4.

EARTHWORKS
4.1 SOIL CONDITIONS
The Contractor shall acquaint himself with the class, conditions, origin, or nature of the
ground, existing structures, foundations, and subsoil which might be encountered during
excavation or earthworks. The Employer does not guarantee or warrant in any way that
the materials to be found in the excavation will be similar in nature to that of any samples
which may have been exhibited or indicated on the Drawings or in any other Contract
Document or to material obtained from boring or trial holes. The Contractor shall be
deemed to have made local and independent inquiries and shall take the whole risk of the
nature of the ground, subsoil or material to be excavated and he shall not be entitled to
receive any extra or additional payment, nor to be relieved of any of his obligations by
reason of the nature of such ground, subsoil or material.

4.2 AUTHORIZED OUTLINES

Unless otherwise specified or directed by the Employer in writing, all earthwork viz.
excavations, holes, trenches for foundations, filling, embankments, etc., shall be executed
to the widths, lengths, depths, alignment, grades and levels shown on the approved
drawings. If they are not indicated on the drawing, they shall be carried out to the profile
agreed to by the Employer in writing before the commencement of work.

4.3 SITE CLEARANCE

The surface area of the ground to be occupied by all banks and excavations shall be
cleared off all roots, grass, shrubs, brush, trees, fences, walls, buildings, roads, ruins and
such other structures as may either cause hindrance in the execution of work or may decay
and form dangerous pockets. Such works can be classified beforehand into following
categories by the Employer for the purpose of making payment:

1. Stripping of grass, uprooting bush stumps having girth and root less than 1
meter and diameter less than 15 cm and their number not exceeding 500 per
hectare. The cost of this item shall be included in the unit rate of earthwork.
2. Clearance and removal of roots, bush stumps, shrubs, trees and vegetation.
The Employer shall decide, on the basis of the actual sizes and concentration
of such material, when the rate for ordinary jungle clearance or heavy jungle
clearance is to be paid. The Employer’s decision shall be final.
3. The rate for demolition of fences, walls, buildings, roads, ruins and other
structures shall clearly state the basis for which payment is to be claimed and
made.

The disposal of material so obtained during the operations of site clearance:

1. Whether or not it shall be a "setoff” against the cost of site clearance .In the
absence of such clarifications the materials shall be the property of the
Government; and
2. Any damage to the works and public or private property caused by the
Contractor's operation in clearing shall be repaired or replaced at his expense.
CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 66 CONSULTANT SIGN
4.4 SETTING OUT
Before commencing actual execution, the central line of the embankment or excavation
shall be marked with a deep furrow (dagbol) at least 22.5 cm) wide and 15 cm deep and
pegs shall be fixed at every 25 meters. The top and bottom edges of the excavation and
toes of all embankments shall be clearly lock-spitted. All curves in the alignment shall
also be properly laid and half-breadth carefully set out.

In the case of the excavation for foundation, the center, longitudinal or face line and at
least one main cross line, shall be marked by means of masonry pillars built clear of the
point to which the slopes of the excavation shall extend. On each pillar, there shall be an
accurate mark to enable theodolite to be set up over it for setting out purposes.

The Contractor shall perform a joint survey with the Engineer of the area where earthwork
is required, plot the ground levels on the Drawings, and obtain approval from the
Employer before starting the earthwork.

4.5 PROFILES
Having marked the alignment, a complete profile of the embankment or cutting, as the
case may be, shall be set out at 10 meter intervals or every change of section, and also at
every curve. This profile shall have a linear dimension of 3 meters, its excavation shall
be dug to the proper level, banks thrown up to the correct height and widths and all slopes
dressed to true form.

The correct height of this profile shall be 10 percent more than the desired final level of
the embankment so that it may take care of shrinkage and settlement. The ends of all the
profile banks shall be stepped so that proper locking takes place at the time of the
construction of the bank adjoining them. All labor and implements like bamboo's, stakes,
strings, pegs, batter boards, etc., required for fixing profiles shall be supplied by the
Contractor, the cost for which is deemed to be included in the initial rate.

4.6 EXCAVATION

4.6.1 General
The bottom and side slopes of excavation, upon or against which structures or other
required constructions are to be placed, shall be finished accurately to the required grades
and dimensions, and if required by the Employer, shall be moistened with water and
tamped or rolled with suitable tools or equipment for the purpose of forming a firm
foundation. Whenever the natural foundation matter is disturbed or loosened or excavated
beyond the approved lines and grades, the loose material shall be removed and the extra
excavation made good at the Contractor’s expense with selected materials which shall be
thoroughly compacted by tamping or rolling in layers not exceeding 15 cm. If at any point
in the excavation, material unsuitable for foundation is encountered, as determined by the
Employer, the Employer shall direct in writing its removal and excavation shall be filled
with selected materials. The cost of this replacement with selected materials shall be paid
under the rate for earthwork compacted.

CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 67 CONSULTANT SIGN

 No excavated earth shall be heaped within 6 meters of the top edge of any foundation.

Foundation trench shall be inspected and approved by the Engineer before foundation is
laid.

All excavations shall be kept free from water from whatever source it may come, at all
times to the entire satisfaction of the Engineer, except where otherwise specified, or
permitted in writing by the Employer. No extra payment will be made for bailing,
pumping or dewatering by any means. All swamps, drainage channel, etc. when no longer
required, shall be infilled with concrete or other suitable material to the satisfaction of the
Engineer.

4.6.2 Minimum Requirements

(1) The Contractor shall carry out its operation in such a manner as to avoid damage
to existing adjacent or underground structures, or deterioration of the Final Surfaces
of excavation.
(2) If the Contractor encounters ground in the Final Surface which he considers
unsuitable, or if the Final Surface is damaged or allowed to deteriorate, the Engineer
shall be promptly informed.
(3) The unsuitable ground or damaged surfaces shall be excavated and then filled to
formation level with the material as indicated in the Contract Specific Specification
or as approved by the Engineer.
(4) Any voids which result from over excavation shall be refilled with the material as
indicated in the Contract Specific Specification or as approved by the Engineer.
(5) The Contractor shall carry out its excavation work with all necessary precautions
and put in place adequate support at the side faces of excavation, or employ any
appropriate measures to ensure the safety and stability, and avoid the weakening
or damage to the foundations of existing adjacent structures.
(6) The sides of the excavation shall be vertical and shall be adequately supported at all
times, except when described elsewhere in the Bid Documents where battered sides
will be permitted.
(7) A detail of the cross-section for battered side excavation shall be submitted to the
Engineer for acceptance prior to its implementation.
(8) Any slippage of faces of excavation which causes the weakening of foundation
or support for existing or proposed pipelines, structures or roadways shall be
stabilized and made good.
(9) The Contractor shall be responsible for the disposal of all unsuitable and surplus
excavated material off the Site but no excavated material suitable for re-use in the
Work shall be removed from the Site except on the direction, or with the
permission, of the Engineer.
(10) The Contractor shall remove from the site and dispose of all excess excavated
material at its own expense.
(11) The location of the spoil disposal area shall meet all legal requirements for such
sites.
(12) The Engineer may, at its discretion, identify an area within the project site which
may be used for spoil disposal.
CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 68 CONSULTANT SIGN
 (13) The Contractor may then use the on-site area for disposal, but it shall trim and
grade the on-site spoil area to meet the requirements of the Engineer at no extra
cost.
(14) Excavation for structures shall progress in uniform horizontal layers, with extreme
caution exercised as the face of the excavation approaches the line and grade of
the foundation base shown on the Drawings.
(15) The Engineer shall be notified promptly if rock is encountered or when the
excavation is within 500 mm of the final cut surface or foundation elevation.
(16) Excavation equipment shall be of a size and type suitable for carrying out the work
as specified. During final excavation to subgrade level, the Contractor shall take
whatever precautions are necessary to prevent disturbance and remoulding of the
subgrade.
(17) In load bearing soil (i.e. soil under structures, pipelines and roadways), final
excavation to subgrade shall be by hand or by using lightweight machines with
smooth edge buckets.
(18) Adverse Weather Condition. The Engineer reserves the right to suspend or limit
earthwork operations during periods of extended adverse weather conditions, and
the Contractor shall have no basis for claiming such, as a reason for delays or extra
payments.
(19) It is expressly understood that the job site is located in an area that may be subject
to occasional periods of heavy/intense rainfall for short periods of time. The
Contractor shall schedule its earthwork taking account of potential intense
downpours.

