MATRICES
MATRIX: If mn elements can be arranged in the form of m row and n column
in a rectangular array then this arrangement is called a matrix.
Order of a matrix: A matrix having m row and n column is called a matrix of
m ×n order.
Addition and subtraction of matrices: Two matrices A and B can be added or
subtracted if they are of the same order i.e. if A and B are two matrices of order
m ×n then A± B is also a matrix of order m×n.
Multiplication of matrices: The product of two matrices A and B can be
defined if the number of rows of B is equal to the number of columns of A i.e. if
A be an m ×n matrix and B be an n × p matrix then the product of matrices A and
B is another matrix of orderm × p.
Transpose of a Matrix: If A = [aij] be an m × n matrix, then the matrix
obtained by interchanging. the rows and columns of A is called the transpose of
A. Transpose of the matrix A is denoted by A' ∨ A T .
Properties of transpose of the Matrices: For any matrices A and B of suitable
orders, we have
(i) ( ii ) ( KA )T =K A T ( iii )( A+ B )T = AT +B T ( iv ) ( AB)T =BT AT
Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix M is said to be symmetric if AT = A
[ ][ ]
x y z
a b
e.g. b c , y u v
z v w
Note: there will be symmetry about the principal diagonal in Symmetric
Matrix.
Skew symmetric Matrix: A square matrix M is said to be skew symmetric if
T
A =− A
[ ]
0 e f
e.g. −e 0 g
−f −g 0
Questions
1. If Find
[2 marks] [2014 Type]
2. If
Prove that A – At is a skew – symmetric matrix
3. Solve for x given that [2 marks]
4. Show that , is skew symmetric matrix. [2 marks]
5.
[2 marks]
6.
Prove
[4 marks] [2010 Type]
7. for what values of x
Express the matrix [4 marks]
as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
8. find x and y such that A2 – A + yI = 0[4 marks]
DETERMINANTS
Determinant: For every Square Matrix we can associate a number which is
called the Determinant of the square Matrix.
Determinant of a matrix of order one
Let A = [a ] be the matrix of order 1, then determinant of A is defined to be
equal to a.
Determinant of a matrix of order two
[a b ]
Let A¿ x y be a Square Matrix of order2×2 then the determinant of A is
|a b|
denoted by | A| and defined by | A|= x y = ay - bx
Determinant of a matrix of order 3×3 : Let us consider the determinant of a
square matrix of order 3×3 ,
| |
a b c
| A|= p q r
x y z
Expansion along first row | A|=a ( qz− yr )−b ( pz−xr ) +c ( py−qx )
We can expand the determinant with respect to any row or any column.
Minors and cofactors:
Minor of an elementa ijof a determinant is the determinant obtained by
deleting its ith row and jth column in which elementa ij lies. Minor of an element
a ijis
denoted by M ij.
Cofactors: cofactors of an element a ij denoted by Aij and is defined by
i+j
Aij =(−1) M ij where M ij is the minor of a ij.
[α β ]
Adjoint of a Matrix: Let A = γ δ be a Matrix of order 2 ×2
Then adj(A) = −γ [δ −β
α ]
[ ]
x y z
Again letA = p q r be a Matrix of order3 ×3
a b c
Then adj (A) =
[ ]
| | | | | |
T
q r p r p q
−
[ ][
b c a c a b
]
T
qc−br −( pc−ar ) pb−aq qc−br bz−ay yr−qz
−| cz| | | | |
y
b
x
a
z
c
−
x
a
y
b
¿ −( yc −bz)
yr−qz
xc−az
−(xr− pz )
−(bx−ay) = ar− pc xc−az pz−xr
xq− py pb−aq ay −bx xq− py
| zr| | | | |
y
q
−x
p r
z x
p
y
q
−1 adj( A )
Inverse of a Matrix: Inverse of a Square Matrix A is defined as A =
| A|
Note: If A be a given Square Matrix of order n then
(i) A(adj(A) = adj(A)A=| A| I where I is the Identity Matrix of order n.
(ii) A square Matrix A is said to be singular and non-singular
according as | A|=0∧| A|≠ 0
(iii) |adj(A )|= | A|n−1 ¿)
Questions
1. .Find values of x for which [2 marks]
2. Find minors and cofactors of all the elements of the det. [1 marks]
3. Find adj A for [2 marks]
4. Without expanding, prove that [2016] [4 marks]
5. If matrix is singular, find x. [4 marks]
6. Show that, using properties if det. [4 marks]Without
expanding, prove that
7. Show that using properties of det.
[4 marks]
8. Show that, using properties of determinants.
[4 marks]
9. [4 marks]
10. Show that, using properties of determinants.
[4 marks]
11. Using matrices solve the following system of equation
[2017 Type] [6 marks]
12. Solve by matrix method
x–y+z=4
2x + y – 3 z = 0
x+y+z=2
13. Solve by matrix method.
3x – 2y + 3z = 8 [2012 Type]
2x + y – z = 1
4x – 3y + 2z = 4[6 marks]