INTRODUCTION TO

FORENSIC SCIENCE
MODULE 1

Please note that all the pictures, graphics, and diagrams used here in this presentation are only for representation
purposes only and we claim no ownership of them.
WHAT IS FORENSIC SCIENCE?

• Forensic science is an interdisciplinary field that applies knowledge

and methodology to criminal investigation and legal [Link]
order to assist judiciary.
• It is applied in the procedure of criminal investigation to prove a
crime and bring the accused in front of the court to punish according
to the type and manner of crime he/she has committed. After all it is
a probability that links the evidence with the crime and suspected
people to prove a case.
• Forensic Science Can be broadly defined as “The application of
scientific knowledge to aid in the administration of justice”
• Word Forensic originates from Latin term “Forensis” meaning of or
before Forum.
• Crimes have been reported since the dawn of humanity, and
the methods of committing crimes have evolved drastically
with advancements in science and technology. As crime
techniques become more sophisticated, there’s an
increasing need for a scientific approach that stays ahead of
criminals. This necessitates specialized expertise in crime
investigation, ensuring precision and flawlessness. Forensic
science offers the necessary solution for comprehensively
addressing these challenges.

• Forensic science applies scientific knowledge to aid in the

administration of justice. The term “forensics” is derived
from the Latin word “forum,” meaning a gathering of people
seeking justice, typically administered by learned elders. In
the simplest sense, it refers to a court of law. Forensic
science uses legal proceedings and evidence to resolve
crimes by establishing connections between the crime
scene, the victim, and the perpetrator through scientific
proof and examination.
In modern practice, forensic science is used to resolve a wide
array of complexities. It is instrumental in uncovering facts in
cases of unusual occurrences, and determining what went
wrong, regardless of material, human, or property loss.
Forensic science encompasses a wide range of scientific
disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, and their
related fields such as medicine, anthropology, toxicology,
serology, and odontology. Additionally, branches developed
specifically for forensic applications include ballistics,
fingerprint analysis, and document examination. Other
relevant subjects include serology, voice analysis, psychology,
narcoanalysis, and DNA profiling, all of which have significant
forensic applications.

Forensic science is dedicated to the recognition,

identification, individualization, and evaluation of physical
evidence related to crimes and other complex issues. It
resolves these matters through the application of natural
science principles in the administration of justice.
❖ HISTORICAL ROOTS OF FORENSIC SCIENCE
✓ Forensic science has its roots in ancient civilizations. Around 3000 BC, the Egyptians
practiced early forms of autopsy during mummification rituals.

✓ The Greeks contributed by studying toxins and developing pharmacology and used it
to tell facts about the production, Use, and Symptoms of certain poisons used for
murders .

✓ The Romans created early legal systems that incorporated forensic LAWs. During
Roman times, disputes were publicly narrated, allowing the accused and the victim
to present their cases. The individual with the strongest argument would prevail, and
the outcome was determined by the public or higher authorities.

✓ Roman orator and jurist Quintilian used basic forensic techniques to acquit an
innocent person.

✓ Julius Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 BC, by Roman senators who stabbed
him 23 times. The first recorded autopsy, conducted by physician Antistius, revealed
that only one wound, which pierced Caesar's heart, was fatal. This autopsy
determined the cause of death and set a precedent for future forensic investigations.
Julius Caesar, the Roman general, statesman, and dictator, was assassinated on March 15, 44 BCE, known as the Ides of March.
A group of around 60 Roman senators, led by Brutus and Cassius, carried out the assassination. They feared Caesar's
growing power and his appointment as dictator for life, which they saw as a threat to the Roman Republic and a potential step
towards monarchy. On the fateful day, Caesar was lured to a Senate meeting at the Theatre of Pompey. There, the senators
attacked him, stabbing him 23 times. The assassination aimed to restore the Republic, but instead, it triggered a series of civil
wars that eventually led to the rise of Caesar's adopted heir, Octavian (Augustus), and the establishment of the Roman Empire.
 ARCHIMEDES

• Archimedes used his LAW of buoyancy to

test whether King Hiero II's gold crown
was pure. He compared the water
displacement of the crown to that of a lump
of pure gold with the same weight. If the
crown displaced more water, it had a larger
volume and lower density, indicating it was
not pure gold. This nondestructive method
revealed that the crown was adulterated with
a lighter metal, showcasing the practical
application of Archimedes' LAW in
problemsolving and its relevance to forensic
science.
 SONG CI.
(1186-1249)
Song Ci, also known as Song Tz’u, was a Chinese judge and
forensic expert who lived during the Song Dynasty He is considered
one of the pioneers of forensic science due to his seminal work in Official postal stamps released by
the field of forensic Entomology, and medicine. the Chinese government to honor
Song Ci.
Contribution in Forensics:
1. Author of "Xi Yuan Ji Lu" (Collected Cases of Injustice
Rectified):
Published in 1247, this book is one of the earliest known works
on forensic science.
It provided guidelines for the investigation of suspicious deaths,
including methods for examining corpses, determining the cause of
death, and identifying wounds.

2. Systematic Approach:
Song Ci's work emphasized a systematic and meticulous
approach to death investigations.
He outlined procedures for conducting autopsies, preserving
evidence, and recording observations in detail.

3. Influence on Forensic Practices:

His LAWs laid the foundation for modern forensic pathology and
influenced subsequent developments in forensic medicine, not only
in China but also in other parts of the world
The book Xi Yuan Lu (The Washing Away of
Wrongs) was published in the 13th century in China
by Song Ci.
Xi Yuan Lu is the first written testimony of the use of
medicine and entomology to solve crimes. This A portraits showcasing the
nomenclature of human bones by
book is one of the earliest available literature to help Song Ci.
determine the cause of death.
The book explains how to distinguish an accidental
death from a murder by examining the weapon used to
cause death. It threw light upon important topics such
as:

•How to preserve evidence during the examination

process?
•How to make an antiseptic?
•How to extract a hidden injury from dead bodies and
bones?
•How to calculate the time of death based on the
weather and insects? and
•How to wash a dead body for examination?
 THE STORY OF SONG CI AND THE SICKLE

• In a rural village in ancient China, a body was discovered with multiple deep cuts. The
local magistrate was baffled and unable to identify the murderer. Song Ci, known for
his expertise in forensic science and justice, was called to solve the case.

• Upon examining the wounds, Song Ci deduced that the weapon used was likely a
sickle, a common farming tool. To identify the killer, he devised a clever plan. He
instructed all the villagers to bring their sickles to the village square. Once
assembled, he announced that the sickle used in the murder would attract flies due
to the remnants of blood and tissue, even though the weapon had been cleaned.

• The villagers were skeptical but complied with Song Ci’s orders. As they laid out
their sickles in the sun, Song Ci observed them closely. After some time, one
particular sickle began attracting flies. The owner of the sickle grew nervous and was
eventually questioned by Song Ci. Under the pressure of the investigation and the
undeniable evidence, the owner confessed to the crime.

