophical issue
• Uninterrupted tradition of mathematical thinking; it has widely spread across the length & breadth
of India

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 Baudhāyana formula for right-angled triangle

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 Value of π as per Āryabhaṭīyam
• According to the verse, the circumference of a circle is
• Eight times (100 + 4) added to 62,000 (caturadhikaṃ śatam-aṣṭaguṇaṃ-dvāṣaṣṭis-
tathāsahasrāṇām)
• The diameter of the circle is • 20,000 (ayuta-dvaya) • Since the ratio of the
circumference to the diameter yields the value of π, we can compute π to be:
• 𝜋 = 3.1416.

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11-03-2025 Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering (Cyber Security) 21
 INDIAN ANCIENT CHEMISTRY
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

• .Pottery – Harappans mastered pottery-making using burnt clay, producing colored, wheel-made, and even glazed
pottery with geometric, floral, and animal designs.

• Bricks & Construction – Burnt bricks were mass-produced for houses, drains, and public structures, showcasing
advanced building techniques.

• Cement Use – Gypsum cement, containing sand, clay, calcium carbonate, and lime, was used in construction, as
seen in a well at Mohenjodaro.

• Minerals & Metallurgy – The Indus people utilized minerals for medicinal purposes and ornaments (faience), and
they smelted metals like copper, lead, silver, gold, tin, and arsenic for tools and artifacts
.
• Urban System & Early Chemistry – The Indus Valley Civilization had a well-developed urban system with streets,
public baths, temples, and granaries, marking the beginning of early chemistry in India

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 TRADITIONAL INDIAN PHYSICS

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 TRADITIONAL INDIAN PHYSICS
• Cyclic Universe as a Rival Theory– The cyclic universe model is gaining recognition as a major competitor
to the Big Bang, echoing ideas from ancient Indian cosmology.

• Ancient Indian Cosmology – Indian texts like the Vedas, Puranas, and Siddhanta contain various
cosmological models that can inspire scientific research, despite lacking systematic mathematical
formulation.

• Fragmentation in Scientific Thought – Modern cosmology often neglects consciousness, whereas Indian
knowledge integrates it but lacks explicit mathematical language.

• Swami Vivekananda & Nikola Tesla – Vivekananda envisioned merging Indian cosmology with modern
science and discussed this with Tesla, though their collaboration remained incomplete.

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 ART , ASTRONOMY AND ASTROLOGY
TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN ART:
• From ancient Indian artworks to thriving modern art from India, the country’s vivid visual
tradition is the product of a diverse range of cultural influences.

• The bright, diverse, and captivating designs that depict many different civilizations
demonstrate the range of Indian art styles from this region.

• Because several of the world’s main religions, including Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism,
originated or blossomed in India, most traditional Indian art is political or religious in
nature.

• Indian artwork covered in this article includes Indian paintings and Indian sculptures.

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 INDIAN ART

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 • Rock Art in India: Includes rock relief carvings, engravings, and paintings, with over 1,300 sites and 250,000 figures,
dating back to the South Asian Stone Age. Bhimbetka rock shelters (UNESCO site) contain paintings as old as 10,000
years, primarily in red pigment made from iron oxide.

• Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1750 BCE): Known for its small carved steatite seals, terracotta figurines, and the famous
bronze "Dancing Girl" of Mohenjo-Daro. The seals often depicted animals and yoga-like figures, including the debated
"Pashupati Seal" linked to Shiva.

• Vedic Period (1500–500 BCE): Largely devoid of anthropomorphic depictions due to a focus on natural forces and
sacrifices. Artistic expressions were found in pottery like the Painted Grey Ware culture and abstract Copper Hoard
artifacts.

• Mauryan Art (322–185 BCE): Emperor Ashoka promoted Buddhist architecture, including stupas and rock-cut caves.
Notable pieces include the Pillars of Ashoka, the Lion Capital (India’s national emblem), and finely polished stone
sculptures.

• Colossal Yaksha Statuary (2nd century BCE): Early large-scale anthropomorphic sculptures, often fierce-looking and pot-
bellied, worshipped as nature spirits. Mathura played a significant role in developing this artistic tradition, which later
influenced divine imagery.

