Chapter 4:

Wireless Personal Area Networks and

Ad hoc Networks

TE – Wireless Technology
Leena Ladge
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Information Technology,
SIES Graduate School of Technology

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Chapter 4: Wireless Personal Area Networks
and Ad hoc Networks

1. Wireless Communications, T.L. Singal, McGraw Hill Education.

2. Wireless Communications and Networking, Vijay Garg, Morgan Kaufmann
Publishers.

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 Lecture No 28-29:

Introduction to WPAN, Bluetooth

TE – Wireless Technology
Leena Ladge
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Information Technology,
SIES Graduate School of Technology

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Leena Ladge
Learning Objectives:

• Describe the fundamentals of wireless personal area network.

• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Bluetooth

technology.

• Explain Piconet, Scatter net.

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Wireless Personal Area Network

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Why WPAN

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Why WPAN

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Wireless Personal Area Network
• Short distance (typically 10 m but as far as 20 m) wireless
network
• specially designed to support portable and mobile computing
devices such as PCs, PDAs, printers, storage devices, cell pho
nes, pagers, setup boxes, and a variety of consumer electronic
equipment's, home devices without any additional or
proprietary cables.
• Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1), UWB (IEEE 802.15.3a), and
ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4), NFC, RFID are examples of WPA
N.
• Covers lower two OSI model layers
✓Physical (PHY)
✓Data link

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IEEE 802.15.1 and Bluetooth
• Bluetooth is universal for short-range wireless voice and data
communication.
• Used for exchanging data over smaller distances.
• This technology was invented by Ericson in 1994.
• It operates in the unlicensed, industrial, scientific, and medical
(ISM) band from 2.4 GHz to 2.485 GHz.
• Maximum devices connected at the same time are 7.
• Bluetooth ranges up to 10 meters.
• It provides data rates up to 1 Mbps or 3 Mbps depending upon
the version.
• The spreading technique that it uses is FHSS (Frequency-
hopping spread spectrum).
• A Bluetooth network is called a Piconet and a collection of
interconnected piconets is called Scatternet.
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IEEE 802.15.1 and Bluetooth- Advantages
• Wireless.
• Affordable.
• Easy Automation.
• The Wireless Standard.
• Minimal Interference.
• Energy-efficient.
• Sharing of Data and Voice Communications.
• Your own Personal Area Network.

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IEEE 802.15.1 and Bluetooth- Disadvantages
• It can be hacked and hence, less secure.
• It has a slow data transfer rate: of 3 Mbps.
• It has a small range: 10 meters.
• Bluetooth communication does not support routing.
• The issues of handoffs have not been addressed.

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IEEE 802.15.1 and Bluetooth- Applications

[Link]
[Link]
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IEEE 802.15.1 and Bluetooth- Applications

[Link]
[Link]
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Bluetooth Network Topologies

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Bluetooth Network Topologies
Bluetooth Piconets

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Bluetooth Network Topologies
Bluetooth Piconets

Master
▪ Its clock and hopping sequence are used to synchronize all other
devices in the piconet.
▪ In master slave protocol the device cannot talk without the
permission of the master.
▪ The master decide the hopping pattern in the piconet

Parked Slave

▪ Devices in piconet which are time synchronized but not have MAC
address.
▪ Not actively participate in piconet but known devices.

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Bluetooth Network Topologies
Bluetooth Piconets- Piconet radio module addresses

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Bluetooth Network Topologies
Bluetooth Piconets

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Bluetooth Network Topologies
Bluetooth Scatternet

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Bluetooth Network Topologies
Bluetooth Scatternet

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack

Bluetooth PHY frame

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
1600 hops/sec
625 μsec/packet

Bluetooth FHSS

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP)

▪ L2CAP is used within the Bluetooth protocol stack.

▪ It passes packets to either the Host Controller Interface (HCI) or on
a hostless system, directly to the Link Manager/ACL link.
▪ L2CAP's functions include:
✓Multiplexing data between different higher layer protocols.
✓Segmentation and reassembly of packets.
✓Providing one-way transmission management of multicast data
to a group of other Bluetooth devices.
✓Quality of service (QoS) management for higher layer
protocols.

