Physical and Chemical
Unit 5 Changes
Students’ Learning Outcomes
After studying this unit, the students will be able to:
differentiate between physical and chemical changes while considering daily life
examples
recognize that oxygen is needed in combustion, rusting and tarnishing
relate uses of materials to their chemical properties (e.g., tendency to rust, flammability).
evaluate impact of combustion reaction on environment
relate uses of materials to their physical properties (e.g., melting point,
boiling point, solubility, Thermal conductivity)
distinguish between physical and chemical properties of matter.
explore methods of preventing rusting
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EXERCISE
Choose the correct answers:
1 Which of the following metal conducts electricity very well?
(a) Silver (b) Carbon (c) Lead (d) Iodine
2 Density of milk at 25°C in gm/ml is:
(a) 1.025 (b) 1.030 (c) 1.085 (d) 1.095
3 pH of a substance indicates:
(a) acidity (b) alkalinity (c) acidity and alkalinity
(d) toxicity
4 Reddish-brown covering of flaky substance on iron objects is called:
(a) corosion (b) galvanization (c) combustion (d) rust
5 Which of the following is a flammable liquid?
(a) Gasoline (b) Water (c) Milk (d) Juice
Give short answers of the following questions:
1 Give example of physical properties.
Ans. Physical properties of elements are as following:
· Colour of Elements · Density Hardness
One physical property is given below as an example:
Colour of Elements:
Colours of the elements are the physical property that you can easily observe. The vast
majority of elements are colourless, or in silver or grey colour. While some elements do have
distinctive elemental colours as bromine is reddish brown in colour, sulfur and chlorine are
greenish yellow.
2 Why silver and gold cannot be used in their pure form?
Ans. Silver and gold are fairly soft and malleable due to which they cannot be used in their
pure form. We need to combine such metals with other hard materials to make them useable as
we desire. Hence, these metals are commonly alloyed to increase its hardness and durability
for applications such as jewellery.
3 Define heat of combustion.
Ans. Heat of Combustion:
Combustion is a process where a substance burns in the presence of oxygen, giving off heat and
light. Heat of combustion is a chemical property
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of a substance which measures the amount of energy that is released as heat when we burn a
substance in the presence of oxygen.
4 What is solubility?
Ans. Solubility:
Solubility is a physical property of a substance that describes its ability to dissolve in a solvent.
A substance that can dissolve in a particular solvent is said to be soluble in that solvent, while a
substance that cannot dissolve is insoluble.
Example: For example, table salt (sodium chloride) is highly soluble in water, but insoluble in
most organic solvents. In contrast, oil is insoluble in
water but is soluble in organic solvents.
5 Define tarnishing.
Ans. Tarnishing:
When the alkali metals are cut,
they initially appear shiny grey
but quickly become dull and
white as they react with oxygen
in the
air. This is known as tarnishing.
The tarnish is actually the result
of a chemical reaction between the
silver and sulfur-containing
substances in the air.
Example: Tarnish is an oxidization of silver
jewellery that usually displays as a dull, grey, or black film or coating over the jewellery.
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Give detailed answers of the following questions:
1 What are chemical properties? Illustrate with examples.
Ans. Chemical Properties:
A chemical property is a characteristic our
behavior of a substance that may be observed
when it undergoes a chemical change or reaction.
The identity of a substance changes due to
breakage and formation of chemical bond during a
chemical reaction.
Explanation:
Chemical properties are very important when it
comes to reactions. Especially in material sciences Toxic Chemicals
these characteristics are really helpful to us classifying samples, purifying substances,
knowing the types of reaction, and identifying unknown materials.
Different chemical properties are described below:
Toxicity:
Toxicity is a very important chemical property
because it tells us about the substance which causes
harm. Some common toxic substances are mercury
and various types of acids. This also includes
household products, such as those containing
ammonia.
Example: In labs, you may have seen bottles of
chemicals that have the symbol of skull and
crossbones on it. They can be biological toxicants, pH Scale of Different Materials
chemical toxicants or physical toxicants. We can store and use them accordingly.
Role of Indicators:
Acidity and Alkalinity are the good indicators to check the quality of the substances. It is also
simply known as pH of substance. By knowing pH of a substance we can not only control its
nutrients, biological functions, microbial activity, and the behavior of chemicals but we can
also control the pH of soil, water, and food or beverage products.
Example: Here the pH scale is given by which you get a slight idea of which type of substances
you are using in your daily life.
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Heat of Combustion:
Combustion is a process where a substance burns in the presence of oxygen, giving off heat and
light. Heat of combustion is another chemical property of a substance which measures the
amount of energy that is released as heat when we burn a substance in the presence of oxygen.
Example: Burning of wood or coal for the household purposes, burning of petrol or diesel in
vehicles, combustion of Natural Gas and LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) for cooking purposes,
are all examples of combustion.
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2 Describe rusting and its prevention in detail.