• This story illustrates Song Ci’s innovative approach to forensic science and his keen
observational skills. His methods combined scientific LAWs with a deep
understanding of human behavior, paving the way for modern forensic investigations.
 EARLIEST APPLICATION OF THE LIE
DETECTOR OR POLYGRAPH TEST

• The earliest precursor to the Polygraph test was the examination of the saliva,
mouth, and tongue of a suspect to deduce innocence or guilt.
• For example, in ancient India, the suspect’s mouth was filled with some dry
rice, and in China with rice powder. They were then asked to spit it out.
• In some Middle Eastern cultures, the accused would have to lick heated metal
rods briefly.
• The LAW used for these methods was that a guilty person would produce less
saliva. Thus, if rice got stuck in their mouths or if their tongues got severely
burnt, they were pronounced guilty.
• Maharshi Charak, a prominent figure in ancient Indian medicine, made
significant contributions to forensic science through his seminal work, the
"Charaka Samhita," which dates back to around the 2nd century BCE. His
extensive treatise on medicine includes detailed descriptions of toxicology
(Agadatantra), which is crucial for forensic investigations involving poisons and
their antidotes. Charak's insights into the symptoms, diagnosis, and
treatment of various poisons laid the foundation for forensic toxicology in India.
His holistic approach and systematic documentation have had a lasting impact on
both traditional medicine and the early development of forensic practices in the
region.

• Sushruta, an ancient Indian physician and surgeon, made significant contributions

to forensic science and toxicology through his work, the "Sushruta Samhita,"
dated around the 6th century BCE. His text is one of the earliest known medical
treatises that addresses forensic aspects, such as the identification of poisoning
and the management of toxic substances. Sushruta's detailed descriptions of
symptoms and antidotes for various poisons laid foundational knowledge in
toxicology. His work also includes methods for detecting and treating
injuries, which had implications for forensic investigations. This integration of
medical and forensic practices highlights his pioneering role in these fields.
 KAUTILYA'S ARTHASHASTRA

• Kautilya's Arthashastra, an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy,

and military strategy, composed by the scholar and advisor Kautilya (also
known as Chanakya) around the 4th century BCE, is notable for its early
references to forensic science.
• The Arthashastra contains detailed instructions on various administrative and
judicial procedures, highlighting the importance of evidence and investigation
in maintaining justice.
• Kautilya emphasized the use of witnesses, documentation, and physical
evidence in legal matters. He also outlined methods for detecting crime, including
interrogation techniques and the examination of clues, which can be seen as
early forms of forensic practices.
• The text's discussions on poisons, their detection, and antidotes also reflect an
advanced understanding of toxicology.
• Kautilya's insistence on thorough investigation and the use of empirical evidence
in judicial processes underscores the significance of forensic principles in ancient
India. This ancient work laid foundational concepts that resonate with modern
forensic science, showcasing the enduring importance of meticulous evidence
gathering and analysis in the pursuit of justice.
 SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE

• Sir Arthur Conan Doyle significantly influenced forensic

science through his Sherlock Holmes stories by
popularizing forensic techniques such as fingerprinting,
blood analysis (serology), and the examination of trace
evidence like ashes and soil.
• These stories inspired many early forensic scientists and
promoted the adoption of logical reasoning and scientific
methods in real-world investigations.
• Doyle's works, including "A Study in Scarlet" and "The
Sign of the Four," introduced advanced forensic techniques
and highlighted the importance of observation and deduction.
By increasing public awareness and support for scientific crime-
solving methods,
• Doyle's contributions laid the groundwork for modern forensic
practices and have been used in educational settings to
illustrate the application of scientific LAWs in criminal
investigations.
• Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786) was a pioneering Swedish chemist
whose contributions significantly advanced the field of forensics and
toxicology. Known for his discovery of several chemical elements, Scheele's
most notable forensic contribution was his work on the detection of
arsenic. He developed a method to detect arsenic in corpses, which laid the
groundwork for future toxicological analysis and helped establish forensic
chemistry as a critical tool in criminal investigations. His work during the late
18th century was instrumental in understanding and identifying poisons, thus
aiding in the development of forensic toxicology.

• Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787-1853), often called the

"Father of Toxicology," made significant contributions to forensic science
and toxicology in the early 19th century. He was a Spanish-born chemist
and medical doctor who established the foundations of toxicology as a
scientific discipline. Orfila's pioneering work included the development of
systematic methods for detecting poisons in human tissues, which
were critical in criminal investigations and legal proceedings. His seminal
book, "Traité des Poisons" (1814), laid out procedures for identifying
various poisons and their effects on the human body, significantly advancing
the forensic application of toxicology.
• Colonel Calvin Hooker Goddard (1891-1955) was a pioneering figure in forensic
science, particularly known for his contributions to ballistics. He developed the
comparison microscope, a critical tool that allows forensic scientists to examine and
compare bullets and shell casings with exceptional precision. This innovation significantly
advanced the field of forensic ballistics, making it possible to match bullets to specific
firearms with a high degree of accuracy. His work laid the foundation for modern forensic
techniques and helped establish ballistics as a vital discipline within forensic science.
Goddard's efforts were instrumental in solving numerous criminal cases and in the
development of forensic laboratories across the United States.

• Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914) was a pivotal figure in the development of

forensic science, particularly through his introduction of anthropometry, a system of
identifying individuals based on precise physical measurements. This method, known
as the Bertillon System, was the first scientific approach to criminal identification
before the advent of fingerprinting. Bertillon also made significant contributions to
forensic photography, standardizing mug shots and crime scene photography, which
became essential tools in criminal investigations. While his work primarily focused
on identification and photography, it laid important groundwork for the broader
field of forensics.
• Sir William Herschel, an English civil servant in India during the 19th
century, made significant contributions to forensic science through his
pioneering work on fingerprinting. Serving primarily in the 1850s to 1870s,
Herschel observed and documented the uniqueness of fingerprints and their
potential for personal identification. His systematic use of fingerprints for
verifying identities in contracts and legal documents laid the
groundwork for the modern fingerprinting system used in forensic
investigations today, his contributions to personal identification have been
fundamental in various forensic applications, including crime scene
investigations and legal proceedings.

• Henry Faulds, a Scottish physician and missionary in the late 19th

century, significantly advanced the field of forensic science through his
work on fingerprint identification. In the 1870s and 1880s, while
working in Japan, Faulds recognized the potential of fingerprints for
identifying individuals and solving crimes. He systematically studied
fingerprint patterns and their permanence, proposing their use in
forensic investigations to differentiate between individuals. Faulds
published his findings in scientific journals and even corresponded with
Charles Darwin, advocating for the adoption of fingerprinting in criminal
justice. His contributions were instrumental in establishing fingerprints as a
reliable method for personal identification in forensic science.
• Sir Francis Galton, an English polymath active in the late 19th and early
20th centuries, made groundbreaking contributions to forensic science through his
work on fingerprint analysis. In the 1880s and 1890s, he conducted extensive
research on fingerprint patterns, establishing their uniqueness and classification. He
published "Fingerprints" in 1892, "Decipherment of Blurred Finger Prints"
in 1893, and "Finger Print Directories" in 1895, systematically demonstrating
the individuality of fingerprints and providing methods for cataloging and analyzing
them. Galton's work validated and expanded upon the discoveries of pioneers like
William Herschel and Henry Faulds, significantly influencing the adoption of
fingerprinting as a standard forensic tool worldwide.