4.6.3 Excavation in the Presence of Water

(1) The term indicates the excavations carried out below groundwater level. All
necessary provisions and equipment for dewatering shall be used so that pipe
laying or foundation casting is carried out in dry conditions.
(2) Description: This section specifies performance of dewatering required to lower and
control ground water Table levels and hydrostatic pressures to permit excavation,
backfill, and construction to be performed in the dry. Control of surface water
shall be considered as part of the work under this specification.
(3) Summary: The work to be completed by the Contractor includes, but is not
necessarily limited to the following:
(4) Implementation of the Erosion and Sedimentation Control Plan.
(5) Dewatering excavations, including seepage and precipitation.
(6) Requirements: The Contractor shall be responsible for providing all materials,
equipment, labour, and services necessary for care of water and erosion control.
Excavation work shall not begin before the Erosion and Sedimentation Control Plan
is in place.
(7) Dewatering system shall be of sufficient size and capacity necessary to lower and
maintain ground water to an elevation at least 300 mm below lowest foundation
sub grade or bottom of pipe trench and to allow material to be excavated in a
reasonably dry condition. Materials to be removed shall be sufficiently dry to
permit excavation to grades shown and to stabilize excavation slopes where

CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 69 CONSULTANT SIGN

 sheeting is not required. Operate dewatering system until backfill work has
been completed.
(8) The Contractor will reduce hydrostatic head below any excavation to the extent that
water level in the construction area is a minimum of 300 mm below prevailing
excavation surface.
(9) The Contractor shall prevent loss of fines, seepage, boils, quick conditions or
softening of foundation strata.
(10) The Contractor shall maintain stability of sides and bottom of excavation.
(11) Construction operations should be performed in the dry.
(12) Control of surface and subsurface water is part of dewatering requirements.
(13) The Contractor shall maintain adequate control so that:

• The stability of excavated and constructed slopes are not adversely affected by
saturated soil, including water entering prepared subbase and subgrades
where underlying materials are not free draining or are subject to swelling or
freeze-thaw action.
• Erosion is controlled.
• Flooding of excavations or damage to structures does not occur.
• Surface water drains away from excavations.
• Excavations are protected from becoming wet from surface water, or ensure
excavations are dry before additional work is undertaken.
(14) Installation: The Contractor shall install a dewatering system to lower and control
surface and ground water in order to permit excavation, construction of structure,
and placement of backfill materials to be performed under dry conditions. The
dewatering system shall be adequate to pre-drain the water-bearing strata above and
below the bottom of structure foundations, utilities and other excavations. In
addition, the Contractor shall reduce hydrostatic pressure head in water-bearing
strata below structure foundations, utility lines, and other excavations, to the extent
that water levels in construction area are at a minimum of 300 mm (1 foot) below
prevailing excavation surface at all times.
(15) Operation: Prior to any excavation below the ground water level, the Contractor shall
place the dewatering system into operation to lower the water table as required,
and operate it continuously 24 hours a day, 7 days a week until utilities and
structures have been satisfactorily constructed, which includes the placement of
backfill materials and dewatering is no longer required.
(16) The Contractor shall place an adequate weight of backfill material to prevent
buoyancy prior to discontinuing operation of the system.
(17) Water disposal: When disposing the water, the Contractor:
•Will not endanger portions of work under construction or completed.
•Will cause no inconvenience to the Government or others working near the site.
•Will be responsible for the application of the particular permit in the excavation
/ disposal of water, if required. It shall comply with all the stipulations on the
permit.
(18) Will Control Runoff: The Contractor shall be responsible for control of runoff in all
work areas including but not limited to: excavations, access roads, parking areas,
CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 70 CONSULTANT SIGN
 lay down, and staging areas. The Contractor shall provide, operate, and maintain
all ditches, basins, sumps, culverts, site grading, and pumping facilities to divert,
collect, and remove all water from the work areas. All water shall be removed
from the immediate work areas and shall be disposed of in accordance with
applicable permits.
(19) Excavation Dewatering: The Contractor shall be responsible for providing all
facilities required to divert, collect, control, and remove water from all construction
work areas and excavations.
(20) Drainage features shall have sufficient capacity to avoid flooding of work areas.
(21) Drainage features shall be so arranged and altered as required to avoid degradation
of the final excavated surface(s).
(22) The Contractor shall utilize all necessary erosion and sediment control measures
as described herein to avoid construction related degradation of the natural water
quality.
(23) Dewatering equipment shall be provided to remove and dispose of all surface and
ground water entering excavations, trenches, or other parts of the work during
construction. Each excavation shall be kept dry during subgrade preparation and
continually thereafter until the structure has been built, or the pipe has been
installed therein, is completed to the extent that no damage from hydrostatic
pressure, flotation, or other cause will result.
(24) Standby equipment: The Contractor shall provide complete standby equipment,
installed and available for immediate operation, as may be required to
adequately maintain de-watering on a continuous basis and in the event that all or
any part of the system may become inadequate or fail.
(25) Corrective action: If dewatering requirements are not satisfied due to inadequacy
or failure of the dewatering system (loosening of the foundation strata, or
instability of slopes, or damage to foundations or structures), the Contractor shall
perform work necessary for reinstatement of foundation soil and damaged
structure resulting from such inadequacy or failure by Contractor, at no additional
cost to the Employer.
(26) Damages: The Contractor shall immediately repair damages to adjacent facilities
caused by dewatering operations.
(27) Removal: The Contractor shall insure compliance with all conditions of regulating
permits and provide such information to the Engineer. Obtain written approval
from the Engineer before discontinuing operation of dewatering system.

4.6.4 Dealing with Surface Water and Groundwater

(1) The Contractor shall not allow water to lie in any part of the Work, unless required
to do so under the Contract; water arising from or draining into the work shall be
drained or pumped to an approved disposal point.
(2) Any drainage sumps required shall, where practicable, be sited outside of the area
excavated for the permanent Work, and shall be re-filled with concrete Class ‘B’
to the level of the underside of the adjacent permanent Work.
(3) The Contractor may install water ingress retaining structure, or may use sand
bagging or any appropriate measures acceptable and with the approval of the

CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 71 CONSULTANT SIGN

 Engineer to prevent or minimize the seepage of water into permanent structure
working areas.
(4) The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions in any de-watering process to
prevent any adjacent ground from being adversely affected by loss of fines, which
may cause settlements and damage to adjacent structures, utilities, roadways and
other properties.
(5) Any groundwater control system required shall be installed and maintained
continuously until such time backfilling has been completed.
(6) The Contractor shall obtain any necessary consent from the Employer to discharge.
(7) The Contractor shall prepare and submit a plan documenting the measures it will
take to control sediment runoff at the site at least forty-two (42) calendar days
before commencing any earthwork at the site.
(8) No earthwork will be allowed until the Engineer approves the Contractor’s
sedimentation/erosion control program.