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Bluetooth Link Manager Layer

SCO- when latency is priority over data integrity

ASL- data integrity is priority over latency
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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Bluetooth Link Manager Layer

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Bluetooth Link Manager Layer

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Bluetooth Link Manager Layer

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Bluetooth Link Manager Layer

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Bluetooth Link Manager Layer

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Bluetooth Power Usage

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Bluetooth Power Usage

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Bluetooth Application Layer

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Bluetooth Power Classes

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Bluetooth Modulation Techniques

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Bluetooth Modulation Techniques

• Gaussian frequency shift keying: When GFSK is used for the

chosen form of Bluetooth modulation, the frequency of the carrier
is shifted to carry the modulation.
• A binary one is represented by a positive frequency deviation and
a binary zero is represented by a negative frequency deviation.
• The modulated signal is then filtered using a filter with a Gaussian
response curve to ensure the sidebands do not extend too far either
side of the main carrier.
• By doing this the Bluetooth modulation achieves a bandwidth of 1
MHz with stringent filter requirements to prevent interference on
other channels.

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Bluetooth Modulation Techniques

• Gaussian Frequency-Shift Keying (GFSK) is a type of Frequency

Shift Keying modulation that uses a Gaussian filter to smooth
positive/negative frequency deviations, which represent a binary 1
or 0.
• Phase shift keying: Phase shift keying is the form of Bluetooth
modulation used to enable the higher data rates achievable with
Bluetooth 2 EDR (Enhanced Data Rate). Two forms of PSK are
used:
a. π/4 DQPSK: This is a form of phase shift keying known as π/4
differential phase shift keying. It enables the raw data rate of 2 Mbps to
be achieved.
b. 8DPSK: This form of Bluetooth modulation is eight point or 8-ary phase
shift keying. It is used when link conditions are good and it allows raw
data rates of up to 3 Mbps to be achieved.
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Bluetooth Versions

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Bluetooth Versions

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 Lecture No 29-30:

IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee

TE – Wireless Technology
Leena Ladge
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Information Technology,
SIES Graduate School of Technology

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Learning Objectives:

• Describe the fundamentals Zigbee technology.

• Discuss the protocol stack of Zigbee.

• Explain Zigbee topologies.

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IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee

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IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee

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IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee

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IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee

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IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee

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IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee

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IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee

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ZigBee Protocol Stack

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ZigBee Protocol Stack

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ZigBee Protocol Stack

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ZigBee Protocol Stack

802.15.4 frequency bands and data rates

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ZigBee Protocol Stack

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ZigBee Protocol Stack

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ZigBee Protocol Stack

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ZigBee Protocol Stack

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ZigBee Protocol Stack
CSMA/CA
Carrier Sense Multiple
Access with Collision
Detection

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ZigBee Communication

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ZigBee Communication

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ZigBee Communication

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ZigBee Communication

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ZigBee Addressing

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ZigBee Network Topologies

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ZigBee Network Topologies

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ZigBee Network Topologies

Routing of data packets in a ZigBee mesh network

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ZigBee Network Topologies

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ZigBee Power Management

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 Lecture No 31-33:

Wireless Sensor Networks, Adhoc

Networks
TE – Wireless Technology
Leena Ladge
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Information Technology,
SIES Graduate School of Technology

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Learning Objectives:

• Describe the fundamentals of wireless sensor network.

• Discuss the advantages, disadvantages, issues and challenges of

WSN.

• Explain features of sensor networks.

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Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)
• It an infrastructure-less wireless network that is deployed in a
large number of wireless sensors in an ad-hoc manner that is used
to monitor the system, physical or environmental conditions.
• Sensor nodes are used in WSN with the onboard processor that
manages and monitors the environment in a particular area.
• They are connected to the Base Station which acts as a processing
unit in the WSN System.
• Base Station in a WSN System is connected through the Internet
to share data.

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Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)

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Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)
• Sensors: Sensors in WSN are used to capture the environmental
variables and which is used for data acquisition. Sensor signals are
converted into electrical signals.
• Radio Nodes: It is used to receive the data produced by the
Sensors and sends it to the WLAN access point. It consists of a
microcontroller, transceiver, external memory, and power source.
• WLAN Access Point: It receives the data which is sent by the
Radio nodes wirelessly, generally through the internet.
• Evaluation Software: The data received by the WLAN Access
Point is processed by a software called as Evaluation Software for
presenting the report to the users for further processing of the data
which can be used for processing, analysis, storage, and mining of
the data.