• Juan Vucetich, an Argentine police official and anthropologist, made significant

contributions to the field of forensics, particularly in fingerprint analysis. He is best
known for developing the first fingerprint classification system in 1891,
which played a crucial role in the identification of individuals based on their unique
fingerprint patterns. Vucetich's work laid the foundation for the modern use of
fingerprints in criminal investigations, providing a reliable method for personal
identification and solving crimes. His time frame of active contribution was primarily
in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
• Rudolph Virchow, active in the mid19th century, made significant contributions to the
fields of forensics through his advancements in pathological science. Renowned for his
development of cellular pathology, Virchow emphasized the role of cellular changes in
disease processes, which laid the groundwork for forensic pathology. His work enabled
the identification of disease processes in autopsies, improving the accuracy of
cause-of-death determinations. Additionally, his research in toxicology contributed to
understanding the effects of poisons on the body, aiding in the detection and
analysis of toxins in forensic investigations. His contributions remain foundational in
modern forensic science.

Sir Edward Richard Henry significantly contributed to the field of forensic science,
particularly in the development of fingerprint classification systems. He served as the
Inspector General of Police in British India from 1891 to 1901, where he devised the Henry
Classification System, which became a standard method for fingerprint classification
worldwide. This system greatly enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of criminal
identification. Henry's pioneering work in forensics was supported by two Indian sub
inspectors, Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose, who played crucial roles in developing the
fingerprint classification method. Their collaborative efforts laid the foundation for modern
forensic identification techniques..
• Edmond Locard, often referred to as the "Sherlock Holmes of Lyon," was a pioneering
figure in forensic science during the early 20th century. He established the first forensic
laboratory in Lyon, France, in 1910. Locard's most notable contribution is the formulation of
the "Locard's Exchange LAW," which states that "every contact leaves a trace," emphasizing
that perpetrators of crimes will always leave behind some form of evidence at a crime scene.
This LAW became a foundational concept in forensic investigations. Locard's work in forensic
science, particularly in developing methodologies for the analysis of trace evidence,
significantly advanced the field and laid the groundwork for modern forensic practices. His
contributions spanned from the early 1900s until his death in 1966.

• Albert Sherman Osborn (1858-1946) was a pivotal figure in the development of

forensic document examination. His groundbreaking work laid the foundation for the
modern field of questioned document analysis. Osborn's seminal book, "Questioned
Documents" (1910), introduced scientific methods for examining handwriting,
typewriting, ink, and paper, establishing LAWs that are still used today. His contributions
significantly advanced the reliability and acceptance of forensic document examination in
legal proceedings, cementing his legacy as a pioneer in forensic science.
• Walter C. McCrone (1916-2002) was a pioneering figure in forensic science,
renowned for his work in microscopy. He significantly advanced the application of
microscopy techniques to forensic investigations, particularly in the analysis of
trace evidence. McCrone's meticulous work on the Shroud of Turin and the Vinland Map
exemplified his expertise, demonstrating the potential of microscopic analysis in validating
the authenticity of historical artifacts. His contributions extended to the development of
microchemical analysis methods, which enhanced the ability to detect and identify minute
quantities of substances in forensic contexts. McCrone's career spanned from the mid20th
century to the early 21st century, during which he founded the McCrone Research
Institute, further cementing his legacy in the scientific community.

Mark Twain, primarily known for his literary contributions, indirectly influenced the field
of forensics through his novel "Pudd’nhead Wilson" published in 1894. In the book,
Twain explored the use of fingerprinting as a method of identification in a murder case, a
concept that was relatively novel at the time. By incorporating this technique into his
narrative, Twain popularized the idea and highlighted its potential forensic applications to a
broad audience. His work predated widespread acceptance and formal implementation of
fingerprinting in forensic science, which began in earnest in the early 20th century. Twain's
time frame was the late 19th century, specifically from his birth in 1835 to his death in
1910.
• Hans Gross (1847-1915) was an Austrian criminologist who is often regarded as one of
the founding figures of modern forensic science. He made significant contributions through
his work in criminal investigation, notably with the publication of his book "Handbuch für
Untersuchungsrichter, Polizeibeamte, Gendarmen" ("Handbook for Investigating
Judges, Police Officers, Gendarmes“) in 1893, later translated as "Criminal Investigation."
This comprehensive manual detailed systematic methods for crime scene analysis, evidence
collection, and the use of various scientific techniques in investigations. Gross's work
emphasized the importance of applying scientific principles to criminal investigations, thereby
laying the groundwork for forensic science as a distinct discipline. His time frame spans the
late 19th and early 20th centuries, during which he pioneered the integration of science into
law enforcement practices.

Sir Alec Jeffreys, a British geneticist, made a monumental contribution to

forensic science with his development of DNA fingerprinting in 1984. His
discovery, which emerged from his work on genetic variation and inherited
diseases at the University of Leicester, revolutionized the field by providing a
powerful tool for individual identification based on genetic profiles. Jeffreys'
technique was first used in a forensic case in 1986, leading to the resolution of a
double murder case in England. His work laid the foundation for modern DNA
profiling, which has become essential in criminal investigations, paternity testing,
and identifying remains. Jeffreys' innovations have had a lasting impact on forensic
science, transforming it into a more precise and reliable field.
• Luke May, an early 20thcentury forensic scientist, made significant contributions to the field of
forensics. Known as one of the first American criminalists, he pioneered techniques in tool
mark analysis and microscopic forensic investigation. His meticulous methods in
examining tool marks and striations helped solve numerous criminal cases, establishing
foundational practices still used today. May's career spanned from the early 1900s until he died in
1965, marking a period of substantial advancement in forensic methodologies.

Christian Schönbein: He significantly impacted forensic science. In 1850, he

developed a method for detecting bloodstains using a reagent that reacts with
hemoglobin. His technique involved using hydrogen peroxide and a reagent to
produce a visible change when it came into contact with blood, allowing for the
detection of blood traces. This was an early form of the presumptive test for blood,
which is crucial in forensic investigations to identify potential bloodstains at a crime
scene. His work laid the groundwork for more sophisticated blood testing methods
used in modern forensic science.
Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943) was an Austrian immunologist and
pathologist whose groundbreaking work in the early 20th century
significantly advanced forensic science. He is best known for discovering the
ABO blood group system in 1901, which revolutionized blood
transfusion practices and forensic identification. Landsteiner's discovery
enabled forensic scientists to use blood typing as a method to identify
individuals and link suspects to crime scenes through blood evidence. His
contributions earned him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in
1930, and his work remains foundational in both medical and forensic
sciences.

