Statistics Math Test - Explanations
1. Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data.
2. Qualitative data describes categories (like favorite color), not numbers.
3. Population = the entire group under study.
4. A sample is a smaller group taken from the population for study.
5. Quantitative data is numerical and measurable (like height, weight, age).
6. Age is continuous since it can take any value (e.g., 15.5 years).
7. Throwing data away is not part of the statistical process.
8. Primary data is collected directly from the source (like census surveys).
9. Nominal data are categories with no order (e.g., gender, colors).
10. Ratio scale has a true zero (like weight, height, age).
11. Mean is the average of values.
12. Mode is the most frequent value; here it is 4.
13. Median is the middle value in ordered data; here it is 9.
14. Mean is most affected by extreme values (outliers).
15. Range = difference between highest and lowest values.
16. Mean = (10+15+20+25)/4 = 17.5.
17. To make the median 16, x must equal 16.
18. Mode is the most frequent value; here it is 4.
19. In a symmetrical distribution, mean = median = mode.
20. Categorical data is best described with mode.
21. Probability values range between 0 and 1.
22. Impossible events have probability 0.
23. A coin has equal chances: probability of head = 0.5.
24. A die has 6 faces, one of which is a 6 → probability = 1/6.
25. Two coins tossed: 1 out of 4 outcomes is TT → probability = 1/4.
26. Half the cards (26/52) are red → probability = 1/2.
27. A certain event has probability 1.
28. P(not A) = 1 - P(A) = 0.4.
29. Numbers 1–10: 5 are even, 5 are odd → probability = 1/2.
30. Numbers less than 5 on a die: {1,2,3,4} → probability = 4/6.
31. Bar graphs are best for categorical data.
32. Histograms show numerical (quantitative) data.
33. The horizontal axis of a bar graph usually shows categories.
34. Relative frequencies always sum to 1.
35. Pie charts show parts of a whole.
36. Class interval = difference between upper and lower boundaries.
37. Line graphs show changes over time.
38. Class mark = midpoint of a class interval.
39. Cumulative frequency graph = ogive.
40. Mean is a central tendency, not a measure of dispersion.
41. Variance = (Standard deviation)².
42. Dispersion describes how spread out the data values are.
43. Variance = 0 means all values are equal.
44. Right-skewed distribution = positively skewed.
45. In a normal distribution, 68% of values are within 1 standard deviation.
46. r = 1 means perfect positive correlation.
47. r = 0 means no linear correlation.
48. Regression lines are used to predict values.
49. Chi-square test is a non-parametric test.
50. Type I error = rejecting a true null hypothesis.