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Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)
Applications

• Internet of Things (IoT)

• Surveillance and Monitoring for security, threat detection
• Environmental temperature, humidity, and air pressure
• Noise Level of the surrounding
• Medical applications like patient monitoring
• Agriculture
• Landslide Detection

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Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)
Challenges

• Quality of Service
• Security Issue
• Energy Efficiency
• Network Throughput
• Performance
• Ability to cope with node failure
• Cross layer optimization
• Scalability to large scale of deployment

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Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)
Issues and Challenges
• Limited power and energy: WSNs are typically composed of battery-
powered sensors that have limited energy resources. This makes it
challenging to ensure that the network can function for long periods
of time without the need for frequent battery replacements.

• Limited processing and storage capabilities: Sensor nodes in a WSN

are typically small and have limited processing and storage
capabilities. This makes it difficult to perform complex tasks or store
large amounts of data.

• Heterogeneity: WSNs often consist of a variety of different sensor

types and nodes with different capabilities. This makes it challenging
to ensure that the network can function effectively and efficiently.

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Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)
Issues and Challenges
• Security: WSNs are vulnerable to various types of attacks, such as
eavesdropping, jamming, and spoofing. Ensuring the security of the
network and the data it collects is a major challenge.

• Scalability: WSNs often need to be able to support a large number of

sensor nodes and handle large amounts of data. Ensuring that the
network can scale to meet these demands is a significant challenge.

• Interference: WSNs are often deployed in environments where there is

a lot of interference from other wireless devices. This can make it
difficult to ensure reliable communication between sensor nodes.

• Reliability: WSNs are often used in critical applications, such as

monitoring the environment or controlling industrial processes. Ensuring
that the network is reliable and able to function correctly in all
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Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)
The technology for sensing and control includes

• Radio-wave frequency sensors;

• Electric and Magnetic field sensors;
• Optical-, Electro optic-, and Infrared sensors;
• Radars;
• Lasers;
• Location / Navigation sensors;
• Seismic and Pressure-wave sensors;
• Environmental parameter sensors (wind, humidity, heat);
• Biochemical national security–oriented sensors.

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Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)
Issues pertaining to WSNs

• sensor type;
• sensor placement;
• sensor power consumption,
• operating environment,
• capabilities and signal processing,
• connectivity, and
• telemetry or control of remote devices.
• It is critical to note that node location and fine
grained time (stamping) are
essential for proper operation of a sensor network.

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Characteristic features of sensor networks
• Sensor nodes are densely deployed.
• Sensor nodes are prone to failures.
• The topology of a sensor network changes very frequently.
• Sensor nodes are limited in power, computational capacities, and
• memory.
• Sensor nodes may not have global identification because of the
large amount of overhead and the large number of sensors.
• Sensor networks require sensing systems that are long-lived and
environmentally resilient.

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Characteristic features of sensor networks
• Unattended, untethered, self-powered low-duty-cycle systems are
typical.
• In most instances, communication circuitry and antennas are the
primary elements that draw most of the energy.
• Sensors are either passive or active devices. Passive sensors in
element form include seismic-, acoustic-, strain-, humidity-, and
temperature-measuring devices.
• Passive sensors tend to be low-energy devices.
• Active sensors include radar and sonar; these tend to be high-
energy systems

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Characteristic features of sensor networks

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Characteristic features of sensor networks
The components of a (remote) sensing node

• A sensing and actuation unit (single element or array)

• A processing unit
• A communication unit
• A power unit
• Other application-dependent units

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Sensor Networks and Systems taxonomies
• Category 1 WSNs (C1WSNs): almost invariably mesh-based
systems with multi-hop radio connectivity among or between
WNs, utilizing dynamic routing in both the wireless and wire- line
portions of the network.
➢ Military-theater systems typically belong to this category.

• Category 2 WSNs (C2WSNs): Point-to-point or multipoint-to-

point (star-based) systems generally with single-hop radio
connectivity to WNs, utilizing static routing over the wireless
network; typically, there will be only one route from the WNs to
the companion terrestrial or wire-line forwarding node (WNs are
pendent nodes).
➢ Residential control systems typically belong to this category

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Sensor issues
• Size: Small [e.g., nanoscale electromechanical systems (MEMS)],
medium [e.g., microscale electromechanical systems (MEMS)],
and large (e.g., radars, satellites): cubic centimeters.