Leone Lattes, an Italian forensic scientist, made significant contributions to

forensic serology in the early 20th century. Born in 1887 and working
primarily in the 1910s and 1920s, Lattes developed a method for
determining blood types from dried bloodstains, which was a
groundbreaking advancement for forensic investigations. His technique
allowed forensic experts to identify blood types in criminal cases, providing
critical evidence in solving crimes. Lattes' work laid the foundation for
modern forensic blood analysis, making him a pivotal figure in the history of
forensic science.
Paolo Zacchia (1584-1659) was a pioneering figure in the field of forensic
medicine. As an Italian physician and legal expert, he is best known for his seminal
work "Quaestiones MedicoLegales," a comprehensive treatise that systematically
addressed various aspects of legal medicine. His contributions laid the foundation for
modern forensic science by integrating medical knowledge with legal principles,
particularly in cases of death investigations, wounds, poisoning, and mental health issues.
Zacchia's work was groundbreaking in establishing the importance of medical
expertise in judicial processes and significantly influenced the development of
forensic pathology and legal medicine.

Hugo Münsterberg, a pioneering figure in applied psychology, made significant contributions to

forensic psychology in the early 20th century. His work, particularly in the early 1900s,
focused on the psychological aspects of legal proceedings. Münsterberg emphasized the
importance of psychological factors in eyewitness testimony, false confessions, and jury
decisionmaking. His influential book, "On the Witness Stand" (1908), highlighted the
fallibility of memory and perception in legal contexts, challenging the reliability of courtroom
testimony and advocating for the integration of psychological principles into legal practice.
Münsterberg's efforts laid the foundation for modern forensic psychology, emphasizing the
critical role of psychological insights in the justice system.
 PIONEERS OF FORENSIC SCIENCES

Field Pioneer Field Pioneer

Forensic Science Edmond Locard Forensic Serology Karl Landsteiner

Forensic Questioned Documents Albert Sherman Osborn Forensic Medicine Paolo Zacchia

Forensic Fingerprint Science Colonel Calvin Hooker

Sir Francis Galton Forensic Ballistics
Goddard

Forensic Toxicology Mathew Orphila Forensic Psychology Hugo Münsterberg

 DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN INDIA IN 1900S
•In India, the initial forensic examination services were primarily provided by the Fingerprint Bureau under the State
Criminal Investigation Department (C.I.D.), which handled fingerprint, footprint, and document analysis, as well as
chemical tests on biological evidence such as blood and other tissues.

•Due to the slow processes and lack of systematic development, various state governments established Forensic Science
Laboratories (FSLs) to address these needs. The first FSL was set up in Calcutta in 1952. Subsequently, the Central
Forensic Science Laboratory and the Central Fingerprint Bureau were established in Calcutta in 1955 and 1957,
respectively.

•Following recommendations from the Central Advisory Committee, additional Forensic Laboratories were established in
former Bombay, Madras, Bihar, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh. Currently, the Bureau of Police Research and
Development (BPRD) serves as the nodal agency for the central government in this area. Regional FSLs have also been set up
in states like Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh. Other institutions, such as the
Department of Explosives and the Indian Security Press, were established later to support forensic and security needs.

•A significant advancement in forensic science came with the establishment of the Center for DNA Fingerprinting and
Diagnostics (CDFD) in Hyderabad. This center is equipped with modern biological techniques and specializes in DNA
profiling, diagnostics, gene analysis, and bioinformatics. It maintains a comprehensive database for casework and serves as the
primary center for DNA testing in India.
 DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN INDIA IN 1900S

• Chemical Examiner's Laboratories

In the nineteenth century, the increase in poisoning cases led to the need for detecting poisons in the human body. The first Chemical
Examiner's Laboratory was established in Madras in 1849, followed by labs in Calcutta (1853), Agra (1864), and Bombay (1870). These
labs conducted toxicological analysis of viscera, biological analysis of blood and semen stains, and chemical analysis of food, drugs, and
excisable materials, supporting the criminal justice system and neighboring regions.

• Anthropometric Bureau
Identification of criminals was initially haphazard, relying on memorization of faces. Photography and Bertillon's anthropometric
system, introduced in India in 1878, improved this process. The Anthropometric Bureau was established in Calcutta in 1892 to
maintain records of criminals using Bertillon's method.

• Finger Print Bureau

William Herschel discovered the permanence of fingerprint patterns and applied this knowledge to contract and prison
regulations. Edward Richard Henry introduced thumb impressions in record slips to avoid misidentification. With contributions
from Indian officers Azizul Huq and Hem Chandra Bose, a systematic classification was developed. The world's first fingerprint
bureau opened in Calcutta in 1897, establishing fingerprint identification in India.

• Department of Explosives
To address the detection of explosives, the Department of Explosives was founded in 1898, with regional offices in Calcutta, Bombay,
Agra, Madras, and Gwalior. They provided scientific expertise in explosions for police investigations and legal provisions under the
Explosives & Petroleum Act.
 DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN INDIA IN 1900S
• Government Examiner of Questioned Document (GEQD), Shimla
In response to the need for handwriting identification during the Indian independence movement, the post of Government
Handwriting Expert was created in Bengal in 1904. The office, later moved to Shimla, evolved into the GEQD, providing services for
criminal and civil cases and handling secret censorship during World War II.

• Serologist to the Government of India

The Serology Department was established in Calcutta in 1910 to examine blood and seminal stains in criminal investigations. This
department, later renamed as the Office of the Serologist and Chemical Examiner, provided critical forensic support.

• Footprint Section of Criminal Investigation Department (CID)

A Footprint Section was established in Bengal in 1915 to aid in criminal identification through footprint analysis. This method was
successfully applied in several cases, as documented by SM Edwardes.

• Note Forgery Section in CID

In 1917, the Note Forgery Section was created under CID, Bengal, to examine forged currency notes. The Revenue Department and
Government Mint also established labs for narcotics, liquor analysis, and counterfeit detection.

• Ballistics Laboratory
The first ballistics laboratory was set up in Calcutta in 1930 to examine firearms. Similar labs were later established in other states to
support criminal investigations involving firearms.
 DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN INDIA IN 1900S
• Scientific Sections in CID
In 1936, a Scientific Section was created in Bengal's CID, facilitating the examination of bullets, firearms, fingerprints, footprints, and
questioned documents. Other states followed suit, expanding forensic capabilities.

• State Forensic Science Laboratory, Calcutta

India's first state forensic science laboratory was established in Calcutta in 1952, becoming fully operational in 1953. It integrated
various scientific sections, including Physics, Footprint, and Note Forgery Sections, becoming the first multidisciplinary forensic lab in
India.

• Central Finger Print Bureau (CFPB)

Established in 1905 in Shimla, the CFPB faced setbacks but was reestablished in Delhi in 1955. It coordinated fingerprint records
across states and underwent several relocations, finally coming under the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) in 1986.

• Central Detective Training School (CDTS), Calcutta

Founded in 1956, CDTS, Calcutta, aimed to train police in scientific crime investigation. It later expanded to Hyderabad and
Chandigarh, focusing on modern investigative techniques.

