Dr.

Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

DS1005
Engineering
Graphics
By
[Link] Choudhary
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

About Engineering Graphics

Course
Course Title: Engineering Graphics
Proposed Course Number: DS1005
Units: Lecture 1 Tutorial 1 Lab 3 Credit 4
Mode: Core
Evaluation Scheme (online): Lab Work (30%), Mid-Term (30%), End-Term (40%)

Semester: II
Programme: BTech
Learning Outcomes:
After learning the course the students should be able to
 To know and understand the conventions and the method of engineering drawing.
 Interpret engineering drawings using fundamental technical mathematics.
 Construct basic and intermediate geometry.
 To improve their visualization skills so that they can apply these skill in developing new
products.
 To improve their technical communication skill in the form of communicative drawings.
 Comprehend the theory of projection.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Detailed Course Content

Introduction [2 H]
Lines, Lettering, Sketching, Principle of Dimensioning, Basic geometrical constructions,
Scales, Engineering
Orthographic Projections [3 H]
Pictorial view, Multi-view, Multi-view Drawing, Terminology, First angle projection and its
features, Third angle projections and its features, Symbols, Section lines or hatching,
Conversion of pictorial view into orthographic view.

Projections of Points [2 H]
Location of a point, Conventional representations, Projections of a point located at different
locations.
Projections of Lines [3 H]
Introduction, Orientation of a line, Projections of a line located at different locations,
Projections of a line in different angles.
Projections Planes [3 H]
Introduction, Orientation of a plane, Projections of a plane located at different locations, Trace
of a plane, Plane inclined to both the reference planes.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Detailed Course Content

Projection of Solids [3 H]
Introduction, Classification of solids, Recommended method of labelling, Orientation of
solids, Drawing projections of a solid at different orientation of its axis, Identify visible
and hidden lines.
Sections of Solids [2 H]
Introduction, Terminology, Types of section planes, Section by a plane perpendicular to
VP, HP and both.

Development of Surfaces [2 H]
Introduction, Classification of surfaces, Methods of development, Development of prism,
pyramid, cylinders, cone, trays, Applications.
Intersection of Surfaces [4 H]
Introduction, Engineering Applications, Method of determining the curves of intersection,
Types of interpenetrating solids, Intersection by prism, cylinder, pyramid and cone by
another solid.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Detailed Course Content

Axonometric Projection [4 H]
Introduction, Principles of isometric projections, Terminology, Isometric scales, Four
centre method to draw ellipse, Dimensioning of isometric projection, Isometric view of
right solids, solid containing non-isometric lines, truncated solids, composite solids,
Conversion of orthographic view into isometric views, Oblique projections, Perspective
projections.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Textbooks & Reference Books:

1. N D Bhatt Engineering Drawing, 49th edition Charoter, Publishing House, 2006.

2. B Agrawal and C M Agrawal, Engineering Drawing (2nd Ed), McGraw Hill, New Deli,
2014.

3. Dhananjay A Jolhe, Engineering drawing, TMH, 2008.

4. T E French, C J Vierck and R J Foster, Graphic Science and Design, 4th edition, McGraw
Hill, 1984.

5. W J Luzadder and J M Duff, Fundamentals of Engineering Drawing, 11th edition, Prentice-

Hall of India, 1995.

6. K Venugpoal, Engineering Drawing and Graphics, 3rd edition, New Age International, 1998.

7. K. Venkata Reddy, Engineering Drawing, 2nd edition, BS Publications, 2008.

Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Drawing:
• The way of conveying the ideas through the systematic lines on the
paper.
• The art of representation of an object by systematic lines on a paper.
Classification:
1. Artistic Drawing (Free-hand or Model Drawing):
The art of representation of an object by the artist by his imagination or
by keeping the object before him.
e.g. paintings, cinema posters, advertisement boards, etc.
2. Engineering Drawing (Instrument Drawing):
The art of representation of engineering objects.
e.g. buildings, roads, machines, etc.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics
Types of Engineering Drawing:
i. Geometrical Drawing:
e.g. geometrical objects - rectangle, square, cube, cone, cylinder, etc.
a. Plain Geometrical Drawing:
Two dimensional drawing having only length and breadth.
e.g. square, triangle, etc.
b. Solid Geometrical Drawing:
Three dimensional drawing having length, breadth and thickness.
e.g. cube, prism, etc.
ii. Mechanical Engineering or Machine Drawing:
e.g. mechanical engineering objects – machines, machine parts, etc.
iii. Civil Engineering Drawing:
e.g. civil engineering objects – roads, buildings, bridges, dams, etc.
iv. Electrical & Electronics Engineering Drawing:
e.g. electrical and electronics objects – transformers, wiring diagrams.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Drawing Instruments and Other Drawing Materials:

