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SS2 English Language Lesson Notes

The document covers various aspects of English grammar, focusing on structures such as noun phrases, pronouns, nominalization, modifiers, adjectival phrases, adverbial phrases, and determiners. Each section includes definitions, examples, and assignments to reinforce understanding. The content is aimed at SS 2 students and provides a comprehensive overview of grammatical concepts.

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Agada Daniel
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83 views9 pages

SS2 English Language Lesson Notes

The document covers various aspects of English grammar, focusing on structures such as noun phrases, pronouns, nominalization, modifiers, adjectival phrases, adverbial phrases, and determiners. Each section includes definitions, examples, and assignments to reinforce understanding. The content is aimed at SS 2 students and provides a comprehensive overview of grammatical concepts.

Uploaded by

Agada Daniel
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topic: Structure

Sub Topic: Noun Phrases


Class: SS 2 .
Topic: Structure.
Sub Topic: Pronouns (Relative and Demonstrative)
A - Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns or noun phrases in a sentence.
- Types of Pronouns: - Personal Pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, they)
- Possessive Pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs)
- Reflexive Pronouns (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves)
- Demonstrative Pronouns (this, that, these, those)
- Interrogative Pronouns (who, what, which, whom, whose)
- Indefinite Pronouns (someone, something, somewhere, anyone, anything, anywhere)
- Relative Pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that)

B *Relative Pronouns*
- Definition: Relative Pronouns connect a dependent clause to an independent clause and refer back to a noun or
pronoun in the main clause.
- Examples:
- The person who called me is my friend.
- The book, which is on the table, is mine.
- The student whose book was lost is very upset.
- The city that I visited last year is beautiful.
- Functions: Connect a dependent clause to an independent clause, refer back to a noun or pronoun in the main clause
. - Positions: Typically used to introduce a dependent clause, can be used as subjects, objects, or complements.

C*Demonstrative Pronouns*
- Definition: Demonstrative Pronouns point out specific things or people and indicate proximity (near or far).
- Examples:
- This is my book.
- That is your car.
- These are my friends.
- Those are their books.

- Functions: Point out specific things or people, indicate proximity (near or far).

- Positions: Typically used as subjects, objects, or complements.

Choose the correct option:


1. Which relative pronoun is used to refer to a person? a) who b) whom c) whose d) which
2. What is the function of the relative pronoun "that" in the sentence: "The book that I read is interesting." a) To
connect a dependent clause to an independent clause b) To indicate proximity c) To emphasize a particular book d) To
ask a question
3. Which demonstrative pronoun indicates something near? a) this b) that c) these d) those
4. What is the function of the demonstrative pronoun "those" in the sentence: "Those are their books." a) To point out
specific books b) To indicate proximity c) To emphasize particular books d) To ask a question

*Assignment*
1. Identify the type of pronoun used in each sentence:
- The person who called me is my friend.
- This is my book.
2. Write two sentences using relative pronouns and two sentences using demonstrative pronouns.
Class: SS :2 .
Topic: Structure.
Sub Topic: Nominalization
A - Nominalization is the process of converting a word or phrase into a noun.
- It involves changing the form of a word to make it function as a noun in a sentence.
- Nominalization is used to create abstract nouns, concrete objects, and collective nouns.

B. Nominalization of Adjectives
- Adjectives can be nominalized by adding suffixes such as -ness, -ity, -ty, or -ship.
- Examples:
- Happy → Happiness
- Quick → Quickness
- Beautiful → Beauty
- Friendly → Friendship

C. Nominalization of Verbs
- Verbs can be nominalized by adding suffixes such as -ment, -ion, -al, or –ance
- Examples:
- Act → Action
- Run → Running
- Write → Writing
- Create → Creation .

Multiple Choice Questions


Nominalization of Adjectives:

1. What is the nominalized form of the adjective "happy"? a) Happiness b) Happy c) Happily d) Happyish
2. Which suffix is added to the adjective "quick" to nominalize it? a) -ness b) -ity c) -ty d) -ship
3. What is the nominalized form of the adjective "beautiful"? a) Beauty b) Beautiful c) Beautifully d) Beautifulness

Nominalization of Verbs
1. What is the nominalized form of the verb "act"? a) Action b) Acting c) Actor d) Acted
2. Which suffix is added to the verb "arrive" to nominalize it? a) -ment b) -ion c) -al d) -ance
3. What is the nominalized form of the verb "create"? a) Creation b) Creating c) Creator d) Created

Assignment.
1. Nominalize the adjective "difficult" and use it in a sentence.
2. Nominalize the verb "study" and use it in a sentence.
3. Identify the nominalized forms of the words in the following sentences:
a. The happiness of the children was evident.
b. The action of the movie was intense.
Class ,: SS 2.
Topic : Structure.
Sub Topic : Modifiers

A modifier is a word or phrase that provides additional information about a noun, pronoun, verb, or another modifier
in a sentence.