• Central Forensic Science Laboratories (CFSL)

The first CFSL was set up in Calcutta in 1957, followed by labs in Hyderabad (1965) and Chandigarh (1933, shifted in 1961). These
labs were organized into key forensic disciplines and later focused on specialized research and training.
 DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN INDIA IN 1900S
• Central Forensic Institute, Calcutta
The establishment of CDTS and CFSL led to the creation of the Central Forensic Institute in Calcutta, which coordinated
forensic science activities under the Intelligence Bureau's oversight.

• Central Advisory Committees

In 1959, two committees were formed to guide the establishment and improvement of forensic science and medicolegal
practices in India. The Central Forensic Science Advisory Committee continues to function, promoting forensic science
advancements.

• Indian Academy of Forensic Science

Founded in 1960, the Indian Academy of Forensic Sciences publishes a scientific journal and organizes meetings and seminars
to advance forensic science.

• Teaching of Forensic Science in Universities

• Efforts to introduce criminology and forensic science in universities began in the 1950s. Significant progress was made in
the 1960s, with several universities starting relevant courses and the establishment of the Institute of Criminology and
Forensic Science in Delhi in 1971.
 DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN INDIA IN 1900S
• Forensic Science Division at BPR&D
In 1983, the creation of a Chief Forensic Scientist position and the Forensic Science Directorate at BPR&D marked a significant step
in coordinating and advancing forensic science in India.

• Recommendations of the Scientific Advisory Committee to the Cabinet

The 1983 recommendations led to the modernization and restructuring of CFSLs into specialized divisions, enhancing their role in
forensic science research and training.

• New Mandate for CFSLs

In the 1990s, the CFSLs' role shifted to focus on research, development, and specialized training, with each lab designated as a
Center of Excellence in specific forensic fields:
✓ CFSL, Calcutta: Forensic Biological Sciences
✓ CFSL, Hyderabad: Forensic Chemical Sciences
✓ CFSL, Chandigarh: Forensic Physical Sciences

• Establishment of DNA Typing Laboratory at CFSL, Calcutta

• To meet the rising demand for advanced forensic technology, the DNA Typing Laboratory was established, further enhancing
crime investigation capabilities.
 DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN INDIA IN THE 1800S

Year Development Location

1849 First Chemical Examiners Laboratory Chennai

1853 Second Chemical Examiners Laboratory Calcutta

1864 Third Chemical Examiners Laboratory Agra

1870 Fourth Chemical Examiners Laboratory Mumbai

1892 Anthropometric Bureau Kolkata

1897 Fingerprint Bureau Kolkata

1898 Explosive Examination Laboratory Nagpur

 DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN INDIA IN 1900S
Year Development Location
1904 GEQD (Government Examiner of Questioned Document) was established Kolkata
1906 GEQD Shifted to Shimla Shimla
1910 The Serology Department was established in Kolkata by Dr. Hank Kolkata
1915 Footprint Section was established by CID West Bengal Kolkata
1917 Gov. of Bengal started Note Forgery Section Kolkata
A firearm expert was appointed by the government of Bengal and a small Ballistic Laboratory was
1930 Kolkata
established under Kolkata Police
1936 CID Bengal started a Scientific section for Bullets Cartridge Cases and Firearms Kolkata
1952 1st State Forensic Laboratory was established Kolkata
1956 Central DetectiveTraining School was established Kolkata
1957 State FSL Kolkata was Converted to CFSL Kolkata
1957 Fingerprint Bureau established by Khan Bahadur Aziz Ulla and Khem Chandra Bose Kolkata
1960 Indian Academy of Forensic Science was established
1998 BPR&D established first forensic DNA typing Facility at CFSL Kolkata Kolkata

CFSL in INDIA
(1968) (2011)
(1933) (1957) (1967) (2011)
CBI CFSL Guwahati (2014) Pune
Chandigarh Kolkata Hyderabad Bhopal
New Delhi Kamrup
 DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS IN FORENSIC SCIENCES.
✓ Investigation Officer: An officer responsible for conducting investigations into criminal cases. They gather evidence, question
witnesses, and compile reports to help solve crimes and prepare cases for prosecution.

✓ Modus Operandi: The method or pattern of behavior used by a criminal to commit offenses. It refers to the distinctive technique or
approach a criminal employs during the commission of a crime.

✓ Chain of Custody: The process of maintaining and documenting the handling of evidence from the time it is collected until it is
presented in court. This ensures that the evidence remains unaltered and its integrity is preserved.

✓ Corpus Delicti (Body of the Crime): The physical evidence that establishes that a crime has occurred. It refers to the substance or
core element of the crime, such as the body of a murder victim or the stolen property in a theft.

✓ Forwarding Letter: A formal letter used to transmit evidence or documents from one authority to another. It typically includes a
brief description of the contents and the purpose of forwarding.

✓ Punchnama: A detailed record or memorandum prepared by the police during the investigation, documenting the scene of the
crime, the condition of the evidence, and any other relevant observations.
 DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS IN FORENSIC SCIENCES.
• Accreditation: The formal recognition or certification of a laboratory or institution's competence to perform specific tests or analyses.
It ensures that the standards and procedures used are reliable and meet legal requirements.

• Presumptive Test & Confirmative Test:

✓ Presumptive Test: A preliminary test used to suggest the presence of a substance, but not to confirm it definitively. It indicates
whether further confirmatory tests are needed.
✓ Confirmative Test: A test that conclusively identifies the presence of a substance. It provides definitive results and confirms the
findings of presumptive tests.

• Prima Facie Observation: Initial observations or evidence that, on their face, appear to support a particular conclusion or allegation. It
is the evidence that is sufficient to establish a case unless contradicted or disproved.

• Evidence and Physical Evidence:

• Evidence: Any material presented in court to support or refute a claim. It includes witness testimony, documents, and other relevant
information that can help prove or disprove aspects of the case.

• Physical Evidence: Tangible items or materials related to a crime, such as fingerprints, blood samples, or weapons. This type of
evidence is collected from the crime scene or other relevant locations and used to support the investigation and legal proceedings.
 DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS IN FORENSIC SCIENCES.

Plaintiff and Defendant:

✓Plaintiff: The person or party who initiates a lawsuit by filing a complaint with the court. In civil cases, the plaintiff
seeks a legal remedy for a wrong done.
✓Defendant: The person or party being accused or sued in a legal action. The defendant responds to the plaintiff’s
claims and defends against the allegations.

Accused, Suspect, Culprit, and Victim:

✓ Suspect: A person who is believed to be involved in a crime but has not yet been formally charged or proven guilty.
✓ Accused: An individual formally charged with a crime. They are alleged to have committed the offense and are subject to
legal proceedings.
✓ The culprit: The person who is actually responsible for committing the crime.
✓ Victim: The person who has suffered harm, injury, or loss as a result of a crime or wrongful act.
 BASIC LAWS OF FORENSIC SCIENCE

LAW OF EXCHANGE
• Even though Forensic Science
is an applied science that applies
Natural Sciences to the LAW OF COMPARISON
purpose of LAW; throughout its
development of so many years it
has developed many LAWs and LAW OF ANALYSIS
LAWs of its own. All of these
LAWs and LAWs seek their LAW of INDIVIDUALITY
inspiration through natural
sciences only and form a firm
foundation for Forensic Sciences LAW of PROBABILITY
• There are 7 such important
LAWs and LAWs that form the LAW of CIRCUMSTANTIAL FACTS
base of Forensic Analysis

LAW of PROGRESSIVE CHANGE

LAW OF EXCHANGE

"when a contact occurs between two entities there will always be an exchange of matter between them,"
“Every contact leaves traces” Given by French Scientist Edmond Lockard and also known as Edmond Lockard's
Maximum on Interchange

LAW OF COMPARISON

”Only the likes can be Compared” or “There is a possibility of comparison only when
there are things which are similar.”