1. Drawing Board 12. Drawing Pencils – H, 2H, HB

2. Drawing Sheet 13. Sand Paper

3. Drawing Sheet Holder 14. Eraser (Rubber)

4. Set-squares – 45o and 30o – 60o 15. Drawing Pins and Clips

5. Large size Compass 16. Cello Tape

6. Small bow Compass 17. Duster or Handkerchief

7. Large size Divider 18. Drafting Machine / Mini Drafter

8. Small bow Divider 19. Sketch Book (Medium size)

9. Scales – 6” and 12” 20. Roller Scale

10. Protractor 21. Pencil Sharpener

11. French Curve 22. Sheet Folder

Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Layout of Drawing Sheet

20
150

50
Title Block

20
30 20

All the dimensions are in millimeters.

Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Title Block (Sample)

NAME: P. RAJESH
10

IIITDM JABALPUR

20
ROLL NO.: ME/06/278
10

LINES
10

10
SEM. & SEC.: I (F)

SUB. DATE: 20/08/06 & SHEET NO.: 01

10

10
LETTERING
10

10
GRADE: CHECKED BY:

50 50 50

NOTES:
All the dimensions are in millimeters.
Name and Roll No. should be written by ink-pen.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

LINES
Line Thickness:
Thickness varied according to the use of pen or pencil and the size & type of
the drawing.
For pencil, the lines can be divided into two line-groups:

Line-group Thicknes
Lines
(mm) s
0.2 Medium Out lines, dotted lines, cutting plane lines

0.1 Thin Centre lines, section lines, dimension lines,

extension lines, construction lines, leader lines,
short-break lines and long-break lines.

Important Notes:
In the finished drawing, all lines except construction lines should be dense,
clean and uniform. Construction lines should be drawn very thin and faint
and should be hardly visible.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Types of Lines

Lines Description General Applications

A Continuous thick A1 Visible outlines

A2 Visible edges
B Continuous thin B1 Imaginary lines of intersection
(straight / curve) B2 Dimension lines
B3 Projection lines
B4 Leader lines
B5 Hatching or section lines
B6 Outlines of revolved sections in
plane
B7 Short centre lines
C Continuous thin C1 Limits of partial or interrupted
(free-hand) views and sections
C2 Short-break lines
D Continuous thin D1 Long-break lines
(straight with
zigzags)
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Lines Description General Applications

E Dashed thick E1 Hidden outlines
E2 Hidden edges
F Dashed thin F1 Hidden outlines
F2 Hidden edges
G Chain thin G1 Centre lines
G2 Lines of symmetry
G3 Trajectories
H Chain thin, thick at H1 Cutting planes
ends and changes
of direction
J Chain thick J1 Indication of lines or surfaces to
which a special treatment applies

K Chain thin double- K1 Outlines of adjacent parts

dashed K2 Alternative and extreme positions
of movable parts
K3 Centroidal lines
K4 Parts situated in front of the
cutting plane
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

G1
G3
H1
P P

E1
80o

K2
A1 90
J1
B2 B4
B5
Ø10

C1
D1

Application of various types of lines according to B.I.S.

Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Lettering
Writing of titles, dimensions, notes and other important particulars on a
drawing
Classification:
1. Single-stroke Letters:
The thickness of the line of the letter is obtained in one stroke of the
pencil.
Recommended by B.I.S.
It has two types:
i. Vertical
ii. Inclined (slope 75o with the horizontal)
• The ratio of height to width varies but in most of the cases it is 6:5.
• Lettering is generally done in capital letters.
• The lower-case letters are generally used in architectural drawings.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics
• The spacing between two letters should not be necessarily equal.
• The letters should be so placed that they do not appear too close together
too much apart.
• The distance between the words must be uniform and at least equal to
the height of the letters.
• Lettering, except the dimension figures, should be underlined to make
them more prominent.
Size of Alphabets for Drawing:
Main titles -----------------------------------------6-8 mm
Sub titles ------------------------------------------3-6 mm
Notes, dimension figures, etc. ---------------3-5 mm
Drawing no. --------------------------------------10-12 mm
2. Gothic Letters:
Stems of single-stroke letters are given more thickness (vary from 1/5 to
1/10 of the height of the letters).
Mostly used for main titles of ink-drawings.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

