TIMBER DOORS &
WINDOWS
FIRST YEAR–SEMESTER II
Introduction of door and windows.
▪ Door may be defined as an open able barrier secured in an opening left 2
in wall for the purpose of providing access to the users of the structure.
▪ Windows ma be defined as an opening made in a wall for the purpose
of providing day light, vision and ventilation. Frame
▪ Doors & windows basically consist of two parts
1. Frame
2. Shutter. Shutter
Important consideration for Doors
1) Purpose –
▪ Door- To serve connecting link between various internal parts
of building
▪ Window-daylight, ventilation
1) Size
▪ Minimum width of the door is depend upon the location of door e.g.-
Internal door- 800 -900mm
Exterior door-1000 -1200mm
Doors in public buildings, like hospital, library.-1200-1500 mm
Size of door and window contd..
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▪ Regarding height and width of door, the general rule in India is-
▪ Height –width +1m to 1.20m respectively
▪ Width- 0.4 to 0.6 of the height.
▪ Size of window depend upon the dimension of room,use of
room and location of room, wind speed
▪ General rules are may be observed while deciding the size of
the window-
▪ Breadth of window-1/8 (width of room+ height of room)
▪ Total area of the window opening should be at least 15 per cent
of the floor area of the room., this percentage of opening is
increased in public building.
Technical terms (1/3)
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1) Frame: Consist of a group of members which
form a support for door
2) Head: The top or uppermost part of the
horizontal frame.
3) Top Rail: This is topmost horizontal member
of shutter.
4) Horn: This is horizontal projection of a head
beyond the face of the frame. It facilitates the
fixing of frame on a wall opening and its length
is about 100–150 mm.
5) Shutter: The entire assembly of styles, panels
and rails is knows as shutter.
6) Style: This is outside vertical member of
shutter of a door.
7) Panel: This is area of shutter enclosed between
the adjacent rail.
Technical terms (2/3)
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8) Top Rail: This is topmost horizontal member of
a shutter.
9) Lock Rail: This is the middle horizontals
member of a shutter where the locking
arrangement is provided.
10) Bottom Rail: This is lowermost horizontal
member of a shutter
11) Intermediate or Cross Rails: The additional
horizontal rails between the top and bottom of a
shutter is known as Intermediate or Cross Rails.
A Rail which is fixed in between top Rail and
Lock Rail is called Frieze Rail.
12) Holdfast: This is generally in the form of
middle steel flag bar of a section 30 x 6 mm and
of length 200 mm. the three members of such
Holdfast are provided on each side of the door
frame. They keep the frame in position.
Technical terms (3/3)
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8) Mullion: This is vertical member which is
employed to subdivide a window or door
opening vertically.
9) Transom: This is horizontal member employed
to subdivide window opening horizontally Transom
10) Jamb: The vertical wall face of an opening
which supports the frame of door and window.
11) Rebate: The depression or recess made inside
the door frame to receive door shutter. Architrave
12) Putty: This is a mixture of linseed oil and
whiting chalk. It is used for glass panel.
generally used in metal windows, fillets re used
in timer windows.
13) Architrave: This is a strip of wood usually
moulded or splayed which is fixed around the Putty
size and head of openings. Used only when
doors and windows are placed, flushed with the
face of masonry.
JOINERY OF DOOR FRAMES
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Types of Timber Doors
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▪ Depending upon type of material, arrangement of different components,
method of construction, etc., the common types of doors used in the
building can be grouped as follows:
a) Ledged doors.
b) Ledged and Braced doors.
c) Ledged and Framed doors.
d) Ledged, Braced and Framed doors.
e) Framed and Panelled doors
f) Glazed or sash doors
g) Flash doors
h) Louvered doors
i) Revolving doors
j) Sliding doors
k) Swing doors
a) Ledged door
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• Simplest form of door and it is used
where strength and appearance are
not important.
• Formed with vertical boards known
as battens, which is secured by
horizontal support known as the
ledges.
• Battens – 100-150 mm wide and
20-30 mm thick
• Three ledges are generally
A
employed-top, middle and bottom.
• Battens are secured by suitable
joints, lounge and groove, and
shutter is hung on T-hinges which
are fixed on ledges.
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b) Ledged and braced door
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• Extra diagonal members known as
braces are provided.
• Braces are generally 100 mm to 150
mm wide and 30 mm thick.