LAW OF ANALYSIS
“Analysis can be no better than the sample analyzed”
If the Sample to be analyzed is contaminated and is subject of improper sampling and
preservation then it will be useless in the analysis.
 LAW OF INDIVIDUALITY LAW OF CIRCUMSTANTIAL FACTS
“'Every object, natural or manmade, has an “Facts do not lie, Humans can and Do”
individuality which is not duplicated in any other
According to Karl Marx, “ True belief only becomes
object
Knowledge when backed by some investigation and
or in other words evidence”
No two things in this universe are alike even Sometimes Victims or Witnesses intentionally lie but an
when they are manufactured in the same analysis or investigation based on other relevant facts
machine one after the other. ” and evidence can never lie.

LAW OF PROBABILITY
“All identifications, definite or indefinite are made LAW OF PROGRESSIVE CHANGE
consciously or unconsciously on basis of probability”
“Everything changes with time” and “Change
If we say a sample originates from a particular source that can
never be the sole reason to believe that; the defense may is Inevitable”
counter with the probability of presence of other sources which
can only be determined by thorough investigation and analysis. Eg: Body Decompose, Mettle Rusts, Bite and tool marks
Probability is a mathematical concept. It determines the chances fade away
of occurrence of a particular event in a particular way out of
several ways in which the event can take place.
 PROBLEM OF PROOF

• The question of proof in a criminal trial is becoming a difficult problem every day. It is related
to men, law, and facts.
• The behavior of the men is habituated by their education, temperament, financial status,
intelligence, and biases.
• The law varies from land to land and is composed of enactments, rulings, conventions, and
precedence. Changes in law are comparatively slow.
• The facts can be proved or may be disproved owing to the circumstances and physical
evidence, through the witnesses. Witnesses may be eyewitnesses or they may be expert
witnesses. The latter base their findings on scientific observations. The evidence is scrutinized
by counsel and evaluated by courts.
Oral Evidence
• The dependence on the oral evidence is placed in accordance with the observations of eyewitness.
However, experiences and experiments have repeatedly proved that sometimes these can be unreliable.
 PROBLEMS FACED BY FORENSIC PRACTITIONERS

(1) Investigative Problems:

• It is concerned with the collection of physical evidence.
• If the investigator is not aware of the importance of physical evidence or improper handling of
collected evidence or if evidence are not collected in time there is a chance of mismanagement and
evidence being missed out.
• This may have occurred due to a lack of experience or knowledge on the part of the investigation.
There is also the chance of destruction or mutilation of evidence.
• Though unintentionally by onlookers who enter the scene with more curiosity. It may lead to the
destruction of evidence.
• In some cases there are some chances of carpus delecti (essence of crime) being lost or tempered.
Evidence may have been destructed/damaged So, proper awareness should be created or knowledge
should be imparted to investigators regarding the presentation of evidence without spoilage,
contamination, or addition of proper preservatives. Maintenance of the chain of custody is mandatory.
 PROBLEMS FACED BY FORENSIC PRACTITIONERS

Scientific Aspects:
• Scientific evidence are always superior then oral evidence but there is a popular motion that is it is a weak one.
• The reasons among them are it is a more theoretical one, and the instruments used for such investigation are
not standardized.
• There may be chances of improper handling of samples (contamination) and tools that are used may not be
uniform and consistent.

Legal Problems:
This involves the enacted law, case law and court convention.
In general, these scientific and physical evidences are found to be rudimentary (fundamental) evidences and less
reliance is given to them.
There is no legal obligation that scientific evidence may be solely considered for judgment delivery.
 VARIOUS CONTEMPORARY DISCIPLINES OF FORENSIC SCIENCES

• Forensic science is a multidisciplinary field that applies scientific principles and techniques to
solve crimes and aid in legal investigations. Various contemporary disciplines within forensic
science each have unique applications and theoretical underpinnings.

Forensic Physics and Forensic Chemistry and Forensic Biology and

Forensic Medicine
Ballistics Toxicology Serology

Digital and Cyber

Multimedia Forensics Forensic Odontology Forensic Gemology
Forensics

Psychology and
Criminology Fingerprint Science Questioned Document
Psychiatry

Engineering Anthropology Anthropometry Archeology

 FUNCTIONS OF FORENSIC SCIENCE

Crime Scene Investigation and Collaboration

Evidence Collection
Forensic scientists employ a systematic approach to evidence collection, meticulously securing the scene, marking
evidence locations, and thoroughly photographing, sketching, and documenting each piece. The types of evidence they
gather are diverse, encompassing biological samples like blood, hair, and skin cells; physical evidence such as weapons
and clothing; trace evidence including fibers and glass fragments; and digital evidence from computers and mobile phones.
This rigorous process ensures that all evidence is preserved and accurately recorded for analysis.

Scene Reconstruction
Forensic scientists play a crucial role in reconstructing events by meticulously analyzing evidence to piece together the
sequence of events at a crime scene. This process involves techniques such as bloodstain pattern analysis, which helps
determine the nature of the events leading to bloodshed, and trajectory analysis, which tracks the paths of projectiles. They
also examine the placement and condition of objects to understand their significance in the context of the crime. Based on
their findings, forensic scientists formulate hypotheses about how the crime transpired, ensuring these hypotheses are
rigorously tested against the available evidence to establish their validity and provide a coherent narrative of the crime.
Laboratory Analysis
• Forensic scientists conduct intricate scientific tests and analyses using various tools and techniques in
laboratories to extract crucial information connecting the crime scene, criminal, and victim. Forensic scientists
are highly trained professionals who perform intricate scientific tests and analyses on various types of
evidence. Using cutting-edge scientific tools and techniques, they meticulously examine the evidence in
laboratory settings to extract important information that can provide critical insights into the relationships
between the crime scene, the perpetrator, and the victim. This process involves a meticulous and systematic
approach to ensure that all relevant details are carefully uncovered and documented. The information extracted
from these analysis also help uncover the various new angles to look at the incident that might have been
missed by the investigators in process of investigation in primacies observations.

Documentation and Reporting

• Forensic scientists play a crucial role in legal proceedings by writing detailed reports that comprehensively
document the methods used, findings, and conclusions, ensuring precision and clarity. They meticulously
maintain a documented chain of custody to preserve the integrity of evidence from collection to court
presentation. Additionally, forensic scientists often serve as expert witnesses, effectively communicating
complex scientific concepts in an understandable manner to judges and juries, thereby aiding in the judicial
decisionmaking process.
Validation and Quality Control
Method Validation: Scientific Rigor: Ensuring forensic methods are validated through rigorous scientific testing
and peer review to confirm their reliability and accuracy.
Quality Assurance
✓ Developing and following standardized protocols to maintain consistency and quality in forensic analyses.
✓ Accreditation: Forensic labs often seek accreditation from recognized bodies to demonstrate their adherence to
high standards of practice.