ABCDEFGHIJKLMN
d
d/2

OPQRSTUVWXYZ
1234567890
abcdefghijklmnopqrs
tuvwxyz
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Dimensioning
The art of writing the various sizes or measurement on the finished drawing
of an object.
Types of Dimensioning:
i. Size or Functional Dimensions (S):
It indicates sizes.
e.g. length, breadth, height, diameter, etc.
ii. Location or Datum Dimensions (L):
It shows location or exact position of various constructional details within
the object.
L L S

S
L
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Notations of Dimensioning

Symbol
Note 2 Holes, Ø12

Leader
(at 30o,45o,60o)

90

Extension line Dimension line Arrow-head

Dimension figure

X
3X
Arrow-head
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics
1. Dimension line:
Thin continuous line used to indicate the measurement.
2. Extension line:
Thin continuous line extending beyond the outline of the object.
3. Arrow-head:
Used to terminate the dimension line. Length : width ratio is 3:1.
Space filled up.
4. Note:
Gives information regarding specific operation relating to a feature.
5. Leader:
Thin continuous line connecting a note or a dimension figure with the
feature to which it is applied. Terminated by arrow-head or dot.
6. Symbol:
The representation of any object by some mark on the drawing.
It saves time and labour.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

System of Placing Dimensions

Ø16 Ø16

60

60
30
30

30 30
60 60

Aligned System Unidirectional System

Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

System of Placing Dimensions

1. Aligned System:
All the dimensions are so placed that they may read from the bottom or
the right hand edges of the drawing sheet.
All the dimensions are placed normal and above the dimension line.
Commonly used in Engineering Drawing.

2. Unidirectional System:
All the dimensions are so placed that they may read from the bottom edge
of the drawing sheet.
Dimension lines are broken near the middle for inserting the dimensions.
Commonly used on large drawing – aircrafts, automobiles.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Units of Dimensioning

As for as possible all dimensions should be given in millimeters

omitting the abbreviation mm.
If another unit is used, only the dimension figures should be written.
But a foot note such as ‘All the dimensions are in centimeters’ is
inserted in a prominent place near the title box.
e.g. 15.50
0.75 (Zero must precede the decimal point.)
15.50 ± .75 ( Zero is omitted.)
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

The ways of Placing the Dimensions in a Series

20
20 15 25
35

60

Chain Parallel
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

The ways of Placing the Dimensions in a Series

15 15

30 30

90 60 45 30 0 15 30

Combined Progressive
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

The ways of Placing the Dimensions in a Series

1. Chain Dimensioning:
Dimensions are arranged in a straight line.
2. Parallel Dimensioning:
All the dimensions are shown from a common base line.
The smaller dimension is placed nearer the view.
3. Combined Dimensioning:
Chain and parallel dimensioning used simultaneously.
4. Progressive Dimensioning:
One datum or surface is selected which reads as zero. All the
dimensions are referred to that point or surface.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics
Some Important Rules for Dimensioning
1. All the dimensions necessary for the correct functioning of the part
should be expressed directly on the drawing.
2. Every dimension should be give, but none should be given more than
once.
3. A dimension should be placed on the view where its use is shown more
clearly.
4. Dimensions should be placed outside the view, as for as possible.
5. Mutual crossing of dimension lines and dimensioning between hidden
lines should be avoided. Also it should not cross any other line of the
drawing.
6. An outline or a centre line should never be used as a dimension line. A
centre line may be extended to serve as an extension line.
7. Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended.
8. Dimension lines should be drawn at least 8 mm away from the outlines
and from each other.
9. The extension line should be extended by about 3 mm beyond the
dimension line.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

10. When the space is too narrow, the arrow-head may be placed outside.
Also a dot may be used to replace an arrow-head.
10
15 10 15 15 10

11. The various methods of dimensioning different sizes of circles are as

follows:
Ø20 Ø20
Ø10

12. Arcs of circles should be dimensioned by their respective radii.

R8

R3

R6
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

13. Radii of a spherical surface and square cross section of a rod is shown
as below:
Sphere R20 SQ24

14. Angular dimension may be given as follows:

25o

45
40

Length of Chord Length of Arc

Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

15. Method of dimensioning of Chamfer:

2×45o

16. Dimensioning of Tapered Surface:

H
h

Slope or Taper = (H-h)/L

Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Three Aspects of Good Dimensioning

Technique of dimensioning
Placement of dimensions

Choice of dimensions
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Three Aspects of Good Dimensioning

• Technique of dimensioning
• Standard appearance of lines
• Spacing of Dimensions
• Size of Arrowheads
• Etc.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Three Aspects of Good Dimensioning

• Placement of dimensions
• Logical Placement to make dimensions:
• Legible
• Easy to Find
• Easy for the Reader to Interpret
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Three Aspects of Good Dimensioning

• Choice of dimensions
• Show how the design is manufactured
• Dimension first for Function
• Add dimensions for ease of manufacturing
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Tolerance
Tolerance is the total amount that the feature on the actual part is allowed
to vary from what is specified by the drawing or model dimension.