• Mobility: stationary (e.g., seismic sensors), mobile (e.g., on robot

vehicles) Type: passive (e.g., acoustic, seismic, video, infrared,
magnetic) or active (e.g., radar, ladar)

• Communication:
✓Networking: wired (on occasion) or wireless (more common)
✓Bandwidth: high (on occasion) or low (more typical)

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Sensor issues
• Processing Architecture
Centralized (all data sent to central site),
distributed or in-network architecture (located at
sensor or other sides), or hybrid.

• Operating Environment
✓Monitoring requirement: distributed (e.g.
environmental environment monitoring) or localized (e.g.,
target tracking)
✓Number of sites: sometimes small, but usually large (especially
for C1WSNs

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Sensor Network Protocol stack
• WSNs are deployed in demanding
environments, where application
requirements as well as network
conditions may change dynamically.
• Thus, the protocol stack in each node
of the sensor network has to be able
to adapt to these changing
conditions.
• This protocol stack combines power
and routing awareness, integrates data
with networking protocols, communicates
power efficiently through the wireless
medium, and promotes cooperative efforts
of sensor nodes.

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Sensor network protocol stack
The protocol stack consists of the physical (PHY) layer, data link
layer, network layer, transport layer, application layer, power
management plane, mobility management plane, and task
management plane.
• The PHY layer addresses the needs of simple but robust
modulation, transmission, and receiving techniques.
• The sensor network environment is noisy and sensor nodes can be
mobile, the MAC protocol must be power-aware and able to
minimize collision with neighbor’s broadcasts.
• The network layer takes care of routing the data supplied by the
transport layer

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Sensor network protocol stack
• The transport layer helps to maintain the flow of data if the sensor
network’s application requires it
• Depending on the sensing tasks, different types of application
software can be built and used on the application layer.
• The power management plane manages how a sensor node uses its
power.
• The mobility management plane detects and registers the
movement of sensor nodes, so a route back to the user is always
maintained, and the sensor nodes can keep track of their neighbor
sensor nodes.
• The task management plane balances and schedules the sensing
tasks given to a specific region

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Ad hoc Networks
• Adhoc is a Latin word, which means "for this or for this only". An
adhoc network is made up of multiple nodes connected by links.
• Adhoc networks have been proposed as a communication technolo
gy to deal with the unexpected change at a place, emergency situa
tion such as disaster relief

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Ad hoc Networks
• Nodes can be the form of systems or devices i.e. mobile phone,
laptop, personal digital assistance, MP3 player and personal
computer that are participating in the networks. Links are wireless.
• An adhoc network typically refers to any set of networks where all
devices have equal status on a network and are free to associate
with any other adhoc network device in link range.
• Adhoc network often refers to a mode of operation of IEEE 802.11
wireless networks.
• The rapid development of non-existing infrastructure makes the
adhoc network easily to be used in emergency situation.

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Ad hoc Networks
• In an ad hoc setup, the network is built spontaneously as and when
devices communicate with each other.
• These devices should ideally be within close range of each other;
however quality of connection and speed of the network will
suffer as more devices are added to the network.
• These networks help to reduce administrative cost.
• Wireless ad hoc network (WANet) is a special structure of the
wireless communication network, whose communication relies on
their cooperation among the nodes and achieves it in the manner
of wireless multi-hop.

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Ad hoc Networks
• Network does not rely on any fixed infrastructure, and has the
properties of self-organizing and self-managing.
• Each node in this network can function as a host and a router and
the control of the network is distributed among the nodes.
• As the nodes communicate over wireless link, they have to suffer
various wireless degradation effects such as noise, fading and
interference.
• Also the wireless links typically have less bandwidth than those of a
wired networks.
• The network configuration is dynamic, because the connectivity among
the nodes may vary with time due to node departure, new node arrivals
and mobile nature of nodes.
• Ad-hoc networks, which can be wired or wireless, are also known as
P2P networks because the devices communicate directly and do not
rely on servers.

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Wireless Ad hoc Networks Classification
There are various types of wireless adhoc networks
based on their applications.

• Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs): It is a self arranging infra

structureless network of mobile devices communicating through wireless
link.
• Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN): It consists of autonomous sensors to
control the environmental actions.
• Wireless Mesh Networks(WMN): It is a self arranging infra
structureless network of static devices communicating through wireless
link.
• Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs): It uses traveling cars as nodes
in a network to create a mobile network.