4.6.5 Temporary Drains

(1) Where temporary drains are required, they shall be laid in a narrow trench or grip
formed below the bottom of the excavation in an approved position.
(2) The pipes shall be open-jointed and shall be surrounded with free-draining granular
material.
(3) Grouting pipes shall be inserted in the line of the temporary drains at intervals not
exceeding 25 m, and the drains shall be solidly filled with grout Class G3 or G4,
while the grout pipes will be cut off on completion.

4.6.6 Clearing and Grubbing

(1) Remove everything on or above the site surface, including rubbish, scrap, grass,
vegetable matter and organic debris, scrub, trees, timber, stumps, boulders and
rubble.
(2) Remove tree stumps and roots over 75 mm diameter to a minimum depth of 500
mm below subgrade under buildings, embankments or paving, or 300 mm below
finished surface in unpaved areas. Holes remaining after grubbing shall be
backfilled with sand material to prevent ponding of water. The material shall be
compacted to the relative density of the existing adjacent ground material.
(3) Old works: Remove old works, including slabs, foundations, pavings, drains and
manholes found on the surface unless identified on the drawings to remain intact.

4.6.7 Test Pits

(1) The Contractor shall excavate test pits, which shall be limited in size sufficient
enough to fulfil their purpose, for investigating soil conditions.
(2) In addition, the Contractor shall excavate in advance sufficient test pits to determine
the exact locations of, and to avoid damage to, existing underground structures and
utilities so that progress of excavation work will not be delayed.
(3) Test pits shall be conducted when needed or, when ordered by the Engineer.

CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 72 CONSULTANT SIGN

4.6.8 Trench Excavation
(1) Trenches in rock for pipes up to 100 mm nominal bore shall be excavated to provide
a minimum clearance of 100 mm around the outside of pipe barrels and joints.
(2) For pipes with nominal bores exceeding 100 mm, the minimum clearance shall be
increased to 150 mm for flexible pipeline and to 200 mm for rigid pipeline.
(3) Trenches for pipes carrying water under pressure shall, except where otherwise
800 mm to the top of the pipes.
(4) For trench excavation, maximum trench widths for pipes shall not exceed the
maximum allowable clearance all around the outside diameter of pipes and joints.
(5) Excavation shall not exceed the maximum width herewith specified without the
approval of the Engineer.
(6) The width and length of area to be excavated for the installation of valve chambers,
special or any other structures shall not exceed the maximum linear dimensions of
such structures by more than 300 mm on each side.
(7) The limit for depths of excavation for structures shall not be greater than 200 mm
underneath the bottom of structures for gravel or sand bedding.
(8) Payment lines shall rise vertically from the extremity of installed structures and
horizontally shall be the underside of installed structure.
(9) Trenches on major roads shall be fully backfilled at the end of each working day or
shall be covered by steel plate adequately secured and capable of supporting
vehicular traffic.

4.6.9 Headings
(1) When excavating headings, tunnels and shafts, the Contractor shall provide sufficient
spoil storage capacity, as much as possible within or near the area, to avoid the
need to remove the excavated material from the compound at peak traffic periods,
or where local enactment prohibits the carting away of spoil during defined time
periods.
(2) It shall be the responsibility of the Contractor, to decide the need for, and to
undertake with the approval by the Engineer, any ground investigation ahead of the
face of any tunnel, heading or shaft, additional to that described in the Contract.
(3) Excavation for headings and tunnels shall be adequately supported at all times.
(4) The faces of all headings and tunnels, other than in solid rock, shall be fully
boxed whenever excavation has been, or will be, stopped for a period exceeding 12
hours.
(5) All working shafts shall, unless otherwise permitted, be supplied with speaking tubes
or telephones in communication with the Work below ground.
(6) Such tubes or telephones shall be provided with coloured light signalling system.
(7) The Contractor shall comply with the requirements described in the Regulation
for Safety in Tunnelling and Standard Practice in Atmospheric Monitoring in the
Construction Industry.
(8) Where a shield, boring machine or other specialised equipment is used, the
Contractor shall follow the procedures recommended by the lining manufacturer
so as to prevent excessive loading being transmitted to the lining.

CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 73 CONSULTANT SIGN

4.6.10 Shoring
The Contractor shall provide all timbering, steel sheet piles, or other approved supports,
and shore the side of excavation, trenches, pits and wall, in such a manner as will be
sufficient to secure them from falling and prevent any movement. Shoring shall consist
of frames of vertical and walling pieces supported by struts. These shall hold the lagging
in position against the sides of the excavation. Lagging shall be further secured by wedges
driven firmly down between the frame and the lagging. Scantling shall vary according to
the foundation and their sizes shall be fixed by the Employer. Struts and frame shall be
secured together by iron dogs and bolts, where necessary. In the case of deep foundation,
additional vertical uprights shall be attached to the walling by iron dogs.

When the sides of excavations show signs of caving in, the first frame, and the first set of
short-lagging shall be put in. The lagging shall be long enough to stand about 1 meter out
of the ground. Wedge shall be driven in and excavation proceeded with as excavation
proceeds, two men on the top, and two men below shall drive down each lagging
separately after drawing the wedges. When each lagging has been driven down as far as
it can go the wedge shall be replaced and the next lagging driven down in the same way.
If the soil is dug away from under each lagging, the latter shall drop down in most cases
without the aid of mallet. Lagging shall be kept plumb and touching each other, otherwise
it would be difficult to get the next frame in. When excavation has reached the full length
of lagging, they shall be drawn out carefully one by one, and the longer ones shall be put
in or a fresh row driven inside the others. Excavation may then go down to the depth
required, the frames being put in at least every 4.92 feet vertically. When concrete or
masonry work is in progress, the process shall be reversed. The lagging shall be prized
up one by one and the frames withdrawn as masonry is raised up.

Any cheap wood, cut in 15 cm or 17.5 cm planks, 3.8 cm to 5 cm thick, shall be used for
lagging. The frame shall, however, be of sound wood that does not warp.

4.6.11 Excavation in Carriageways/Roadways

(1) Before commencing excavation for trenches and manholes in the carriageway, a
vertical saw cut shall be made through the carriageway construction at each side
of the excavation, using a disc saw or similar approved equipment.
(2) The use of trench boxes will not be permitted for excavation in the carriageway.
(3) The maximum length of trench open at any one time shall not exceed 100 meters,
and shall be subject to the requirements of the Police and the relevant local
government undertaking, and traffic conditions.
(4) Excavation of carriageways shall be whenever possible be located such that the
edge of the opening is at least 1 meter from the edge of the carriageway.

4.6.12 Miscellaneous
(1) The Contractor shall take all practicable measures to reduce the vibration
inducing settlement resulting from any sheet piling operation.
(2) Natural material surplus to requirements for backfilling shall only be deposited on
site as approved by the Engineer.
(3) Excavated artificial material shall be disposed of by the Contractor.
CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 74 CONSULTANT SIGN
 (4) When stockpiled, excavated material shall be stored in areas remote from
watercourses.