ALL TOLERANCES ±.02 INCH

E
UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED.
X
A
M
P
L
E
S
A Title Block Specifying Tolerances. (Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.)
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

LINES USED IN DIMENSIONING

• Dimension Line
• A thin, dark, solid line terminated by an arrowhead, indicating
the direction and extent of a dimension
• Usually Perpendicular to extension lines
• The distance is indicated numerically at the midpoint of the
dimension line, either adjacent to the dimension line, or in a
gap provided for it.
• First Dimension Line should be at least 3/8” away from
object
• Subsequent lines can be ¼” apart and should be uniform
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

LINES USED IN DIMENSIONING

• Extension Line
• Thin, dark, solid line that extends from a point on a drawing to
which a dimension refers
• Typically Perpendicular to Dimension Lines
• A small gap (1/16”) should be left between the extension line
and the object
• Extension line should extend 1/8” beyond the outermost arrow
• An extension line does not have arrows
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

LINES USED IN DIMENSIONING

• Example Dimension and Extension Lines

Source:
[Link]
[Link]/2008/05/
29/hide-show-
extension-and-
dimension-lines/
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

LINES USED IN DIMENSIONING

• Centerlines
• Thin dark line alternating long and short dashes
• Commonly used as extension lines in locating holes
and other symmetrical features
• When extended for dimensioning, cross over the
other lines of a drawing with no gaps
• End centerlines using a long dash
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Guidelines for
USING DIMENSION
AND EXTENSION LINES
a. Shorter dimensions are nearest the object outline
b. Do not place shorter dimensions outside, which result in
crossing extension lines
c. Okay to cross extension lines, but they should not be
shortened
d. A dimension line should never coincide with or extend from any
line of a drawing
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Guidelines for
USING DIMENSION
AND EXTENSION LINES
Dimensions should be lined up and grouped together
as much as possible.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Guidelines for
USING DIMENSION
AND EXTENSION LINES
a) Extension and Centerlines must cross visible lines of an object in
many cases.
b) When this occurs, do not leaves gaps
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

ARROWHEADS
• Arrowheads
• Should be uniform in
size and style
throughout the drawing
• Length and width should
have a ratio of
3:1
• Length of arrowhead
should be about 1/8” long
• Should be filled in to look
better

When you are drawing by hand and using

the arrowhead method in which both
strokes are directed toward the point, it is
easier to make the strokes toward yourself.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

LEADERS
A leader is a thin, solid line directing attention to a note or dimension and
starting with an arrowhead or dot.

For the Best Appearance, Make Leaders

• near each other and parallel
• across as few lines as possible

Don’t Make Leaders

• parallel to nearby lines of the drawing
• through a corner of the view
• across each other
• longer than needed
• horizontal or vertical
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

INTRODUCTION
• A scale is defined as the ratio of the linear
dimensions of element of the object as
represented in a drawing to the actual dimensions
of the same element of the object itself.

SIZES OF THE SCALES

• Drawing drawn of the same size as the objects,
are called full-size drawings and the scale used is
known as full-size scale.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

• It may not be always possible to prepare full size

drawings .They are, therefore, drawn
proportionality smaller or larger.
• When drawings are drawn smaller than the
actual size of the object (as in case of building,
bridge, large machines etc. ) the scale used is
said to be a reducing scale (1:5) .
• Drawing of small machine parts, mathematical
instruments, watches etc. are made larger than
their real size. These are said to be drawn on an
enlarging scale (5:1).
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

The ratio of the length of the drawing

to the actual length of the object
represented is called the
representative fraction (i.e. R.F.).