*Examples:*

- Adjectives (big, happy, blue)


- Adverbs (quickly, very, well)
- Prepositional phrases (in the park, on the table)
- Relative clauses (who is happy, which is big)

*How to Identify Modifiers:*

- Look for words or phrases that describe or provide additional information about a noun, pronoun, verb, or another
modifier.
- Check for words that end in -ly, -able, -al, -ful, -less, etc.
- Identify prepositional phrases and relative clauses that provide additional information.

*Importance/Functions of Modifiers:*

- Provide additional information about nouns, pronouns, verbs, and other modifiers.
- Help to create vivid and detailed descriptions.
- Clarify meaning and avoid ambiguity.
- Enhance sentence structure and style.

*Sentence Examples:*

- The big red car drove quickly down the street. (Adjective "big" and "red" modify the noun "car", adverb "quickly"
modifies the verb "drove")
- The teacher, who is very kind, helped the student. (Relative clause "who is very kind" modifies the noun "teacher")
- The book on the table is mine. (Prepositional phrase "on the table" modifies the noun "book")

Assignment

1. What is a modifier?.
2 . Identify the modifier in the sentence: "The happy child played outside ".
3. . What is the function of the modifier "quickly 'in the sentence "She finished the project quickly.
4. . Identify the type of modifier in the sentence "The city which is very popular, is the capital "
Class :SS 2 Topic : Structure.
Sub Topic : Adjectival Phrases
An Adjectival Phrase is a phrase that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun in a sentence.

Functions of Adjectival Phrases:_

*Describing*: Provides additional information about the noun. Example: The woman _with the beautiful smile_ is
my mother. (Here, "with the beautiful smile" describes the woman.)
*Qualifying*: Limits or restricts the noun's meaning. Example: The _only book_ on the shelf is mine. (Here, "only"
qualifies the noun "book", limiting it to a single book.)
*Identifying*: Identifies the noun, making it specific. Example: The student _who scored the highest grade_ won the
award. (Here, "who scored the highest grade" identifies the student.)
*Classifying*: Classifies the noun into a category. Example: The city _with the highest population_ is Lagos. (Here,
"with the highest population" classifies the city.)

_Examples:_

1. The _newly appointed_ principal addressed the students. (Here, "newly appointed" qualifies the noun "principal".)
2. The _most interesting_ part of the story is the ending. (Here, "most interesting" qualifies the noun "part".)
3. The _tallest player_ on the team is John. (Here, "tallest" qualifies the noun "player".)
4. The _best-selling_ novel of the year is "The Great Gatsby". (Here, "best-selling" qualifies the noun "novel".)

Assignment:

Identify the Adjectival Phrases in the following sentences by underlining them


Example. . That boy ( fighting across the road ) is a school drop -out..

Now, attempt the following .


1. . People living with HIV/AIDS should not be stigmatized.
2. . The letter written to the girl by her mother made her happy.
3. . The man in front of the class is my form master.
Class SS 2
Topic: Structure
Sub Topic: Adverbial Phrases
An Adverbial Phrase is a phrase that functions as an adverb, modifying a verb or verb phrase in the main clause.

*b. How to Identify Adverbial Phrases*

To identify an Adverbial Phrase, look for a phrase that:


- Modifies a verb or verb phrase
- Indicates manner, time, place, frequency, or degree
- Typically begins with a preposition or an adverb.

Note; Every Adverbial Phrase provides extra information on a [Link] is why an adverbial phrase is said to modify a
verb

Eg. The careering bus swerved (wildly across the road) and plunged into a ditch.
Grammatical Name: Adverbial Phrase of manner
. Grammatical Function: It modifies the verb swerved (WAEC 2005)

*c. Types of Adverbial Phrases: Manner, Time, Place, Frequency, Degree, Concession, Reason, Condition etc.