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 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROLOGY
• The celestial entities are an integral part of all living beings on Earth.
• There is a strong sense of mutual dependence between the earthly and the
celestial entities.
• Astronomy, is interconnected with cultural practices and daily life.
• Many events and planning of activities are done with reference to the
celestial entities.
• ‘Kālanirnaya’ (Determination of time) was considered the purpose of
astronomy.
• Consulting the Pañcāṅga is a daily necessity and often the day begins with
this activity.
• Astronomy is not a study of some alien entities but an integral and important
aspect of one’s life.
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 Celestial Coordinate System
• Ecliptic is an imaginary line depicting the Sun’s movement around earth
• Zenith is an imaginary point directly "above" a particular location (highest point), on the
celestial sphere and
• Nadir is 180 ° from zenith (the lowest point)
• The angle between the projected vector and a reference vector on the reference plane is
called the azimuth

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 Motion of the Sun in the background of
stars

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The zodiac signs on the ecliptic

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 Jantar Mantar of Rājā Jai Singh Sawai
• The efforts of Rājā Jai Singh Sawai (1686-1743 CE) of Jaipur
mark a significant milestone in the history of Indian
astronomy.
• European instruments were not large and suffered from
errors.
• He felt the need for making gigantic instruments that are
sturdy, free from wear and tear, and not affected by changing
weather conditions, etc.
• He took a different approach to build astronomical
instruments and created a versatile astronomical observatory
by setting up a group of essential instruments in one place
• Jantar Mantar were built in five places: Delhi, Jaipur, Varanasi,
Ujjain, and Mathura during his regime

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 CRAFTS AND TRADE IN INDIA
• Valued Heritage & Preservation – Indian crafts have been cherished for centuries, and
their continued existence today highlights the efforts made to preserve them.

• Integration into Contemporary Design – Designers like Ritu Kumar and Ritu Virani
incorporate traditional crafts into modern fashion, ensuring their relevance.

• Educational Support – The Indian Institute of Crafts and Design (IICD) in Jaipur focuses on
educating individuals about crafts and their importance in design.

• Challenges Faced by Rural Craftsmen – Despite preservation efforts, rural craftsmen face
decline due to rising costs of materials and financial struggles, as noted by the India
Foundation for the Arts.

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 • Economic Struggles – The rising cost of materials like steel, as predicted by the Times of
India, has put additional pressure on artisans.

• Growth in Exports – Statistics from the All India Handicrafts Board indicate that Indian
craft exports have significantly increased from 230 million to over 90 billion in the past 50
years.

• Handicrafts as Luxury & Fashion – In modern times, handmade products are considered a
symbol of luxury and fashion, adding to their market value.

• Cultural Reflection & Historical Trade – Indian handicrafts reflect the cultural identity of
artisans and were historically exported worldwide via the Silk Route, showcasing their
timeless appeal.

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 Engineering & Technology
Understanding the S & T Heritage of India
Three approaches

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 Khajurāho Temples
• Khajurāho, situated in the Chhatarpur district of Madhya
Pradesh
has a homogenous group of temples in the region representing a
unique style of architecture in North India
• Built during the 9th Century CE – 12th Century CE
• Originally 85 temples, but only 25 remain today
• Architectural elements of the Khajurāho temples show
distinctive
peculiarities of plan and elevation
• A degree of sophistication that became the de facto style for
central Indian buildings
• The details of architectural designs and modelling of sculptures
point to a well-established iconographic knowledge and the
availability of skilled technicians and sculptors
• The sculptures in Khajurāho are of great iconographical interest
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 Shipbuilding and Maritime Trade
Sangam and Buddhist Literature
• Early Tamil literature of the Saṅgam period (before Common Era) and foreign
travellers’ chronicles have details of Indian shipping and maritime trade.
• The Chola kings Rāja Rāja Chola I (985 – 1014 CE) and Rājendra Chola I (1014 – 1042 CE)
carried
maritime activities with the countries of the Far East and China.
• Tamil Pāṇḍya embassies were received by Augustus Caesar
• Pura-nānūru, Aha-nānūru, and Madurai-kāñci delineated different types of seagoing ships
• Jātaka stories as well as Buddhist accounts and paintings show that Buddhists were
involved in maritime trade
• Prince Vijaya who was banished by his father sailed from Bengal in a fleet of ships carrying
more
than 700 passengers.