4.6.13 Turf for Relaying

(1) Turf to be relaid shall measure approximately 1 m by 300 mm, when cut and shall
be of uniform thickness not less than 40 mm.
(2) Turf shall be green when cut; they shall be kept moist and shall be laid within
one week after cutting.
(3) The level of topsoil beneath turf shall be such that the final grass surface after
compaction shall be flush with adjoining grass surface.

4.6.14 Topsoil for Re-Use

(1) Topsoil shall mean the top layer of soil that can support vegetation.
(2) It shall include all turf not required for relaying or not acceptable for turfing.
(3) Topsoil shall be removed from the areas prescribed in the Contract and, when
required for reuse, shall be stockpiled separately and kept free from weeds.

4.7 BACKFILLING

4.7.1 Excavated Material

1. If cutting and filling are, being done simultaneously all suitable materials
obtained from excavation shall be used in filling. Wherever practicable, ail
materials shall be placed in the designated final location direct from excavation,
except that the backfill material, when so directed by the Employer, shall be
placed in temporary stockpiles and later placed in the designated locations. As
far as practicable and as determined by the Employer, all materials designated
for use in compacted embankment shall have the proper water content either by
sprinkling or other suitable means before and during excavation or after placing.
2. All fill or refill around structures i.e. within the slope and limits of the established
line for excavation for the structures and below the natural surface level, shall be
placed as backfill or compacted backfill, and all fill or refill about structure i.e.
above the natural surface level shall be placed as embankments or compacted
embankment except as otherwise specifically shown on the Drawings or
provided in these Specifications.
3. If sufficient suitable material is not available from the required excavations to
construct the embankment, diversion, backfill and other earthwork construction
shown on the approved drawings or directed in writing by the Employer, suitable
materials shall be excavated from pits located in specified areas.
4. Excavated materials containing stumps, roots, vegetable matter and other
objectionable material that are otherwise unsuitable or not required for backfill,
compacted backfill, road ways or in any other permanent construction required
under these Specifications, shall be placed in designated spoil banks, adjacent to
the road. All spoil banks shall be leveled and sloped to drain and trimmed to
reasonably regular lines as shown on the approved drawings or as directed by the
Employer.

CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 75 CONSULTANT SIGN

 5. Materials of any kind such as shingle or hard good quality stone, obtained from
excavation, as also any find made on the site as antique, relics, coins, fossils, etc.,
shall remain the property of the government. The rate includes the separation, of
the fore mentioned materials and finds from each other and their depositing, as
directed by the Employer.
6. Contractor shall adhere to protocols approved by the Employer for the safe
handling and disposal of legacy waste. These shall be based on a comprehensive
site assessment, risk evaluation, and engagement with local communities that
may be affected by the removal of the legacy waste. The Contractor shall
implement approved remediation technologies, containment measures, and
transportation protocols to minimize environmental and health risks. The
Contractor shall provide detailed documentation and reports. The Contractor
shall adhere to regulatory requirements and ensure the proper disposal of
excavated waste to an authorized facility(ies) or designated locations as per the
direction of the Employer.

4.7.2 Backfilling - General

(1) Backfilling shall, whenever practicable, be undertaken immediately after the
specified operations preceding it have been completed.
(2) Backfilling shall not, however, be commenced until the work to be covered have
achieved strength sufficient to withstand all loading imposed thereon.
(3) Backfilling around Permanent Work shall be undertaken in such a manner as
to avoid uneven loading or damage.
(4) Filling material to excavations not situated in highways or prospective highways
shall be of the same excavated material available on site, which is suitable for
backfilling and shall be deposited in layers not exceeding 250 mm unconsolidated
thickness and compacted to form a stable backfill.
(5) Where the excavations have been supported and the supports are to be removed,
these, where practicable, shall be withdrawn progressively as backfilling proceeds
in such a manner as to minimize the danger of collapse, and voids formed behind
the support shall be carefully filled and compacted.
(6) All backfilling material shall be inert and non-toxic.
(7) The Contractor shall, in accordance with the requirements of appropriate affected
bodies, carry out reinstatement around all structures or apparatus encountered and
affected during the Work.
(8) Existing surrounds shall be reinstated over the full width of the excavation. Particular
attention shall be given to the replacement or provision of any protective slabs or
identification tapes.
(9) No trench greater than 5 m in length shall remain open at the end of the working
day. The section of the trench greater than 5m in length shall be fully backfilled
before the end of each working day. The remaining open trench shall be securely
fenced/barricaded.
(10) Backfilling of water retaining structures shall not commence until they have
passed their water tightness test.
(11) Over excavation shall be backfilled with material specified in the Contract or
approved by the Engineer.
CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 76 CONSULTANT SIGN
4.7.3 Filling Around Foundations, Footings and Pipes
After the foundation structural works within excavations have been inspected and approved
by the Employer excavations will be refilled with selected material, taken from excavation, if
so authorized by the Employer, well rammed and compacted by rammer in layers not
exceeding 15 cm thick, including watering, if directed. Material shall be placed with care
around pipes to avoid damage. When the superstructure of a building is higher than the plinth
level, the plinth area shall be filled in with excavated material if approved by the Employer
22.5 cm layers well rammed, or with any other selected material as may be specified, for which
extra payment shall be made.

The Contractor shall be responsible for making good all settlement of filling and damage
occurring thereby up to the end of the period of maintenance. No extra payment shall be made
for this work.

4.7.4 Backfilling Above Ground

(1) Embankment and other areas of fill shall be formed of suitable materials capable
of normal compaction to form a stable fill, deposited and compacted as soon as
practicable after excavation, in layers of thickness appropriate to the compaction
plant used.
(2) Prior to placing embankment, topsoil shall be stripped and the base surface
scarified to 300 mm depth.
(3) All grass and roots shall be removed.
(4) After scarification, the base shall be compacted by rolling and fill placed with
maximum lifts of 300 mm.
(5) Compaction of the base and embankment fill shall not be less than 90 % of the
maximum density，as determined in accordance with ASTM D698, Method D.
(6) Moisture content shall be as uniform as possible and suitable for the compaction
required.
(7) The filling shall, where practicable, be built up and compacted evenly, and shall be
maintained at all times with a sufficient camber or cross fall and a surface
sufficiently even to enable surface water to drain readily from it.

4.7.5 Embankments
1. Embankments shall be constructed according to the approved profiles. Earth shall
be taken from an approved source, pits, or spoils, and shall be free from roots, grass,
shrubs, or other organic matter liable to decay.
2. Embankments shall be built in horizontal layers approximately 5 cm thick.
3. These layers shall extend to the full width to the required side slopes and shall not
be widened with loose material dumped from the top.
4. All clods and lumps of earth shall be broken up in the pits to a diameter of not more
than 5 cm. Any clods or lumps thrown on to the bank shall be broken up and spread
before compaction begins.
5. The top of the bank and the slopes shall be carefully dressed according to the
approved profiles. No hollows or humps shall be allowed in the slopes.

CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 77 CONSULTANT SIGN

4.7.6 Compaction of Embankments
Embankments and backfill designated on the drawings as compacted shall be compacted to
the lines, grades and slopes shown on the approved Drawings or as directed by the Employer
in writing.

The Contractor's operation in the excavation of material designated for use in compacted
embankments or compacted backfill shall be carried in a way that results in an acceptable
gradation of the materials, when placed.

The compacted embankments shall be constructed of the finest and most suitable material for
impermeability and stability.

The material in each layer before and during the time it is being placed shall have an
appropriate moisture content (typically in the range Optimum Moisture Content + 2% to +
4%) or as otherwise determined by the Contractor based upon laboratory testing and accepted
by the Employer.