Research and Development

Innovative Techniques
▪ New Methods: Developing new forensic techniques, such as advanced DNA sequencing, to enhance the
ability to analyze evidence more accurately and efficiently.
▪ Technology Integration: Implementing cutting-edge technologies like 3D imaging, AI, and machine learning
in forensic investigations.
▪ Continuous Improvement: Conducting research to improve existing methods and discover new ones,
ensuring forensic science evolves with advancements in technology and scientific understanding.
Education and Training:
• Training Programs: Providing specialized training for forensic scientists, law enforcement, and legal professionals to
ensure they are skilled in the latest forensic techniques and technologies.
• Certification and Continuing Education: Encouraging forensic professionals to obtain certifications and engage in
continuous education to maintain and enhance their expertise.
• Public Education: Educating the public about forensic science and its role in the criminal justice system through outreach
programs, workshops, and media.

Disaster Management:

• Forensic science plays a vital role in disaster management by assisting in the identification of victims through forensic
anthropology, odontology, and DNA profiling while determining causes of death via pathology and toxicology. It supports
scene investigation by collecting evidence and analyzing factors like ballistics and explosives. Forensic experts provide
crucial documentation for legal proceedings and ensure ethical handling of victims. Their work aids in disaster recovery by
analyzing causes and preventing future incidents, while also collaborating with national and international agencies for a
coordinated response. In mass disasters, an interdisciplinary approach ensures a comprehensive and effective management
strategy.
 FORENSIC SCIENCE IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

• Forensic science plays a crucial role in disaster management by aiding in the identification of victims, determining the cause
of death, and providing evidence for legal proceedings. Here’s an overview of its role in disaster management:

Victim Identification
• In the aftermath of a disaster, one of the most challenging and essential tasks is the identification of victims. Forensic science
plays a pivotal role in this process, employing various specialized techniques. Forensic anthropology is often utilized to
analyze skeletal remains, especially when bodies are fragmented, burned, or decomposed beyond recognition.
Anthropologists assess the bones to establish key characteristics such as age, sex, stature, and any unique features like
healed fractures or surgical implants, which can be crucial in identifying individuals.

• Forensic odontology involves the examination of dental remains, comparing them with pre-existing dental records, which
are often one of the most durable parts of the human body. This method is particularly valuable in cases where other means
of identification, such as fingerprints, are not viable. DNA profiling is another cornerstone of victim identification, especially
in mass disasters where the condition of remains may be compromised. DNA can be extracted from various tissues and
compared with samples from relatives or personal items of the deceased, providing a highly reliable means of establishing
identity.
Cause of Death Determination
Determining the cause of death in disaster scenarios is crucial for both legal purposes and public health records. Forensic
pathology is central to this effort, with pathologists performing autopsies to uncover the exact cause and manner of death.
This involves a meticulous examination of the body, looking for signs of trauma, disease, or other factors that contributed to
the death. In cases of unnatural deaths, such as those resulting from accidents, explosions, or structural collapses, the findings
of forensic pathologists can help piece together how and why the disaster occurred.

In conjunction with pathology, toxicology plays a vital role, particularly in scenarios where chemical exposure or poisoning
might be suspected. Toxicologists analyze bodily fluids and tissues to detect the presence of harmful substances like drugs,
toxins, or industrial chemicals, which could have caused or contributed to the fatalities. Understanding the cause of death not
only aids in legal investigations but also helps in refining safety protocols and preventing future incidents.

Scene Investigation
The investigation of the disaster scene is a critical component of disaster management, where forensic experts work to
uncover the sequence of events that led to the tragedy. Forensic experts at disaster sites are responsible for the meticulous
collection of evidence, including physical remnants like debris, biological samples, and any objects that may have caused or
contributed to the disaster. They document the scene through photographs, sketches, and notes, preserving the context in
which evidence is found.

In cases involving explosions or shootings, ballistics and explosives analysis become particularly important. Forensic analysts
examine fragments of explosives, shrapnel, or bullet casings to identify the types of weapons or explosives used. This
information can be critical in determining whether the disaster was an accident or a deliberate act, such as a terrorist attack,
and in identifying those responsible.
Legal and Humanitarian Aspects
Forensic science not only aids in the technical aspects of disaster management but also plays a crucial role in the legal and
humanitarian response. Documentation for legal proceedings is a key function, where forensic experts provide detailed
reports and expert testimony in court to support investigations and prosecutions. Their work helps establish facts, assign
responsibility, and ensure that justice is served, whether in criminal cases or civil suits arising from the disaster.

Additionally, forensic science upholds human rights and ethical considerations in disaster management. The identification and
handling of victims must be conducted with the utmost respect and sensitivity, especially in mass disasters involving large
numbers of fatalities. Forensic teams are often tasked with ensuring that the deceased are treated with dignity, and that their
remains are returned to their families whenever possible, which is crucial for providing closure to the bereaved.

Disaster Recovery and Prevention

Beyond the immediate aftermath, forensic science contributes significantly to the broader goals of disaster recovery and
prevention. Analysis of disaster causes is an area where forensic experts can provide insights into the underlying factors that
led to the disaster. Whether it’s a structural failure, human error, or a natural phenomenon, understanding these causes helps
in developing strategies to mitigate similar risks in the future. For instance, findings from forensic investigations might influence
changes in building codes, safety regulations, or emergency response protocols.

Forensic scientists also play a role in training and preparedness for future disasters. They can work with disaster response
teams, law enforcement, and other stakeholders to improve their capabilities in evidence collection, scene preservation, and
victim identification during disaster scenarios. This preparation is vital for ensuring a swift and effective response when
disasters strike.
Coordination with Other Agencies
In the complex landscape of disaster management, effective collaboration with national and international agencies is essential.
Forensic teams often work alongside various organizations, including law enforcement, health departments, and humanitarian
groups, to manage the disaster's aftermath. This collaboration ensures a coordinated response, where the expertise of
forensic scientists complements the efforts of other responders, such as rescue teams and medical personnel.

In large-scale disasters, international cooperation is often necessary. Forensic experts may work with international
organizations, such as the International Red Cross or Interpol, to assist in the identification of victims, especially when the
disaster involves multiple countries or foreign nationals. This collaboration enhances the effectiveness of the overall response
and ensures that best practices are followed.

Mass Disaster Management

When dealing with mass disasters, an interdisciplinary approach is crucial for efficient disaster management. Mass disasters
often overwhelm local resources, requiring the involvement of a diverse team of experts, including forensic pathologists,
odontologists, anthropologists, and other specialists. Each discipline contributes a unique perspective, ensuring that all aspects
of the disaster are thoroughly investigated and managed.