• Braces give rigidity to the door and
hence the doors of this type are useful
for wide openings.
• Braces are usually housed in the ledges.
Housed
joint
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c) Ledged and framed door
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▪ In this type of doors, framework for shutters
is provided to make the doors stronger and
better in appearance
▪ The styles are generally 100 mm wide and
40 mm thick
d) Ledged, framed and braced doors
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▪ Similar to earlier type of door. Additional
frame structure is provided.
▪ More durable and stronger and hence can be
adopted for the external use.
▪ Braces should inclined upwards from the
hanging side
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e) Framed and panelled door
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► Most usual variety of door and it
consists framework in which
panels are fitted.
► thickness of panels is about 20
mm
► Panels are grooves made inside
the edges of the framework.
Top rail
Tonged and
groove joint
Mid rail
STYLE
Bottom
rail
Styles are continuous
from top to bottom and
rails are joined
f) Glazed or Sash door
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► In order to admit more light, fully
glazed or partially panelled and
partially glazed doors are used.
► Usually the ratio of glazed portion
to panelled portion is 2:1.
► The glass is received into the
rebates provided in the wooden
sashed bars and secured by putty or
by wooden beads fixed to the
frame.
► In order to increase the area of
glazed portion the width of styles
about the locked rail is decreased.
These are known as diminished
styles or gunstock styles.
► The glazed or sashed doors are
useful for hospitals/ offices,
libraries, banks.
g) Flush door
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► Flush door consists of a framework of
rails and styles and it is covered with the
plywood or hardboard.
► There are two varieties of flush doors.
▪ Framed flush door. Horizontal
▪ Laminated flush door. ribs
► Framed flush door consists of styles,
rails, horizontal ribs, vertical ribs and
plywood.
► The holes in the horizontal ribs are
provided for ventilation. The vertical
ribs rest on the rails. The hollow space
instead of being kept empty is
sometimes filled up with granulated
cork or any other like material.
► Locked block and hinged block should
be provided to the shutter to fix mortise
lock and hinges.
► Flush doors with hollow space are light
in weight and cheap.
g) Flush door cont..
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► Laminated flush doors consists
of styles, rails, laminated core
and plywood.
► The plywood sheet on either side
glued to laminate core under
great pressure. Thus laminated
flush door is heavy and requires
more material for construction.
► Flush doors are available in
standard sizes.
► Thickness of plywood facing is
about 6 mm on either side and
total thickness of flush door Laminated flush door
varies from 25 mm to 50 mm.
these flush doors are economical,
easy to clean, better in
appearance and reasonably
strong.
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h) Louvered door
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► Here the shutters are provided with
Louvers either fully or partly.
► The louvers are arranged at such an
inclination that the horizontal
vision is obstructed.
► In case of movable louvers, vertical
piece of timber is provided to
which the louvers are attached
through hinges.
► Upward and downward movements
or louvers can be carried out with
the help of vertical piece of timber.
► Louvers may be either of wood or
glass.
► It should be kept sloping away
from the inner portion.
► Louvered doors allow free passage
of air when closed and at the same
time maintain privacy
i) Revolving door
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► Essentially consists of centrally placed
mullions or pivot in circular opening.
► Revolving shutters or leaves which are 4
in number are radially attached to the
pivot.
► The central pivot is provided with ball
bearing at bottom and bush bearing at the
top so that it’s rotation is smooth and
without any jerk, friction and noise.
► The shutters and pivot are enclosed in
vestibule.
► At the ruing end of shutters vertical
rubber pieces are provided which prevent
a draught of air.
► The arrangement are made such that
shutters can be folded when traffic and
opening can be blocked when not in use.
► Provides entrance on one side and exist
on other side.
► Useful for the buildings where heavy rush
of foot traffic and also for air conditioning
of building
i) Revolving door cont…
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Vestibule
j) Sliding door
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► In these type of doors, shutters
slide on the sides of with the help
of runners and guides.
► The shutter may be of one or
several leaves and can slide either
one side or both the slide.
► The cavities may be provided in
the wall to receive the door in
open position or it may simply lie
touching the wall.
► The sliding door does not cause
any obstruction during
movement.
► It is provided with handles,
locking arrangement and stopper.
k) Swing door
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► Swing door provided with special
hinges known as double action
spring hinges
► The shutters may be of one or
several leaves.