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Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs)
• MANET is called as Mobile Ad-hoc network.
• It is a collection of mobile node/ host, establishes a short-lived
network dynamically when fixed infrastructure is absent.
• Each mobile node is equipped with a wireless transmitter and a
receiver with an appropriate antenna.
• All the mobile nodes are connected by wireless links either symmetric or
asymmetric that act as routers to all other mobile nodes.
• The symmetric links are bidirectional while asymmetric
links are unidirectional.
• Nodes in MANETs are free to move and can be organized in an arbitrary
manner.
• It is a self configuring network of mobile nodes whose topology changes
rapidly and unpredictably over time.

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Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs)

• An ad-hoc mobile wireless network is a network without any base

stations, that is, an infrastructure less network.
• It is an autonomous system of mobile nodes, mobile terminals,
or Mobile Stations (for example, laptop, mobile phones,
desktop machine with wireless facility) serving as routers
interconnected by wireless links.
• As the nodes move or adjust their transmission and
reception parameters, MANET topology may change from time to time,
so it is very much dynamic in nature.
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MANET Architecture
• The network is decentralized, where network organization & message
delivery is executed by the nodes themselves.
• Network communications and management tasks are typically
performed in a distributed manner.
• A wireless connectivity among all mobile nodes of MANET depends on,
✓ locations,
✓ antenna coverage patterns,
✓ transmit power levels, and
✓ co-channel interference levels.
• The connectivity is either in the form of single hop or random multi
hop transmission
• Based on this the architecture of MANET is classified as,
❑Single hop architecture
❑Multi- hop architecture.

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MANET Architecture
• Single Hop Architecture: In this architecture, all the mobile nodes are
in one coverage area. Here communication is directly from one node to
another node.

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MANET Architecture
• Multi Hop Architecture: In this architecture, one node connects to final
destination via intermediate nodes. Therefore data is transmitted in a
store and forward method, where each node acts as router.

• The network may either operate as standalone or as an extension of an

infrastructure network with the help of few selected routers.

• There are many coverage areas intersecting with each other, there may
be some nodes which may be isolated, may not be present in any of
the coverage areas of the network.

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MANET Architecture

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MANET Architecture
Multi Hop Architecture:

• Each node is having constraint resources like memory, bandwidth,

energy and processing power.
• And above all the wireless nature of channel put a fundamental limit on
performance of each node.

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MANET Architecture
Multi Hop Architecture:

• As the mobile devices form a MANET without a network infrastructure,

network can change constantly.
✓ The devices can freely move in the network.
✓ The devices can leave and join the network at any time.
✓ The network disappears when the last devices leave the network.
• The communication takes place within a group of two or more people.
• The communication group may be formed for one communication
session only or for many communication sessions.
• The communication group may remain unchanged during the
communication, or it may change constantly.

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MANET Architecture
Multi Hop Architecture:

• Routing: As a router a node receives packets from the neighboring

nodes and forwards to other neighbors, so that packet reaches to the
destination. Based on transmission range, it discovers the neighboring
node and uses them as router for forwarding the data.

• Host: A node acts as a host when it executes some network or host

based application programs.

• Access control: Each node is responsible for resolving the

conflicts among different nodes for wireless channel access. A suitable
Medium Access Control protocol (MAC) runs on each node to control
the channel access

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MANET Architecture
Multi Hop Architecture:

• Node authentication: MANETs are infrastructure-less networks

without any kind of central administration for the management of
network. Due to this reason MANETs are comparatively more
vulnerable to security threats than conventional wired or wireless
networks.
• The network nodes in MANETs are susceptible a number of attacks due
to the inherent nature and depicted properties of MANETs. Thus to
prevent attacks it becomes very much mandatory to identify and
authenticate each and every node during route discovery phase so that
data can be communicated safely later on.
• These functions are performed by each node in cooperation with other.

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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)

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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)

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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)

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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)

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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)

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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)

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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)

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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)

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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)
Characteristics:

• Geographically constrained topology

• Partitioning and large-scale
• Self-organization
• Unpredictability
• Power Consumption
• Node reliability
• Channel Capacity
• Vehicle Density
• Vehicle Mobility

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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)
Geographically constrained topology

• Roads limit the network topology to one dimension - the road direction.
• Except for crossroads or overlay bridges, roads are generally located far
apart.
• Even in urban areas, where they are located close to each other, there
exist obstacles, such as buildings and advertisement walls, which
prevent wireless signals from traveling between roads.
• This implies that vehicles can be considered as points of the same line;
a road can be approximated as a straight line or a small angled curve.