The material shall be brought to the proper moisture content at the site of excavation in so far
as it is practicable, but such moisture shall be supplemented by sprinkling water at the site of
compaction. If the moisture content is greater than the specified maximum moisture content,
the compaction work shall be delayed until the material has dried and the moisture content, as
proved by testing, lies be within the desired range.

The material to be compacted shall be deposited in horizontal layers 15 cm)thick as

compacted. Its distribution shall be to ensure that the compacted material is homogeneous and
free from pockets, lenses, streaks or other imperfections.

When the material has been conditioned and placed as specified, it shall be compacted by
ramming or by suitable equipment of proper weight and size duly approved for use by the
Employer.

For those portions of embankments or backfill which are adjacent to structures, including
concrete pipes, where it is not possible to obtain adequate compaction with rolling equipment,
the embankment or backfill shall be compacted with mechanical tampers or rammers of proper
weight and size so as to obtain the same degree of compaction as the adjacent compacted
embankment or backfill.

The Contractor shall be responsible for any damage to the structure caused by his operation in
placing or compacting embankment or backfill material. Adjoining structure and all damages
shall be repaired at the Contractor’s expense.
In placing and compacting back fill or embankment adjoining concrete pipes sufficient
material shall be carefully placed on both sides of the pipe and tamped about the pipe so that
the pipe is held firmly to the established line and grade. Further material shall then be placed
and compacted in layers as herein specified equally on both sides of the pipes to prevent
displacement of the pipe during the placement and compaction of the adjoining material.

CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 78 CONSULTANT SIGN

 The material in compacted embankments and compacted backfill shall be compacted until the
in-situ density of the compacted material is not less than 95% of the Maximum Dry Density,
as determined by suitable field or laboratory tests.

The Contractor shall afford all possible help to the Employer in obtaining representative
samples for testing. Incidental cost of this operation shall be borne by the Contractor; the rate
for compaction is deemed to be inclusive of this requirement.

If any part of the work is being inefficiently or inadequately compacted then the placement of
fill shall be stopped until the compaction is done to the satisfaction of the Employer. If the
Contractor fails to carry out specified compaction, the Employer may either add labor at the
Contractor's expense or take over the whole or part of compaction and cause such work to be
undertaken by a third party. In such cases, the expenditure incurred on behalf of the Employer
shall be deducted from the Contractor's bill.

Wherever the soil survey on the distribution of soils and groundwater conditions indicates the
need for the stabilization of the bed, cutting side slope and fills by artificial means, i.e. injection
under pressure of cement, sand, slurries or bitumen, it shall be carried out under the direction
of the Employer. If the fill material requires stabilization, it shall also be carried out according
to the direction of the Employer.

4.8 KEY TRENCH AND SAND CORE

The key trench shall be excavated true to alignment and section specified. Its bed shall be
taken correct to the level shown on the approved drawings or as directed by the Employer. In
addition, extra excavation shall be filled in with pure sand of the same quality as in the core.
The extra filling shall be done by the Contractor at his own expense, if the Contractor is
responsible for this extra excavation.

Shoring and strutting necessary for the excavation of the trench to the specified dimensions
shall be provided as per specifications by the Contractor at his own expense. In the event of
slips during excavation, the trench or the front slope of the main embankment shall be remade
to the correct slopes and bed levels and all loose and friable material removed from the bed by
the Contractor before filling is recommenced. No claim for remaking the slopes, removing the
loose and friable material, or extra filling the side or slope or bed shall be entertained. The
excavated material shall be temporarily stacked in stockpiles and finally deposited as directed
by the Employer.

No portion of the trench, however small, shall be filled in, unless approved by the Employer.
The key trench shall be measured and distinctive marks should be removed. Such removal
shall be inspected by the Employer or his authorized representative before filling is
commenced.

The sand to be filled in the core shall be obtained from an approved source. The sand shall be
also approved on the site by the Employer or his authorized representative before filling is
commenced. In the event of unauthorized filling prior to the approval of the bed of the trench,

CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 79 CONSULTANT SIGN

 the Contractor shall forthwith remove the filling to the correct bed level at the Contractor’s
own expense when so directed by the Employer.

Sand shall be filled in 15 cm layers up to specified depth and properly compacted. Filling
beyond sand core depth with earth shall not be commenced before the top levels have been
checked and approved by the Employer or his authorized representative. If the bank is to have
a sand core, the sand filling, unless otherwise specified or directed by the Employer, shall be
laid side by side with the layer of the embankments up to the height specified.

4.9 REINSTATEMENT OF MAINTAINABLE HIGHWAYS

4.9.1 Reinstatement of Carriageways, Footways, Footpaths, Cycle Tracks and Verges

(1) Reinstatement of streets which are maintainable highways shall be undertaken in
accordance with the relevant provisions of the AASHTO.
(2) Pavement shall be restored to its original design strength and thickness or better,
including the damage caused by the Contractor outside of the trench width, at his
expense.
(3) Concrete pavement shall be restored using a five-day concrete curing period for
major roads， and a seven-day concrete curing period for other national roads, in
both cases attaining the flexural strength of 3.80 MPa and compressive strength of
24 Mpa.
(4) Epoxy shall be used in concrete pavement less than five years old, as well as on
roads subject to constant heavy loading to bond the existing and the restored
pavement. The epoxy shall have a specified tensile strength 55 to 62 MPa and
compressive strength of 90 to 103 MPa.

4.9.2 Reinstatement of Curbs, Channels, Edging and Quadrants

(1) Curbs, channels, edging and quadrants disturbed by the work shall be relaid with
existing units, providing they are not damaged.
(2) Where existing units are not suitable for re-use, the Contractor shall provide
replacement units of similar texture, colour and type, consistent with those
adjacent.
(3) The relaying of curbs, channels, edging quadrants etc. shall be in accordance with
AASHTO.
(4) In-situ curbs and channels shall be reinstated to conform to adjoining curbs and
channels.

4.9.3 Reinstatement of Manholes and Surface Boxes

(1) The frames of all manholes and surface boxes shall be reinstated by bedding and
haunching in Class ‘A’ mortar unless, in the case of surface boxes, they are to seat
in the recess of an appropriate precast concrete section.
(2) Frame tops shall be flush with the adjoining surface on all sides.
(3) Specified requirements for reinstatement are included in the Contract Specific
Specification, which shall be read in conjunction with AASHTO Specifications.
Reinstatement shall be appropriate to the actual existing highway construction.

CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 80 CONSULTANT SIGN

 (4) To this end the Contractor shall in conjunction with the Engineer record the
highway construction encountered during excavation.
(5) The Contractor shall carry out the final reinstatement of all public highways affected
by the Contract within six months of completion of any interim reinstatement.
(6) The Contractor shall allow the Employer to carry out inspections of trenches,
backfilling operations, interim and final reinstatement.
(7) Trench reinstatement shall be carried in stages so that the length of trench not
having full interim reinstatement at any one time shall not exceed 50 meters.
(8) Traffic shall not be permitted to run on trenches not having full reinstatement.
(9) Damage to carriageway surface or curb lines caused by the activities of the
Contractor or by subsequent ground movement shall be reinstated to the full depth
of the carriageway construction.
(10) Where the Engineer agrees that the damage is superficial, or where the stated
trench width is within 500 mm of the curb face, only the wearing course need to
be removed and replaced.