*1. Adverbial Phrase of Manner *Answers the questions "How?


" - Modify the verb, indicating how something is done
Examples:
- She sings _with great passion_. (Here, "with great passion" modifies the verb "sings", indicating l.)
- He drives _very carefully_. (Here, "very carefully" modifies the verb "drives", indicating manner.)

*2. Adverbial Phrase of Time*Answers the questions "When?"


- Modify the verb, indicating when something is done
Examples:
- We will arrive _at 5 o'clock_. (Here, "at 5 o'clock" modifies the verb "arrive", indicating time.)
- They will finish _by next week_. (Here, "by next week" modifies the verb "finish", indicating time.)

*3. Adverbial Phrase of Place * Answers the questions "Where?"


- Modify the verb, indicating where something is done
Examples:
- The conference will hold _at the hotel_. (Here, "at the hotel" modifies the verb "hold", indicating place.)
- They live _in the city_. (Here, "in the city" modifies the verb "live", indicating place.)

*4. Adverbial Phrase of Frequency *Answers the questions "How often?"


- Modify the verb, indicating how often something is done
Examples:
- We exercise _twice a week_. (Here, "twice a week" modifies the verb "exercise", indicating frequency.)
- They visit _every month_. (Here, "every month" modifies the verb "visit", indicating frequency.)

*5. Adverbial Phrase of Degree *Answers the questions " How much/ To what extent ?"
- Modify the verb, indicating the extent or degree of an action
Examples:
- He is _extremely happy_. (Here, "extremely" modifies the verb "is", indicating degree.)
- She is _very good_ at math. (Here, "very" modifies the verb "is", indicating degree.).

*6. . Adverbial Phrase of Reason, Cause or Purpose * Answers the questions "Why?".
Modify the verb using words like; because, due to, for,so as to, in order to, etc
Examples:
- They came late because they had a flat tyre.
- She hated them for their I'll treatment of her.
- Ted made mistakes due to his carelessness.
- Bola passed the examination because of her hard work. .... because of her hard work modifies the verb "passed '

Assignment.
A. .Identify the grammatical names and function of the expression in brackets.

1. The young girl washes her underwear ( on a daily basis).


2 . Indeed, ( before the second term holidays) we had a classroom....(WAEC )
B . Explain with sentence examples, the following types of adverbial phrases.
I . adverbial phrase of condition.
ii. Adverbial Phrase of concession
Class: SS 2
Topic : Structure.
Sub Topic; Determiners
Determiners are words that express the relationship between a noun or noun phrase and other words in a sentence.
They indicate which noun or nouns the sentence is referring to.

_Examples of Determiners in Isolation:_

- Articles (the, a, an)


- Possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her)
- Demonstratives (this, that, these, those)
- Quantifiers (some, any, all, few)
- Interrogatives (which, what)

_How to Identify Determiners in a Sentence:_

- Look for words that come before a noun or noun phrase.


- Check for articles, possessive adjectives, demonstratives, quantifiers, and interrogatives.
- Identify the noun or noun phrase being modified.

_Importance/Functions of Determiners in a Sentence:_

- Indicate which noun or nouns the sentence is referring to.


- Express possession or relationship.
- Show quantity or amount.
- Ask questions about the noun or noun phrase.

_Sentence Examples Identifying the Determiners:_

- "The book on the table is mine." (Article "the" and possessive adjective "mine")
- "This is my car." (Demonstrative "this" and possessive adjective "my")
- "Can I have some water?" (Quantifier "some")
- "Which book do you want?" (Interrogative "which")

_. Assignment

1. What is the function of the determiner "the" in the sentence: "The dog is barking.".
2. . Identify the determiner in the sentence: My sister is a doctor."
3 . What type of determiner is "some "in the sentence "Can I have some water? .
4. Identify the determiner in the sentence "This is my favorite book"
5. . What is the function of the determiner "which" in the sentence "Which book do you want?".

Common questions

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An adjectival phrase functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun by providing additional information, qualifying, identifying, or classifying it. For example, in 'The student who scored the highest grade won the award,' the phrase 'who scored the highest grade' identifies and specifies the noun 'student' . A noun phrase, however, is a group of words that collectively function as a noun, including modifiers and determiners, such as 'the tall player.' Here, 'tall' describes the noun 'player,' but the phrase collectively operates as a noun unit .