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 A summary of 64 kalās

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 TRADITIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Ancient Vav – Step well

Ambapur , Gujarat

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11-03-2025 Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering (Cyber Security) 42
 RN SHETTY TRUST®

RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Recognized by GOK, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
(NAAC ‘A+ Grade’ Accredited, NBA Accredited (UG - CSE, ECE, ISE, EIE and EEE)
Channasandra, Dr. Vishnuvardhan Road, Bengaluru - 560 098
Ph:(080)28611880,28611881 URL: [Link]

BIKS609: INDIAN
KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
Unit-3 : Traditional Knowledge in
Professional Domain
By
Dr. R RAJKUMAR
Associate Professor
Dept. of CSE – CY, RNSIT
Tribute to Our Founder
Our leaders

Dr. R N Shetty
Founder
1928 - forever
 Vision
To be a global leader in imparting Cyber Security education,
research & development and empowering young minds to safeguard
the digital world.

Mission
1. Empower students with Cyber Security essentials through hands-on facilities
and a strong ethical foundation.
2. Facilitate collaborative learning environment, teamwork, and global
certifications for real-time challenges.
3. Drive innovation in Cyber Security through state-of-the-art research,
fostering a culture of exploration through higher learning and
entrepreneurship.
4. Promote students to possess qualities of interpersonal, interdisciplinary,
leadership, and societal responsibilities.

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 Indian Knowledge System
• Syllabus
BIKS609
• Town Planning and
Indian Knowledge Architecture-Construction
System • Health, Wellness and Psychology

• Agriculture

• Governance and public Administration

• United Nations Sustainable development goals

 Indian Knowledge System

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 Town Planning and
Architecture-Construction
Town Planning
• Is a collective set of processes, ideas, and methods to deploy the
available land for human habitation and other uses in the most
efficient way
• Concerned with the development and design of land use and the
built environment, including air, water, and infrastructure
• Also deals with the appropriate design of transportation and
communication networks and the optimal layout of human
settlements

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 Town Planning and
Architecture-Construction

Architecture
• Deals with the process of planning, designing, and constructing
buildings for human use.
• This includes living places (houses), common meeting places (such
as shops, offices, and temples), and other structures (such as a
dam, bridge, port, and transport hub).

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 Town Planning and
Architecture-Construction
Architectural Legacy of India
• There are over 3000 ancient monuments and archeological sites
and remains of national importance protected by ASI.
• The archaeological explorations of the Sindhu–Sarasvati civilization
and the analysis of sites such as Dholavira, Lothal, Harappa, and
Mohenjo-Daro points to a well-developed town planning
• The urban planning and architecture corresponding to the Buddhist
and Mauryan times are evident from the inscriptions and reliefs in
Sāñcī
• The fire burnt mud bricks used in the sites were of standard
geometrical proportions although varying in sizes. The cities had
granaries, drains, watercourses, tanks, and wells.

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 • The famous Ajantā and Ellorā caves in Maharashtra and
the cave temples of Mahābalipuram belong to this category
• Temples of Bādāmi, Aihole, and Paṭṭadakal in Karnataka
• Draviḍian temples belonging to the Chola, and Pandya
periods
• Khajurāho in Madhya Pradesh such as the Kandāriya-
Mahādeva temple
Every region in the country has living temples
representing outstanding temple architecture in India

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 Ajanta and Ellora caves

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 Town Planning and
Architecture-Construction
Vāstu-śāstra

• Also known as Vāstu-vidyā or Śilpa-śāstra,

• Implies the science related to artistic creations through design,
fabrication, and construction. The modern-day equivalent term is
architecture.
• In the Vāstu-śāstra four things are considered as Vāstu:
The earth or the ground (bhūmi), temple or a palace (prāsāda)
conveyance (yāna) and couch (śayana)
• Essentially an art of correct setting whereby one can align the proposed
structure to the pañca-bhutās

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 • The basic premise is to integrate the design and
construction of towns, temples, and other buildings with the
natural forces and optimize the process of creating the
proposed structure so that the intended use is achieved

Issues discussed in Vāstu-śāstra

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 Town Planning and
Architecture-Construction
Vāstu-puruṣa-maṇḍala
• The site is not viewed as bare earth but a
transformed entity with life
• Maṇḍala means a polygon, but as a rule, the
shape of vāstupuruṣa-maṇḍala is square. It is
the plan of all architectural forms
• The center of this maṇḍala is the Brahma-
sthala. The eight directions position the natural
forces in the site and help the designer align the
structure to these forces. Based on the type of
planning adopted, these aspects are used to
place various facilities.