For example, forensic pathologists may focus on autopsies and causes of death, while odontologists handle dental
identifications, and anthropologists analyze skeletal remains. This collaborative effort allows for a comprehensive response that
addresses the needs of the disaster situation, from victim identification to legal investigations and humanitarian assistance.

In conclusion, forensic science is integral to disaster management, providing critical support in identifying victims, determining
causes of death, investigating scenes, and assisting in legal and humanitarian efforts. Its contributions are essential for ensuring
justice, improving disaster response, and preventing future tragedies.
 FUNCTION AND DUTIES OF FORENSIC SCIENCE LABORATORY

• Collection of evidence from the crime scene.

• Analysis of evidence collected from the crime scene.

• Producing the reports in a legal manner.

• Evaluating the result for scientific analysis and its interpretation

• Helping the Investigative officers and Police officers

• Study of the crime scene and its reconstruction.

• Thorough documentation and maintenance of the chain of custody

 FUNCTION AND DUTIES OF FORENSIC SCIENCE

• Establish Corpus Delicti:

• Determine Modus Operandi of crime
• Identify the Culprit and the Victim
• Providing Investigation officer with Lead
• Determine the authenticity of the Scene of the Crime
• Research & Development
• Academic Courses and Training
• Dissemination:
 NEED OF FORENSIC SCIENCE
• In the ancient world, the king used to decide the culprit and punish them, which was very cruel in
nature.
• These punishments were applied in favor of their existence, just to show how powerful they
were.
• Gradually everything changed; the man with knowledge replaced the king, and punishments were
given with respect to the intensity of the crime the culprit had committed.
• Now when a crime occurs, the court of law decides the culprit, and punishment are based on the
evidence and statements produced by the authorized officials in front of the court.
 NEED FOR FORENSIC SCIENCE

Forensic science plays a crucial role in society by enhancing the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. Here
are some key reasons why forensic science is needed:
1. Crime Solving and Justice Delivery:
➢ Evidence Collection and Analysis: Forensic science aids in collecting, preserving, and analyzing physical evidence from
crime scenes, which is vital for solving crimes.
➢ Identification of Perpetrators: Techniques like DNA profiling, fingerprint analysis, and ballistic examination help identify
suspects with high accuracy.
➢ Exoneration of Innocent Individuals: Forensic methods can clear wrongfully accused individuals, ensuring that only
the guilty are punished.

2. Deterrence of Crime
➢ Increased Risk for Criminals: The presence of advanced forensic capabilities increases the likelihood of criminals being
caught, acting as a deterrent.
➢ Improved Law Enforcement: Law enforcement agencies equipped with forensic tools can respond more effectively to
criminal activities.
3. Ensuring Public Safety
➢Understanding Crime Patterns: Forensic analysis helps in understanding
crime patterns and trends, aiding in the prevention of future crimes.
➢Public Health and Safety: Forensic toxicology and pathology contribute to
identifying causes of death, drug overdoses, and poisoning, thus protecting
public health.

4. Legal and Ethical Responsibilities

➢Providing Conclusive Evidence: Forensic evidence is often crucial in court,
providing objective and scientifically backed information that can influence the
outcome of trials.
➢Maintaining Ethical Standards: Forensic scientists adhere to strict ethical
guidelines, ensuring that their work is reliable and unbiased.
5. Supporting Various Legal Fields
➢Civil and Criminal Cases: Forensic science is not limited to criminal cases
but also plays a role in civil disputes, such as fraud investigations and paternity
cases.
➢Corroborating Witness Testimonies: Forensic evidence can support or
refute witness testimonies, contributing to fair and just legal proceedings.

[Link] and Scientific Advancement

➢Innovation and Research: The field of forensic science drives technological
and scientific advancements, leading to new techniques and methods that
improve crime-solving capabilities.
➢Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Forensic science fosters collaboration
between various scientific disciplines, enhancing overall knowledge and
application.
 SCOPE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE

[Link] Various job roles Description

These experts visit the crime scenes, analyze and examine the place to gather enough evidence that
1. Forensic Expert
can help in the crime investigation.

These are the specialists who accompany the police personnel and investigate the crime scene to
2. Crime Scene Investigator
find relevant information about the case.

These experts are called by the crime branches to investigate the financial fraud in banks, corporate
3. Fraud Examiner
industries, factories, government departments, etc.

These are the specialists who examine the handwriting patterns and try to determine the identity of
4. Handwriting Expert
the offender.

These are the forensic specialists who investigate the crime scene, examine and analyze the body of
5. Forensic Investigator
the deceased, and conclude the case.

These experts examine the questioned documents and verify their authenticity. These come into the
6. Document Examiner
picture in cases that involve the presentation of documents as proofs in the courtrooms.

These are the experts who are consulted by law enforcement agencies to get answers about forensic
7. Forensic Consultant dilemmas. Since they are the experts of their field they present their thoughts on the case that
involves legal facts.
 SCOPE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE
[Link] Various job roles Description

These people study the psychology of the victims and the offenders and try to draw the crime line
8. Forensic Psychologist
that offenders might be following.

Since forensics is not restricted to the human examination, thus it includes examination of the
9. Environment Analyst environment as well. It is done in cases where biological factors that are present in the environment
are used for solving a case.

In cases that raise questions about the working of machinery used in a factory that had faced major
10. Forensic Engineer
industrial disasters, forensic engineers are called for investigation.

It is not mandatory that a candidate should be working in the forensic world after graduating or
11. Teacher / Professor postgraduating. So, you can also work as a professor in private and government colleges or
universities.

Most of the private agencies that investigate crime require detectives for the purpose of investigation.
12. Detective
As a detective, you can work with private investigation agencies, government crime branches, etc.

Such experts who do not wish to continue their careers in the laboratories can also work with media
13. Crime Reporter agencies and can work as crime reporters.

These are the experts who pick, analyze, and examine the fingerprint patterns and identify the people
14. Fingerprint Expert associated with the crime.
 SCOPE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE

[Link] Various job roles Description

15.
All the biological tests that are conducted on the victim’s body are done by the
Forensic Medical
forensic medical examiners. These tests are done to trace the presence of drugs,
Examiners
poison, or intoxicating agents in the body.

16.
These experts examine the human body and match the genetics of the victims
Genetics Experts
with samples collected to establish the links between the people.

17.
Forensic Cases that involve the intoxication, or consumption of poison by the victims
Toxicologists intentionally or unintentionally are dealt with by such professionals.

18.
These people are associated with tracing the financial crimes done in an
Forensic Auditor
organization. They pay attention to every minute detail and trace the culprit.
 SCOPE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE

• Scope of Forensic Science in the • Scope of Forensic Science in the Private

Government Sector: Sector:
• State Police Departments, • Private Detective Agencies,
• Crime Branches like CBI and CID, • Banks,
• Forensic Science Laboratories,
• Insurance Companies,
• Intelligence Bureau,
• Universities,
• Banks,
• Hospitals,
• Defense,
• Security Services Agencies,
• High Courts and Supreme Courts,
• Quality Control Bureau, • Law Firms
• Narcotics Department, • Educational Institutes
• State Universities,
• Government Hospitals.
QUESTIONS