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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)
Partitioning and large-scale

• The probability of end-to-end connectivity decreases with distance;

• this is true for one-dimensional network topologies.
• In contrast, connectivity is often explicitly assumed in research for
traditional ad hoc networks, sometimes even for the evaluation of
routing protocols. In addition, VANETs can extend in large areas, as far
as the road is available.

Self organising

• The nodes in the network must be capable to detect each other and
transmit packets with or without the need of a base station.

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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)
Unpredictability:

• Because of this reason, there is also a high degree of change in the

number and distribution of the nodes in the network at given time
instant.
• The nodes must be constantly aware of the network status, keep track of
the hosts associated with the network, detect broken links, and update
their routing tables whenever necessary.
• As vehicle mobility depends on the deployment scenario, the movement
direction is predictable to some extent. In highways, vehicles often
move at high speeds, whereas in urban areas they are slow.
• Mobility models can now include some level of predictability in
movement patterns.

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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)
Power Consumption:

• In traditional wireless networks, nodes are power-limited and their life

depends on their batteries – this is especially true for ad hoc N/W.
• Vehicles, however, can provide continuous power to their computing
and communication devices.
• As a result, routing protocols do not have to account for methodologies
that try to prolong the battery life.
• Older network protocols include mechanisms such as battery life reports
for energy-efficient path selection, sleep–awake intervals, as well as
advanced network cross-layer coordination algorithms.
• These schemes cannot offer any additional advantages to vehicular N/W.

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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)
Node reliability:

• Vehicles may join and leave the network at any time and much
more frequently than in other wireless networks.
• The arrival/departure rate of vehicles depends on their speed, the
environment, as well as on the driver that needs to be connected to the
network.
• In the case of ad hoc deployments, the communication does not easily
depend on a single vehicle for packet forwarding.
• This occurs because of non-coverage of communication range between
communicating vehicles. Thus, there is a need to take help of
intermediate nodes for packet forwarding to destination vehicle.
• Intermediate nodes must be reliable to forward the packets efficiently.

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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)
Channel capacity:

• The channels in VANETs over which the terminals communicate

are subjected to noise, fading, interference, multipath propagation, path
loss, and have less bandwidth. So high bit-error rates are common in
VANETs.
• One end-to-end path can be shared by several sessions.
• In some scenarios, the path between any pair of users can traverse
multiple
• wireless links and the link themselves can be heterogeneous.
• So smart algorithms are needed to overcome of fluctuating link capacity
in networks.

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VANETs Architecture
Channel capacity:

• Vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to road- side base

station/gateway communication is possible for providing safety and
other information services to vehicle users.
• Group of vehicles together may form a cluster to disseminate
information among themselves as well as to other clusters and base
stations.
• In a VANET, each vehicle in the system is equipped with a computing
device, a short-range wireless interface, and a global positioning system
(GPS) receiver.
• GPS receiver provides location, speed, current time, and direction of the
vehicle.

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VANETs Architecture

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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)
Vehicle density:

• Multihop data delivery through VANETs is complicated by the fact

• that vehicular networks are highly mobile and sometimes sparse.
• The network density is related to the traffic density, which is affected
by the location and time.
• Although it is very difficult to find an end-to-end connection for a
sparsely connected network, the high mobility of vehicular networks
introduces opportunities for mobile vehicles to connect with each other
intermittently during moving.

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Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)
Vehicle mobility:

• As the nodes are mobile, the network topology may change rapidly and
unpredictably and the connectivity among the terminals may vary with
time.
• VANET should adapt to the traffic and propagation conditions as
• well as the mobility patterns of the mobile network nodes.
• The MNs in the network dynamically establish routing among
themselves as they move out, forming their own network on the fly.
• Moreover, a user in a VANET may not only operate within the network,
but may also require access to a roadside infrastructure. Hence, there is
a need of strong mobility patterns in VANET

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TASK

• Advantages and Limitations of VANET

• E-VANET

• Comparison between Bluetooth and Zigbee

• Compare Infrastructure based and Adhoc networks

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Thank You!
Email : leenal@[Link]

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