4.10 REINSTATEMENT OF UNPAVED LANDS

(1) On completion of work in unpaved land, the Contractor shall break up the
surface of all land affected, to a depth of at least 300 mm before replacing top
soil, and shall cultivate and restore the land as closely as possible to its original
condition.
(2) Surfaces to be shown with grass seed shall be reduced to a fine tilt and cleared of
stones and extraneous material greater than 50 mm in size.
(3) The seed shall be sown at the proper seasons, evenly distributed and applied at a
rate of not less than the quantities given in the following Table:

Quantities of seeded area

Nature of area to be Level Surfaces Sloping Surfaces (Slope
seeded (Slope < 1:6) g/m² (1:6) to cuttings and
embankment g/m²
Lawns 40 40
Surround t o t a n k s a n d 25 35
Process plants
Playing Fields and Gardens 20 20

Agricultural Land 15 15
Roadside Verges 6 10

(4) Surfaces to be turfed shall be prepared as for seeding.

(5) The approved turves shall be placed, butted, interlocked and tamped and the joints
filled with fine sandy oil.
(6) On sloping ground where they may be likely slip, turve shall be laid diagonally.

CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 81 CONSULTANT SIGN

 (7) Any subsidence taking place shall be made good by taking up the turf, filling with
good finely sieved topsoil and replacing the turf in the manner specified above.
Any turf that dies shall be replaced with new turf.
(8) The Contractor shall re-seed or re-turf reinstated areas as necessary until a good
sward is obtained.
(9) The Contractor shall keep reinstated grass areas weed-free and maintained them at
25-40 mm growth for the duration of the Contract.

4.11 LAND DRAINS

(1) The position of all land drains intercepted or disturbed shall be prominently marked
at every point of intersection with the work.
(2) The Contractor shall record these positions, depths, pipe diameters and the types of
construction, and a copy of these records shall be given to the Engineer. Care shall
be taken during the progress of the Work to prevent the disturbance of markers.
(3) Prior to the permanent reinstatement of land drainage, the Contractor shall clear the
ends of existing drains, where intercepted by excavations, and shall afford facilities
to the Engineer and the landowner or occupier to inspect them and determine the
extent of replacement that may be necessary.
(4) The backfill of intercepting excavations shall be compacted in 200 mm layers, to
give a firm bearing immediately before replacement pipes are laid and shall be
brought up to the level of the underside of the land drains or of any support to be
provided.
(5) The affected land drains shall be cut back into firm ground until, in each case, a
section is exposed which is unaffected by the Work.
(6) Replacement pipes or support beams shall bear on undisturbed ground for at least
500 mm at each end.
(7) The replacement pipes shall be of the same internal diameter as the section of drain
which they replace and shall be properly connected at each end.
(8) Records shall be kept of all drainage system reinstatement work carried out, and a
copy shall be given to the Engineer.

4.12 TREATMENT OF EXISTING LAND DRAINS

(1) Where existing land drains are crossed by a pipeline they shall be reinstated as
follows:
(2) A timber batten, having a cross-section not less than 150 mm x 80 mm, impregnated
with approved timber preservative, shall be fixed across the trench in the line of the
field drain.
(3) The batten should be at least 1 meter longer than the drain to be supported, and shall
be set so that the field drain can be laid upon it to the correct line and level.
(4) Clayware tiles, or pipes similar to those in the existing drains, shall be laid upon the
batten and held in place with timber fillets on either side of the field drain.
(5) Where interceptor land drains are required, they shall be connected into existing
land drains or discharged into a watercourse at such a point as agreed by the
Engineer, the owner, tenant or occupier of the hand.
(6) ‘Trenchless’ methods of laying shall not be used.

CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 82 CONSULTANT SIGN

 (7) The drains shall be installed using 10 mm single sized granular fill material to the
underside of the topsoil.
(8) Existing drains shall be connected to interceptor drains by purpose-made junctions.
(9) The Contractor shall ensure that the intercepted drains are clear at the point of
connection.

4.13 BLASTING
(1) Explosives shall be transported, stored and handled in accordance with security
measures established by the Sindh Police and Law.
(2) The names and designations of all personnel who will handle explosives or
work in areas where explosives are used, shall be provided to the Sindh Police
and these personnel shall be instructed to abide by security measures imposed by
the Sindh Police.
(3) For each blast, the Contractor shall report to the Engineer the amounts of explosives
used for each day and the time of blast.
(4) The Contractor shall keep explosives on the site only in such quantity as may be
needed for the work under way for that day, and only during such times as they are
being used. Storage of explosives on site during non-working hours is not permitted.
(5) The Contractor shall notify the Engineer in advance of its intention to temporarily
store and use explosives.
(6) Explosives shall be temporarily stored in a secure manner and separate from
all tools. No explosives shall be stored within five hundred (500) meters of the
Site.
(7) Caps or detonators shall be safely stored at a point over 30 meters distance from the
explosives.
(8) When the need for the explosives has ended and definitely at the end of each normal
workday, all such material remaining on the work shall be promptly removed from
the premises.
(9) In addition to observing all Municipal ordinances and Provincial and National laws
relating to the transportation, storage, handling, and use of explosives, the
Contractor shall employ an experienced blaster licensed by the Sindh Police.
(10) Operations involving explosives shall be conducted to avoid injury to persons and
property.
(11) Blasting shall be done only with such quantities and strengths of explosives and in
such a manner that will break the rock approximately at the intended lines and
grades with the unexcavated rock left in an unshattered condition.
(12) Care shall be taken to avoid excessive cracking of the rock upon or against which
any pipe or structure is to be built, and to prevent damage to existing pipes, or other
structures and property above or below ground.
(13) To prevent damage due to flying rock, it shall be well covered with logs or mats,
and sufficient warning given to all persons in the vicinity of the work, before a
charge is exploded.
(14) The mats shall be of woven wire or rubber ties, sandbagged, and designed to
contain all rock fragments.
(15) Before any portion of a structure is placed or any pipe is laid in rock excavation, all
blasting shall be completed within a minimum distance of 15 meters.
CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 83 CONSULTANT SIGN
 (16) All loose rock from blasting operations shall be removed, and projections levelled
off by methods other than blasting.
(17) The Contractor is expected to declare its intent to blast at the time of its bid.
(18) If this has not been done, then the Engineer may refuse to allow the Contractor to
blast.

4.14 CLOSURE AND DEMOLITION OF REDUNDANT ASSETS

(1) Demolition of tanks and structures shall be as described in the Bid Documents and
all demolished structures shall be reduced to 0.50 m (1.50 m in highways)
below finished ground level, unless otherwise stated in the Drawings.
(2) Tanks, manholes, basements and other chambers shall have all organic material
removed, and drain holes made in the base equivalent to 1 m2 for each 10 m2 of
area.
(3) They shall then be filled using non-selected filling materials.
(4) Where redundant pipework is to be abandoned or decommissioned, the pipe open
ends shall be plugged with Class ‘A’ concrete to a depth twice the pipe diameter.
(5) Redundant items which are to be left on site are listed in the Contract Specific
Specification or Drawings.
(6) All other surplus materials shall be removed from site by the Contractor.

4.15 FILLING OPERATIONS

Filling operations shall be detailed, and importing of materials onto site shall be carried
out in accordance with the Contract.

4.16 DISPOSAL OPERATIONS

The disposal of any materials arising from construction activities, including process
waste from commissioning, shall be the responsibility of the Contractor.