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 Town Planning and
Architecture-Construction
Division of a site into various sizes and
squares
• Any site on which a proposed structure needs to be built is
conceived in terms of squares
• Each square of the vāstu-puruṣa-maṇḍala is attributed to a
protecting deity by whose name the square is designated
• The simple structure is a 1x1 square and at the other extreme,
the site could be divided into 1024 squares (32x32)
• Town and village planning may involve larger squares while
individual buildings fewer squares
• The 64 squares (8x8) and 81 squares (9x9) are most often
employed

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 Town Planning and
Architecture-Construction
Issues discussed in Vāstu-śāstra
• Yajamāna (Host) – The core objective of Vāstu-śāstra is to provide satisfaction, peace of mind, and prosperity for a
dweller or the owner
• Sthāpatyam (Architecture) –all aspects of structural design, developing detailed specifications, cost estimation, and
unique styling come under sthāpatyam in vāstu śāstra • Śilpī (Technicians) – According to Mayamatam, four types of
technicians (śilpis) work on a building
• Bhūmi (Land) – This involves ascertaining the suitability of the site for the proposed construction and an examination
of soil & soil conditions
• Vāstoṣpati (Offerings) The beginning of an architectural endeavour has two activities: Vāstu-pūjana and bali-dāna, in
which certain offerings are made and the gods, spirits, and demons are bid to leave
• Pādavinyāsa (Site layout) is the approach to site layout or design for the proposed construction based on the Vāstu-
puruṣa-maṇdala
• Vastu (Materials) deals with the materials used and processing of those materials as required for the construction in
detail
• Alaṅkaraṇam (Renovations and decorations) in Vāstu deals with two aspects: interior and exterior design of a
building and repairs and modifications

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 Town Planning and
Architecture-Construction
Town Planning
• In Vāstu-śāstra, the village is taken as the basic unit of analysis for town planning • A country
(rāṣtra) is made up of a certain number of villages and towns.
• Arthaśāstra provides a hierarchical system of categorisation of settlements by location,
function, and number of inhabitants.
• The smallest unit is the village; a group of ten villages is under a local administration; two
hundred villages are governed by the district headquarters; four hundred villages by a
divisional headquarters; and eight hundred villages by a provincial headquarters.
• The classification of villages and towns is based on the area, location, street plan, types of
residences, protective moat, temple, and composition of social groups
• In Nārada Śilpaśāstra fourteen different types of towns are described

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 Town Planning and
Architecture-Construction
Different categories of towns

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 Town Planning and
Architecture-Construction
Alternative designs for Town Planning
Mānasāra

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 Town Planning and
Architecture-Construction
Alternative designs and relevance for Town Planning
• Daṇḍaka is meant for the people who want to spend their retired life (Vānaprastha)
peacefully. This type of village is the smallest of all.
• Sarvatobhadra is save from all sides and conducive from different perspectives. Such
villages should be built where multiple challenges and complexities can arise over time.
Chandigarh is an example of the Sarvatobhadra style of the town.
• Kārmuka means a bow - the shape of village must be in a bow formation. These types of
villages or towns must be built at the seashore. Poomphar and Kaveripattanam are examples of
this model.
• Prastara literally means a couch or a bed. Jaipur city was built on this planning.

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 Temples in India

Sun Temple Konark

Kailasa Temple in
Ellora

Thanjavur Temple
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 Town Planning and
Architecture-Construction
An elevated view of Temple
• Adhiṣṭhāna - the base platform on which the entire
superstructure rests. Various designs have been proposed in
the vāstu texts. Stambha is a set of pillars that support
various structures; the basis for the elevation for the temple.
Prastara is the entablature in the temple structure. Temples
are multi-storeyed (up to 16 storeys) and the prastara
contributes to the substantive part of this. The ground floor
is the only habitable storey. Śikhara is the superstructure, a
tower-like infrastructure built above the garbhagṛha, forms
the main elevation to the temple. In the South Indian
temples, the superstructure over the garbhagṛha is called
Vimāna and the dome-shaped cupola at the top of it is called
śikhara. Stūpi is the finial to the structure

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 Certain aspects of temple architecture in Ancient India