► When the door is to be used,
slight push is made and then the
action of spring brings the shutter
in closed position.
► This type of door is widely used
in passages of public building
such as govt. offices, banks.
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Timber windows
Types of windows
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► Depending upon the manner of fixing , materials used for construction,
nature of operational movements of shutters etc. the common varieties
of windows used in the buildings can be grouped as follows-
a) Casement windows
b) Double hung window
c) Pivoted window
d) Louvered window
e) Corner window
f) Gable window
g) Bay window
h) Clear storey window
i) Lantern window
j) Skylight
a) Casement window
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• Is a window that is attached to its
frame by one or more hinges. These
are hinged at the side. They are used
singly or in pairs within a common
frame, in which case they are hinged
on the outside.
a) Casement window–Construction details
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WINDOW FRAME DETAILS
*NOTE- DIMENSION MENTIONED VARIES WITH DESIGN
a) Casement window–Construction details
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SECTION
*NOTE- DIMENSION MENTIONED VARIES WITH DESIGN
a) Casement window–Construction details
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a) Casement window–Construction details
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b) Double hunged windows
• This window consist of a pair of shutter which is slide 33
with in the grooves provided in the frame.
• Pair of metal weights connected by cord or chain over
pulleys is provided for each sash.
• It is so arranged that the upper sash moves downward
direction, thus opening at the top and bottom sash
moves in upward direction, thus opening at the
bottom.
• Cord or chain is fixed to the style.
• Weights, when pulled, open the shutter to the required
level. Thus the ventilation can e controlled.
New
mechanism
c) Pivoted window
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► In this type of windows, the
shutters are allowed to swing
round the pivots.
► The framed of pivoted window is
similar to casement windows.
► Window may be vertically or
horizontally pivoted.
Vertically pivoted window Horizontally pivoted
window
d) Louvered windows
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► Louvers are provided are provided
as in case of louvered doors.
► They allow free passage of air
when closed.
► The shutter consist of top rail,
bottom rails and two styles which
are grooved to receive the louvers.
► The economical angle of inclination
of Louvers is 45° and they are
generally fixed in position.
► If however they are to be raised or
lowered, some mechanical
operating device will have to be
provided.
► The louvers should slope
downward to the outside so that
rain water does not get entry to the
inside of the building.
e) Corner windows
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► These windows are provided at the corner of the room. Thus they
have two faces into perpendicular direction.
► Due to such situation there is entry of light and air from two
directions and in many cases elevation is building is also improved.
However special lintel will have to be cast at the corner and the
jamb post of the window at the corner will have to be made of
heavy section.
f) Gable windows
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► Gable windows
❑ These are the windows that are
provided as the gable end of the
roof.
⮚ Dormer windows
❑ These windows are provided on
the slopping roof.
❑ The main purpose of providing
dormer windows is to admit light
and air to the rooms which are
constructed within or below the
roof slopes
g) Bay window
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► These windows project outside
the external wall of the room.
► They may be square, splayed,
circular, polygonal or of any
shape.
► Projection of bay windows may
start from floor level or sill level.
► These windows admit more light,
increase open area, provide
ventilation and improve
appearance of the building.
h) Clear story windows
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► These windows are provided near
the top of the main roof.
► The pivoted windows are used
for this purpose.
► These windows provide
ventilation to the inside of the
room as the front is locked by
varandas.
► Care should be taken to see that
upper part opens inside and lower
part opens outside otherwise
rainwater will accumulate in the
room.
i) Lanterns or lantern lights
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► These are the windows which are
fixed on the flat roof to provide
light to the inner portion of the
building where light coming from
windows in the external walls is
sufficient.
► Glass panels are generally fixed
to the roof.
► If ventilation is also required in
addition to light, pivoted
windows may be provided.
j) Sky lights
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► These are windows which are
provided on the sloping surface
of pitched roof.
► Common rafters are suitably
trimmed and the sky light is
erected on the curve frame.
► Sky light is used for admitting the
light and provided with the fixed
glass panels.
► The opening of sky light is
properly treated by lead flashing
to make water proof the roof area
surrounding the opening.
Ventilators
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► Small height windows generally
provided above door or window.
► The ventilators are provided with
glass panels and steel grills is
fixed for the purpose of safety.
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Thank you
References-
• Building construction by S.C Rangawala
• Building materials by [Link]