4.17 FIELD DENSITY TEST

(1) Backfill on roads subject to traffic load shall be tested by the Engineer for the
required compaction, using the test procedures specified in ASTM D 1556, and
with transportation and other facilities to be provided by the Contractor.
(2) The reference maximum soil density shall be as determined by using the Standard
Proctor Compaction Test, ASTM D 698.
(3) Tests for backfill shall be mandatory, while test for pipe zone backfill may be
waived for sand or gravel fill.
(4) Test frequency shall be for every 150 linear meters of backfill and for all layers.
(5) The above test requirement shall not be required for alleys and interior roads not
subject to traffic loads, but this will not relieve the Contractor for its responsibility
in compacting the backfill satisfactorily.

4.18 SHEETING AND BRACING

(1) Prior to installation, the Contractor shall submit Shop Drawings showing the type
of sheeting and bracing to be used and its intended method of placing and
maintaining it as required to support and protect the sides of excavations.

CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 84 CONSULTANT SIGN

 (2) Care shall be taken to prevent voids outside of the sheeting, but if voids are
formed, they shall be immediately filled and rammed.
(3) All sheeting and bracing not left in place shall be carefully removed without
endangering the new installations, the existing utilities, or adjoining property.
(4) All voids caused by withdrawal of sheeting shall be immediately refilled with sand
and compacted by ramming with suitable tools, by watering, or any other method
acceptable to the Engineer.
(5) The right of the Engineer to order sheeting and bracing left in place shall not be
construed as creating any obligation on its part to issue such order, and its failure
to exercise its right to do so shall not relieve the Contractor from liability for
damages to persons or otherwise, growing out of a failure on the part of the
Contractor to leave in place sufficient sheeting and bracing to prevent any caving-
in or moving off the ground.

4.19 STRUCTURAL FILL

(1) The placement of selected, approved fill material in compacted lifts to support
structural foundations by transmitting the applied load to undisturbed natural soil of
suitable bearing capacity.
(2) The zone of influence of a structure is defined as starting at a distance of one (1)
meter outside a footing end, and sloping outward and downward at a 1:1 slope to
undisturbed material.
(3) Structural fill shall be furnished where existing materials encountered at bearing
elevations are found to be unsuitable as determined by the Engineer and the
Contractor is directed to replace them.
(4) Structural fill shall be well-graded and non-plastic material.
(5) Before any structural fill is placed over the existing ground surface, the ground
shall be cleared and grubbed and the topsoil shall be stripped.
(6) Structural fill particles shall be sound and not more than five percent (5 %) shall
pass the No. 200 sieve, nor more than fifty percent (50 %) the No. 40 sieve.
(7) The material shall be free from organic matter, clay lumps, or other deleterious
materials. The maximum particle size shall not exceed seventy-five percent (75 %)
of the lift thickness.
(8) A sieve analysis of the proposed structural fill material shall be submitted for
review and approval by the Engineer at least 28 days before the first use of the
material.
(9) In addition, samples of structural fill shall be submitted to the Engineer for sieve
analysis for each 2500 m³ of structural fill placed, or whenever the source or
quality of fill material is varied.
(10) The Engineer may reject structural fill material at any time.
(11) The Contractor will not be responsible for the cost of routine materials testing,
except for the initial tests required above and any retesting requested on rejected
material which shall be paid for by the Contractor.
(12) Structural fill layers shall be placed in lifts of 200 mm in depth after compaction.
Fill material shall be approved by the Engineer, and hauled to the fill and tipped
directly on the fill lift being placed.
(13) Material shall be spread on each layer by graders or dozers.
CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 85 CONSULTANT SIGN
 (14) The Engineer may select the locations where individual loads are to be dumped.
(15) Each lift shall be brought to near optimum moisture content prior to compaction.
No compaction of completely dry materials shall be permitted.
(16) Each lift shall be compacted to ninety-five percent (95 %) of Modified Proctor
optimum density using pneumatic tire rollers or smooth drum vibratory rollers of
capacities approved in advance by the Engineer.
(17) Should any test reveal inadequate compaction of a structural fill layer, then the
entire layer shall receive at least one additional complete pass of the roller.
(18) A complete pass shall include a single coverage of the entire layer including twenty
percent (20%) overlap of drum width.
(19) If after a reasonable amount of re-compaction is completed as determined by the
Engineer, and satisfactory results have not been obtained, then the Contractor shall
remove the lift and replace it with satisfactory material.
(20) Care shall be taken to avoid contamination of structural fill with other materials.
(21) The Contractor shall be required to replace any such contaminated structural fill
layers at its own expense.
(22) The minimum number of passes per lift is two (2), after which the Engineer may
conduct whatever test work it deems necessary to determine the degree of
compaction obtained.
(23) Additional passes of the roller shall be required until adequate results are obtained.
Retesting of compaction shall be at the Contractor’s own expense.
(24) In areas inaccessible to large rollers, hand-held vibratory tampers may be used to
obtain adequate compaction as defined above, but use of hand-held equipment
must be approved in advance by the Engineer.
(25) Structural fill shall be brought up to the required grade in lifts of equal compacted
depth. Each lift shall meet the requirements of this Section of the Specification.

4.20 LINES AND GRADES

(1) Requirements: All excavation and engineered fills shall be constructed to the lines,
grades and dimensions shown on the Drawings, or as directed by the Engineer.
(2) Modifications: The Engineer may modify lines, grades or dimensions at any time
prior to or during construction, and the Contractor shall not be entitled to any
adjustment in its Unit Prices or to any extra cost as a result of such changes other
than those cost changes derived from modified quantities.
(3) Construction Surveys: The Contractor shall be responsible for properly setting out all
the structures and slopes. All extra work and over-excavation caused by the
Contractor’s negligence in setting out shall be at its expense, and shall be corrected
immediately upon the request of the Engineer.
(4) Over Excavation: The Contractor shall use care, and the most appropriate methods
of excavation, to avoid carrying excavation beyond the lines and grades shown
on the Drawings, or loosening of material or the breaking of rock outside of the
excavation limits. If for any reason, excavation or disturbance is carried beyond
the lines and grades shown on the Drawings, the Contractor shall, at its own
expense, remove the excess material and take the necessary measure to restore the
required lines and grades with either approved fill material or concrete, as directed
by the Engineer. Should the Contractor wish to excavate beyond the limits given in
CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 86 CONSULTANT SIGN
 the Drawings, it may only do so after obtaining prior permission from the Engineer.
Such excavation and any backfilling with approved materials shall be at the
Contractor’s own expense. This requirement excludes additional excavation
specially ordered by the Engineer.

4.21 SLOPES, SLIDES AND GEOLOGICAL OVER BREAKS

(1) Modification of Design Slopes where needed: If geological conditions during the
performance of the work do not permit excavation of slopes as shown on the
Drawings, the Engineer will modify the Design slopes. Additional work resulting
from such changes shall be measured and paid for according to the corresponding
Unit Prices. No later claims for additional payment will be considered if the
Contractor has changed the slopes without the approval of the Engineer.
(2) Slides, Rock Falls or Over break Due to Improper Methods: If slides, rock falls or
over break occur resulting ineffective excavated surfaces beyond the excavation
lines shown on the Drawings which, in the opinion of the Engineer, are due to
improper working method or negligence by the Contractor, the Contractor shall
remove the resulting material and place approved backfill material in the over
excavated voids at its own expense.
(3) Slides, Rock Falls or Over break Due to Adverse Geological Conditions: If slides,
rock falls or over break occur as a result of geologically adverse conditions not
reasonably foreseeable by the Contractor despite the use of proper and careful
excavation methods, the cost of removing the material and placing approved backfill
material shall be paid for under the Contract at applicable Unit Prices.