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Thoughts on Health & Wellness in Indian System
• An overall framework for achieving happiness is working towards four life goals
(Dharma, Artha, Kāma, and Mokṣa), known as puruṣārthas
• Body is instrument for leading a satisfactory life by performing the right deeds for the
attainment of puruṣārthas
• People differ from each other vastly in their constitution, food habits, strength,
mentality, age, and adaptability
• Every individual must know about their nature first in order to ensure that he/she is
healthy

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Ayurveda: Approach to Health

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Ayurveda: Definition of Health

• The first part relates the health to the physical

aspects (condition of the body)
• The second part relates health to the
psychological aspect (mental well being).
• In 1948, World Health Organisation (WHO)
added “mental wellbeing” in the health
definition

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Physical Aspects of Health
• Plasma (Rasa),
• Blood (Rakta),
• Flesh (Māṃsa),
• Fat (Medas),
• Bones (Asthi),
• Bone-marrow (Majjā), and
• Semen (Śukra).

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Role of Agni in Health
• Agni converts the food into energy. The digestive fire cooks
what is eaten
• If food is not consumed it cooks doṣas, then Dhātus, and
finally the vital energies. Therefore, an individual must always
focus on keeping the agni balanced.
• When Agni is disturbed and becomes low, high, or unbalanced
it makes the person ill.

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Psychological Aspects of Health

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Psychological Aspects of Health
• When a person performs inappropriate/inauspicious deeds being impaired
by the buddhī (ability to comprehend), dhṛti (controlling power), and smṛti
(power to recall memories, or reminisce), it leads to an aggravation of all
doṣas
• Erroneous use, avoidance, and excessive use of time factor, intellect, and
sense objects is the threefold cause of both psychic and somatic disorders.

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Approach to lead a healthy life (Ayurveda vs Allopathy)

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Tri-doṣas

• Doṣa means one which perishes,

spoils, or refutes
• Composition of these doṣas is
based on the five basic elements
• Kapha represents solid material
substratum to the human body
• Pitta the chemical activity
• Vāta the energy pool of motion
and movement

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Suppresion of Urges – A major cause of illness

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Diagnostic Techniques prescribed in Ayurveda Texts

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Sleep – A importance to Health

• According to Caraka strength, complexion, and growth of the physical body rests on
three important pillars: Food, sleep, and celibacy/control over sense organs
• Sleep is the cause of joy and sorrow, fatness and thinness, energy and weakness,
sexual energy and loss of potency, and knowledge and ignorance.
• Āyurveda suggests several measures to solve the problem of insomnia
• Solutions suggested for this are – evacuation therapy, medicated smoking, physical
activity, bloodletting, fasting, and subduing the tamas.

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Six Different types of Sleep

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Food intake methods
• Most diseases caused due to wrong and excess intake of food
• Food is of two types – Guru and Laghu.
• “Guru” is hard to digest and “Laghu "is easy to digest
• Guru causes fatigue, increases the quantity of bodily waste, is
strengthening, satiating and growth-promoting
• Laghu is the opposite, and it reduces weight, heals the wounds
• The food to be consumed must not have been cooked before three
hours.
• Such food does not get digested soon and it increases tamasic
tendency in an individual

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Drugs – Herbal formulas, bhasmas, and medicated oils and ghee

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Physical Therapy (Pañcakarma)
• The management of an illness often starts with cleansing and
includes five procedures called Pañcakarma, a sub-set of which may
be prescribed depending on the condition of the patient
• Pañcakarma is designed with the assumption that the major cause of
body ailments is the toxic products produced by body metabolism,
microorganisms, and other chemicals
• Elimination of toxic products can contribute to overall management
of an ailment and its cure

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Physical Therapy (Pañcakarma)

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Yoga and Stress management

• The uniqueness of Yoga way of life lies in its integrated approach to

address both the physical and psychological aspects of one’s life.
• Yoga involves a systematic method by which we can begin to expand
our awareness of mental and emotional processes and eventually
gain control over them.
• Yoga has the potentiality to influence the auto-nervous mechanisms
in various ways.
• Restores the functioning of sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous systems thereby preventing the build-up of stress.

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Salient aspects of Yoga way of Life
• A set of physical exercises that help an
individual stay physically fit, nimble, and
flexible.
• Another set of practices known as
meditation that addresses the issue of
calming the mind and providing a stable
psychological state.
• The third set of ideas help reorient one’s
goals and worldviews so that there is a
degree of realism that governs one’s
living.