Ans. Rusting:
The reddish-brown covering on iron objects is called
rust. Rust is the common
name of iron oxide. Iron oxide, the chemical Fe2O3, is
common because iron combines very readily with
oxygen – so readily, in fact, that, pure iron is only rarely
found in nature. Iron (or steel) rusting is an example of corrosion.
Conditions for Rusting:
There are two necessary conditions for rusting;
(I) presence of oxygen (of air), and
(ii) presence of water or water vapours (called moisture).
Rusting of Iron:
If the air at a place has high moisture content (more water
vapours) then the rusting of iron becomes faster. The rusting
of iron is faster in coastal areas (sea-side areas) because the
air at those places contains more water vapours (or more
moisture).
Prevention or Rusting of Iron:
Rusting of iron can be prevented by following methods:
Applying Paint:
Rusting of iron can be prevented by painting. When a coat of paint is applied to the
surface of an iron object, then air and moisture cannot come in contact with the
iron object and hence no rusting takes place.
Applying Grease or Oil:
When some grease or oil is applied to the surface
of an iron object, then air and moisture
cannot come in contact with it and
hence rusting is prevented.
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Galvanization:
Rusting of iron can be
prevented by galvanization.
The process of depositing a thin
layer (or coating) of zinc metal on iron objects
is called galvanization.
Galvanization is done by dipping an iron object in molten
zinc metal.
Chrome Plating:
This is called chrome-plating. Chromium metal is resistant to the action of air
and moisture. So, when a layer of chromium is deposited on an iron object, then the
iron object is protected from rusting.
Alloying:
Rusting of iron can be prevented by alloying it to
make stainless steel. When iron is mixed (or alloyed)
with carbon chromium and nickel, then stainless steel
is obtained.
3 What are impacts of combustion on environment?
Ans. Impact of Combustion on Environment:
When the proportions of fuel and oxygen are incorrect, combustion can become harmful. This
can result in an explosion or a leak of toxic chemicals. This occurrence can be life threatening,
resulting in injury or fatality. This could also result in lethal releases and fires. This poses a
threat to people and the environment.
There are various impacts of combustion on the environment. These impacts can be caused by
following reasons:
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· Gas leaks, oil spillage, noise and air pollution.
· Incomplete combustion of
hydrocarbons also results in carbon
monoxide pollution. An odourless,
colourless gas, carbon monoxide can be harmful
to both the environment and to people.
Carbon dioxide is always released when
hydrocarbons are burned. It is a leading
cause of global climate change and
the acidification of oceans.
4 Explain thermal conductivity in detail.
Ans. Thermal Conductivity:
Thermal conductivity refers to the intrinsic ability of material to
transfer or conduct heat.
Explanation:
Thermal conductivity of different materials are discussed below:
Diamond : Diamond currently holds the title for being the
thermally conductive material known to man. It's thermal
conductivity value is almost five times
higher than silver which has the second highest conductivity value. Diamond
is commonly used in electronics for heat dispersion to protect sensitive
devices from overheating.
Silver Silver has the second highest measured thermal conductivity
values. Silver is an abundant and relatively inexpensive metal that has
been incorporated into thousands of practical appliances and
technologies.
Copper: Copper is the material with
the third highest thermal
conductivity and is also the most
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popular metal to use for manufacturing conduction technologies. Copper has a high melting
point and a slow corrosion rate. Sauce pans, hot water pipes and electronic heat sinks are
examples of appliances that utilize copper's thermal conductive properties.
PROJECT Explores Rusting and Tarnishing in Metals.
Materials Procedure
Iron nails Investigating Rusting (for Iron)
Silverware or silver jewelry (or items 1. Place an iron nail in each container.
made of other metals for comparison) 2. In the Saltwater container, dissolve salt in
Plastic containers with lids (to simulate water to create a saltwater solution.
different environments) 3. In the Vinegar container, pour vinegar.
Water Salt 4. In the Baking Soda container, mix baking soda
Vinegar Baking soda with water until it dissolves.
pH test strips 5. Record the initial appearance of each nail in
Notebook and pen Safety goggles your notebook.
Plastic gloves (to handle chemicals 6. Seal the containers with lids and let them sit
safely) for several days or weeks, depending on the
extent of rusting you want to observe.
“Rusting and Tarnishing: 7. Periodically check and document any changes
in the nails' appearance, including color,
Uncovering the Effects of texture, and any rust formation.
Environmental Factors" Investigating Tarnishing (for Silver)
1. Use additional plastic containers labeled
“Control," "Acidic," and "Humid."
2. Place a piece of silverware or silver jewelry in
each container.
3. In the Acidic container, add vinegar to create
an acidic environment.
4. In the Humid container, place a damp sponge
or cloth to create a humid environment.
5. Leave the Control container as it is.
6. Record the initial appearance of each silver
item in your notebook.
7. Seal the containers with lids and leave them
for several days or weeks.
8. Periodically check and document any changes
in the silver items' appearance, including
color, luster, and tarnish formation.
pH Testing:
Test the pH levels of the solutions in the
rusting experiment containers using pH test strips.
Record the pH levels and discuss how acidity or
alkalinity might influence the rusting process
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