4.22 STOCKPILING OF MATERIALS

(1) The Contractor shall prepare and submit a program for stockpiling of both on-site
and imported materials on the site or at other locations.
(2) The program shall identify those on-site areas required for stockpiling materials, and
the Engineer will endeavour to make such locations available to the Contractor at
no additional cost, except that the Contractor shall bear the cost of constructing all
necessary temporary facilities such as access roads, drainage ditches, etc.
(3) The Engineer assumes no liability whatsoever if adequate on-site locations are not
available, and it must review and accept the Contractor’s stockpiling program.

4.23 MATERIAL FOR PIPE BEDDING AND TRENCH FILLING

(1) Material to be used for pipe bedding and trench backfill (divided into Classes I, II
and III) shall be free from vegetable and perishable matter and shall be obtained
from sources approved by the Engineer.
(2) They shall comply with the following particular requirements:
(3) Class I Trench Fill shall be free-draining, rounded, granular material consisting
of natural gravel or similar material. For pipes up to and including 300 mm, the
nominal size shall be 10 mm; for pipes exceeding 300 mm but not exceeding 900
mm diameter, the nominal size shall be 14 mm; above 900 mm diameter, the
nominal size shall be 20 mm. The overall grading shall be such that the material
shall have a Compaction Fraction of 0.10 or less.

CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 87 CONSULTANT SIGN

 (4) Class II Trench Fill shall consist of approved granular material obtained from
excavations or borrow pits and shall exclude stones larger than 25 mm in size. The
material shall be capable of being compacted to a stable mass and shall achieve a
laboratory CBR of 20 % after 96 hours soaking, when compacted to 95 % of the
laboratory maximum dry density tested in accordance with ASTM.
(5) Class III Trench Fill shall consist of approved granular material obtained from
excavations or borrow pits, shall be capable of being compacted to a stable mass and
shall achieve a laboratory CBR of 20% after 96 hours soaking when compacted to
95% of the laboratory maximum dry density.
(6) Where separate bedding material is required for pressure pipes up to and
including 300mm diameter, it shall consist of Class I Trench Fill.

4.24 BEDDING FOR PIPES

(1) Unless directed otherwise by the Engineer, should any trench invert be over-dug, it
shall be made good with the class of material specified for the layer immediately
overlaying it.
(2) If any bedding material is damaged by water, sewage, collapse of trench sides or in
another way, it shall be removed from the trench and replaced with new material
before any pipes are laid or re-laid.
(3) The required bedding and surround for rigid pipes shall conform to one of the
following three categories:
(4) Class B bedding shall comprise a Class I Trench Fill bed at the base of the pipe
with a Class II Trench Fill surround to the sides and the crown.
(5) Class G bedding shall comprise a full Class I Trench Fill surround to the pipe.
(6) The minimum thickness of fill material shall be 150 mm.
(7) Class Z bedding shall comprise a full mass concrete bed and surround.
(8) The category of bedding used in the Works shall be as noted on the Drawings or
instructed by the Engineer.
(9) Where Class Z bedding is required, the backfill shall not be commenced until at
least twenty-four hours after the placing of the concrete has been completed. Heavy
rammers shall not be used nor shall traffic loads be imposed until at least seventy-
two hours after concreting, or as directed by the Engineer.
(10) Where Class B or Class G bedding is required, the bedding material shall be
hollowed out to receive the sockets and allow proper jointing and wrapping. The
bedding shall be completed to the required level and compacted such that the pipes
are evenly supported over their entire lengths.
(11) Bedding for pipes shall be constructed by spreading and compacting material over
the full width of the trench.

4.25 BACKFILLING OVER PIPES

(1) During placing or compaction of backfill, the Contractor shall take all precautions
necessary to prevent movement or flotation of pipes.
(2) The side fill shall be placed and compacted as soon as possible after pipe-laying
and testing, or as soon as it is safe to do so without damaging concrete beddings or
surrounds.

CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 88 CONSULTANT SIGN

 (3) Timbering or sheeting shall be withdrawn progressively as filling proceeds where
practicable to ensure that no voids are left in the filling.
(4) Initial backfill shall be placed over the pipe as soon as possible to provide a
protective layer of material, hand-compacted to a level 300 mm above the crown of
the pipe. Remaining backfill shall then be placed and thoroughly compacted in
layers not exceeding 200 mm thick.
(5) Material shall not be dropped from an excessive height. When required water may
be added to assist compaction.
(6) Power operated rammers or other mechanical compaction equipment shall not be
used within 300 mm of the top of the pipe.
(7) Heavy mechanical equipment shall not be allowed to cross any pipeline until the
trench has been completely backfilled and compacted.

4.26 STANDARDS OF COMPACTION

(1) The standards of compaction of trench fill materials shall be as follows:
• Well-compacted: The material shall be compacted by mechanical means in
layers not exceeding 200 mm compacted thickness. The density obtained in each
layer shall not be less than 95 % of the maximum dry density determined using
ASTM standardised tests or as directed by the Engineer. Tests shall be carried
out as instructed by the Engineer, up to a maximum of two tests per layer per
100 metres of trench.
• Hand-compacted: The material shall be thoroughly compacted by hand in layers
not exceeding 100 mm compacted thickness, using an iron rammer weighing not
less than 4.5 kg. The density obtained in each layer shall not be less than 95% of
the maximum dry density determined using ASTM standardised tests or as
directed by the Engineer. Tests shall be carried out as instructed by the Engineer,
up to a maximum of two tests per layer per 100 metres of trench.
• Concrete Surround: Concrete provided as a protective surround to pipes shall
comply with the requirements for mass concrete as detailed elsewhere in the
Specification. Where pipes with flexible joints are used, concrete protection
shall be interrupted over its full cross section at each joint by shaped
compressible filler consisting of 20 mm thick bitumen impregnated filler unless
specified otherwise in the Contract. Such joint filler shall be provided at each
pipe joint as indicated on the drawings unless directed otherwise by the
Engineer.
(2) The Contractor must communicate any anomalies or setbacks relating to the
predicted stratigraphy, inability to reach the depth specified by the project, or any
other anomaly to the Engineer in order to reach an agreement on the necessary
changes to the project or other suitable arrangements.
(3) During the extraction phase, a similar form to that described above should be filled
in to verify the integrity of the extraction.

4.27 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Earthwork shall be measured as per the drawing. The unit of measurement shall be in cubic
meters. The exact quantum of earthwork shall be ascertained by taking measurements of pits
from which the material has been taken out and not of the resultant spoil or embankment.
CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 89 CONSULTANT SIGN
 When this is impractical, measurement shall be taken of the resultant embankment and
converted to solid measurement by multiplying it with factors mentioned below for soil and
rocks.

Unit rate for payment shall be defined in the Bill of Quantities and shall be deemed to be
inclusive of supply, placement/excavation, equipment and labour costs, as well as any costs
of testing required to ensure compliance with the Contract requirements. The Contractor shall
submit its rate analysis to justify the unit rate claimed if the Employer so requests.

Where sectional measurements of the embankments are proposed to be taken, no deduction

shall ordinarily be made for bulkage of the sand in the sand core.

Excavated materials, if ordered by the Employer to be used by the Contractor in the works,
shall be charged to the Employer at the “Material supplied only Rates'' as in the relevant
schedule and subject to the Contractor’s percentage. If these rates are not available in the
schedule, the rates shall be agreed upon between Employer and the Contractor before the
materials are used.

CONTRACTOR SIGN Page No. 90 CONSULTANT SIGN