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Aṣtāṅga-Yoga

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Current issues in Psychology

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Distinctive aspects of Indian Pyschology

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Basic Tenets of Indian Pyschology

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
What is Tri-Guna ?

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Sattva – Rajas – Tamas (Basic Characteristics)

Sattva
• Source of knowledge and embodiment of happiness that every individual experiences. By its very
nature, it binds by attachment to happiness and knowledge
• Rajas
• Passion, the source of desire, and attachment. It binds fast by the attachment to action. The world of
action, desire to achieve name, fame, wealth, and power emanate out of rajas
• Expectedly, the behavioural patterns of anger, attachment, aversion, and envy primarily arise out of
rajasic tendencies.
Tamas
• Born of ignorance, deluding all embodied beings; it binds fast by heedlessness, indolence, and sleep.
• Tamas represents the gross matter and is the reason for us to rest, sleep, feel mentally dull and lazy.
• Tamasic tendencies heavily discourage a person from learning, making progress through
experimentation, observation, contemplation, and self-reflection.

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Body – Mind – Intellect - Consciousness

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
A simplified representation of paṇca-
koṣas

• Koṣa is a cover, it cannot be the original

substance itself.
• It has a temporary status as it can
change with respect to time and place.
• If the cover is damaged or has become
unfit for use, it can be discarded in
preference to a newer, more suitable
one

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
The four states of “Consciousness”

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 Health, Wellness and Psychology
Consciousness Studies (Basic characteristics)

• A shift in the focus from objects (Viṣaya) to the subject (Viṣayin)

• The “seer” and the “seen” are not separate, they seamlessly merge into a
single entity
• There is a distinction made between “parā-vidyā” and “aparā-vidya”:
Aparā-vidyā constitutes the knowledge of the socio-physical world,
known as the mundane and the empirical world ;Parā-vidyā is about the
issues pertaining to our “inner world”. - issues of mental, psychological,
and existential nature
• The normal sensory organs are useful for dealing only with the outside
world. The study of the inner state will invariably lead to a study of the
spiritual nature of an individual

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 Governance and Public Administration
Artha – A wider scope
• “Artha” is a means for satisfying all the materialistic requirements
• The acquisition and protection of the earth are important
• the source of livelihood is linked to the manner society is able to
meaningfully and sustainably consume the material riches that the earth
provides
• “Artha” relates to the means of ensuring well-being of society in general
• Some important questions - How does society organize itself in such a
manner that the earthly resources are properly administered to meet the
needs of the society and the individuals? How should we establish
methods for controlling the consumption of earthly resources? What are
appropriate governance mechanisms that we need in place to ensure this
will be a sustainable process?

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 Governance and Public Administration
Rāja-dharma

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 Governance and Public Administration
A list of Indian texts on Rāja-dharma

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 Governance and Public Administration
Arthaśāstra – Contents
• The Kauṭilya Arthaśāstra contains fifteen books or adhikaraṇas : First five
deal with the internal administration of the state, the next eight with its
relations with neighbouring states, the last two are miscellaneous, The first
chapter of the work furnishes a detailed table of contents and enumerates
the topics discussed in each adhikaraṇa
• Book 2 of Arthaśāstra is the largest, it constitutes nearly one-fifth :It
provides a snapshot of the multi-faceted nature of public administration by
describing various activities that the state needs to engage in, It has details
on several activities the state administers using many executive officers, It
also includes a discussion on other topics such as the settlement of
unoccupied land, building a fort, and the layout of the capital city.

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 Governance and Public Administration

Arthaśāstra – Four branches of Knowledge

• Science of Logic and Argumentation (Ānvīkṣikī): is
considered as the lamp that illuminates all sciences and is
fundamental to understand the other branches of knowledge
• The Vedas (Trayī): A study of the three Vedas is useful
because it establishes the social order and the roles and
responsibilities of the various sections of the society in
practicing dharma
• Economics (Vārttā): Agriculture, cattle rearing, and trade
constitute the economic activity. They are the main sources of
wealth for the king to augment his treasury.
• Governance (Daṇḍanīti): Maintenance of the law and order
using a regulatory and a control framework is important.

