ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Complete Notes with Solved Examples & Diagrams
Prepared by ChatGPT
1. Basics of Engineering Drawing
• Drawing Instruments: Drawing board, T-square, Set-squares, Compass, Divider,
Mini-drafter.
• Types of Lines (BIS): Continuous thick (visible), Continuous thin (dimension), Dashed
(hidden edges), Chain thin (center line).
• Dimensioning Rules: Use thin lines with arrowheads, place dimensions above line, avoid
duplication.
2. Scales
Scales are used to represent large or small dimensions accurately on drawing sheets.
Types: Plain Scale, Diagonal Scale, Vernier Scale.
Example: Construct a plain scale of R.F. = 1/50 to read meters and decimeters up to 6 m.
3. Orthographic Projections
Orthographic projection represents 3D objects on 2D planes.
Types: First Angle Projection, Third Angle Projection.
Example: Draw projections of a cube of 40 mm side resting on HP with one face parallel to
VP.
4. Sectional Views
Used to show interior details of solids by cutting them with an imaginary plane.
Types: Full Section, Half Section, Offset Section.
Example: Draw sectional front view of a cylinder (Ø40 mm, h=60 mm) cut by a vertical
plane through axis.
5. Isometric Projections
In isometric drawing, the three axes are at 120°. True lengths are reduced to isometric
scale.
Example: Draw the isometric view of a cube of 40 mm side.
6. Development of Surfaces
Development is the unfolding of 3D solids into 2D sheets.
Methods: Parallel Line, Radial Line, Triangulation.
Example: Develop lateral surface of a cone (base Ø50 mm, height 60 mm).
7. Computer-Aided Drafting (CAD)
CAD software like AutoCAD is used for precise 2D and 3D modeling.
Commands: LINE, CIRCLE, TRIM (2D); EXTRUDE, REVOLVE (3D).