Demonstrative pronouns signal proximity by distinguishing how near or far the speaker is to the objects or people being referred to. Pronouns like 'this' and 'these' indicate nearness, while 'that' and 'those' indicate a farther distance. For example, in 'This is my car,' 'this' indicates the car is close to the speaker . This function is important as it helps clarify spatial relationships and context within communication, reducing ambiguity about which particular things or people are being discussed .

Understanding the function of modifiers is essential because they enhance clarity and precision in sentence structure by providing additional details about the nouns, verbs, or entire clauses they modify. They answer questions like "which one?", "what kind?", or "how?", helping to paint a clearer picture. For example, 'The tall girl ran quickly,' includes modifiers 'tall' and 'quickly,' enhancing the description of 'girl' and 'ran,' respectively. Misplacement or misunderstanding of modifiers can lead to ambiguity or confusing sentences, so their correct application is crucial for precise and effective communication .

Possessive adjectives indicate ownership or relationship and when combined with determiners, they precisely specify the noun being referred to. For instance, in 'This is my favorite book,' 'my' shows possession and works with the demonstrative 'this' to specify which book is being talked about . By doing so, these combinations help provide clarity and specificity, allowing for exact identification and understanding of the nouns' referents in communication. Such precision is critical in minimizing vagueness in language, ensuring that only the objects intended are being referred to .

Relative pronouns such as 'who,' 'whom,' 'whose,' 'which,' and 'that' facilitate the integration of additional information by connecting dependent clauses to independent clauses. For example, in 'The book, which is on the table, is mine,' the relative pronoun 'which' introduces the clause 'which is on the table,' adding descriptive detail to the noun 'book' . This structure allows speakers to embed extra contextual information seamlessly without starting new sentences, thereby enhancing the richness and depth of communication while maintaining structural coherence .

Adjectival phrases can limit or restrict the meaning of a noun by qualifying it, specifying only certain aspects or conditions that apply. For instance, in 'the only book on the shelf is mine,' the phrase 'only book' limits the noun to a singular entity as opposed to implying multiple possibilities . This function is particularly useful in precise communication, such as legal or technical writing, where specificity is key. By clarifying exactly which noun is being referred to, adjectival phrases help avoid misunderstandings and ensure that the reader or listener accurately comprehends the intended meaning .

The position of a demonstrative pronoun impacts meaning by indicating whether it functions as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence. For example, in 'This is my book,' 'this' serves as the subject, pointing out what the sentence is about . Conversely, in 'I like that,' 'that' functions as an object, indicating what is being liked. Additionally, by being placed at the beginning or end of sentences, demonstrative pronouns can emphasize focus or deemphasize certain elements, altering the sentence's importance or highlighting specific relationships .

Relative pronouns connect a dependent clause to an independent clause and refer back to a noun or pronoun in the main clause. For instance, in the sentence 'The student whose book was lost is very upset,' the word 'whose' is a relative pronoun connecting the clauses and providing information about 'student' . Demonstrative pronouns, on the other hand, are used to point out specific things or people and indicate proximity, such as 'this,' 'that,' 'these,' and 'those.' An example would be, 'Those are their books,' where 'those' is used to indicate proximity and point out specific books .

An adverbial phrase of condition poses more complexity because it modifies verbs by introducing conditions under which an action is done, typically requiring an understanding of 'if' statements. Unlike straightforward adverbial phrases of time or place, which answer direct questions ('when?' or 'where?'), conditional phrases often influence the verb by setting terms or prerequisites. For example, 'if it rains' in 'We will cancel the trip if it rains,' shows a complex dependency . This indirect applicability makes the conditional phrases less obvious compared to more tangible categories like 'we ran swiftly' where 'swiftly' clearly modifies the manner of 'ran' .

Nominalization, the process of converting verbs or adjectives into nouns (such as 'decide' to 'decision' or 'happy' to 'happiness'), often increases the formality and complexity of academic writing . It shifts the focus from actions or qualities to entities or concepts, allowing for a more abstract and generalized discourse essential in scholarly contexts. This transformation can make writing appear more authoritative and less personal, enhancing objectivity. However, excessive nominalization may lead to a dense and potentially cumbersome style if not applied judiciously, as sentences can become long and complex, requiring careful reading and interpretation .

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