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 Governance and Public Administration

The seven elements of a state

1. The King – who rules the territory or the protector of the
subjects
2. The Minister (Amātya) – by whose counsel the king takes for
various decisions
3. The Territory (Janapada) – the populated territory over
which the king rules
4. The Fortified Capital (Durga) – the place from where the king
rules
5. The Treasury (Kośa) - that provides the wherewithal and
stability for the regime
6. The Army (Daṇḍa) - that provides security for the regime as
well as establishes law and order in the state
7. The Ally (Mitra) – the other friendly rulers, who form part of
the foreign policy of the state

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 Governance and Public Administration
The King

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 Governance and Public Administration
Amātya
• Two terms, Amātya and Mantrī frequently used: Mantrīs is the set of
counsellors with whom the king will hold secret consultations ;Amātyas are
high-level executive officers
• The functions of the amātya include consultations, execution of undertakings,
infliction of punishment, settlement and development of new territories, and
recovery of fines and taxes, and so on.
• The most important function of the mantrī is to advise the king on various
matters of public administration: A single mantrī would be difficult to control,
and two might quarrel and ruin the state or conspire against the king; a larger
number would affect the secrecy of counsel.
• A mantri-pariṣad, consisting of twelve, sixteen, or twenty members (amātyas)
depending on the size and power of the state assist the King; In case of
emergencies, the King summons both the mantrī and the mantri-pariṣad and
goes by the majority view of the group.

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 Governance and Public Administration
Administrative decisions of the territory

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 Governance and Public Administration
Treasury and the State Economy (Kośa)

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 The sources of income include the following:

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 Governance and Public Administration
Taxes, Fees and other charges mentioned in
Arthaśāstra: A glossary of terms

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 Governance and Public Administration
Law & Order and Security (Daṇḍa)

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 Governance and Public Administration
The Legal framework in Arthaśāstra
• The law is outlined in the Arthaśāstra under seventeen heads: This
includes marriage and allied topics, the partition of inheritance,
propertyrelated disputes, sale without ownership, the law concerning
ownership, gambling and challenging, and other miscellaneous things;
Many legal sections in Book three are concerned with matters largely
connected with trade and industry: This includes a section containing
rules governing the rates of interest, loans with or without a mortgage,
the recovery of loans, etc ; Another section deals with the use and misuse
of a pledge, the liability to return it, and so on; Other rules include
issues related to revocation of a sale or a purchase and the law of
partnerships.

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 Governance and Public Administration
The six methods of Foreign Policy

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 Governance and Public Administration
The Administrative Set-up

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 Governance and Public Administration

Details of various Head

of Departments Proposed
in Arthaśāstra

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 Governance and Public Administration
Public Administration in Mahābhārata
• Yudhiṣṭhira met Bhīṣma lying in a bed of arrows and took his counsel
on governance and administration
• The detailed conversation between the two is fully captured in the
Śānti-parva (Book 12) of Mahābhārata in about 120 chapters (chapter
55 to Chapter 173)
• Several issues related to Rāja-dharma were expounded by Bhīṣma :
Origin and purpose of the state, the rule of law, the institution of
kingship, the duties and powers of the Raja, topics such as taxation
and the way to collect the taxes, strategies for battle and the method
of selecting ministers and counsellors

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 Governance and Public Administration
Public Administration in Rāmāyaṇa
• Chapter 100 in book 2 of Rāmāyaṇa has the details of a conversation
between Bharata and Rāma when Bharata came to meet Rāma in the
forest
• In 76 verses in the chapter, Rāma asked over 70 questions to Bharata.
Many of these verses have a repeating word, kaccit (क�च्चत)्,
essentially meaning “hope?”, as in, “hope everything is fine at your
place”. Therefore, this chapter is popularly referred to as “kaccit sarga”.
• Rāma displays his administrative prowess and acumen and uses the
opportunity to teach Bharata the art and science of governance using a
simple methodology of asking questions • Importance of Wise
Counselling • Justice and Punishment • Importance of Secrecy • Urban
development and citizen welfare

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 United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals
The Goals are :
• NO POVERTY
• ZERO HUNGER
• GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
• QUALITY EDUCATION
• GENDER EQUALITY
• CLEAN WATER AND SANITIZATION
• AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY
• DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
• INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
• REDUCED INEQUALITIES
• SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES
• RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION
• CLIMATE ACTION
• LIFE BELOW WATER
• LIFE ON LAND
• PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INTUITIONS
• PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS

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