Length of the drawing

R.F. =
Actual length of object
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Metric Conversion system

• K H D M D C M
Kilometre, km
Decametre, dam Decimetre, dm
Hectometre, hm Metre, m Centimetre, cm

For E.g. 1km = 100dam Millimetre, mm

1hm = 10000cm

1 0 0

1 0 0 0 0
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

• When a 1 cm long line in a drawing represents 1

metre length of the object , the R.F. is equal to

• [1 cm / 1 metre] = [1 cm / 100 cm ]
= 1/100

• And the scale of the drawing of the drawing will be

1:100 or 1/100 full size.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

When an unusual scale is used , it is constructed

on the drawing sheet . To construct a scale the
following information is essential:
(1) RF of the scale
(2) The unit which it must represent, for example
millimeter, centimeter, feet and inches etc.
(3) The maximum length which it must show.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

The length of the scale is determined by the

formula:

Length of the scale = R.F. × Maximum length

• It may not be always possible to draw as

long a scale as to measure the longest
length in the drawing . The scale is there
fore drawn 15 cm to 30 cm long, longer
length being measured by marking them
off in parts
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

• The scales used in practice are classified

as under:
(1) Plain scales
(2) Diagonal scales
(3) Comparative scales
(4) Vernier scales
(5) Scale of Chord
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

• A Plain scale consist of a line divided into

suitable number of equal parts or units, the
first of which is subdivided into smaller
parts. Plain scales represent either two units
or a unit and its sub division .
• (1)The zero should be placed at the end of
the first main division, i.e. between the unit
and its sub divisions.

Cont.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

• (2) From the zero mark, the units should

be numbered to right and its sub divisions
to the left.
• (3)The names of the units and the sub
divisions should be stated clearly below or
at the respective ends.
• (4) the name of the scale (i.e. scale, 10) or
its RF should be mentioned below the
scale.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Construct a scale of 1:4 to show centimeters and

long enough to measure up to 5 decimeters

• (1)Determine the RF of the scale. Here it is 1:4

• (2)Determine the length of the scale
length of the scale = RF × max. length
=[1:4] × 5 dm = 12.5 cm
• (3)Draw a line of 12.5 cm long and divide it into
5 equal divisions, each representing 1dm
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

(4) Mark 0 the end of the first division and

1,2,3and 4 at the end of each subsequent
division to its right.

(5) Divide the first division into 10 equal sub

division , each representing 1 cm.

(6) Mark cms to the left of 0 as shown in figure.

Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

10 8 6 4 2

12.5cm
0 1 2 3 4
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Construct a scale of R.F.1/60 to read yards and

feet , and long enough to measure up to 5 yards.

• Length of the scale = R.F.× max. length

= [ 1/60] × 5 yard = 3 inches

• Draw a line 3 inches long and divide it into 5 equal parts.

• Divide the first part into 3 equal divisions.

• Mark the scale as shown in figure.

Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

• A Diagonal scale is used when very minute

distances such as 0.1 mm etc. are to be
accurately measured or when
measurements are required in three units.
• For example, dm, cm, and mm or yard , foot
and inch.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

• To obtain division of a given short line AB in multiples of 1/10

its length, e.g. 0.1AB, 0.2 AB.
• At any end ,say B , draw a line perpendicular to AB and along
it, step-off ten equal division of any length , starting from B
and ending at C.
• Number the division points 9,8,7----1.
• Join A with C.
• Through the points 1,2,[Link] lines parallel to AB and
cutting AC at 1’,2’ etc. it is evident that triangles 1’1C,2’2C----
ABC are similar.
• Since C5 = 0.5BC, the line 5’5 = 0.5AB. Similarly ,1’1=0.1
AB,2’2=0.2AB etc.
• Thus each horizontal line below AB becomes progressively
shorter in length by 1/10 AB giving lengths in multiple of 0.1
AB.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

–
Construct a diagonal scale of
3:200 showing metres , decimetres and
centimetres and to measure up to 6 metres.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

• Length of the scale =[2/6] Χ 6m = 9 cm.

• Draw a line AB 9 cm long and divide it into 6 equal parts. each part will show a
metre.
• Divide the first part AO into 10 equal divisions, each showing decimetre or 0.1
m.
• At A erect a perpendicular and step off along it 10 equal divisions of any length ,
ending at D. complete the rectangle ABCD.
• Erect perpendiculars at metre divisions 0,1,2,3 and 4.
• Draw horizontal lines through the division points on AD.
• Join D with the end of the first division along AO, viz. the point 9.
• Through the remaining points I.e.8,7,6 etc. draw lines parallel to D9.
• In triangle OFE, FE represents 1 dm or 0.1m. Each horizontal line below FE
progressively diminishes in length by 0.1FE. Thus , the next line below FE is
equal to 0.9FE and represents 0.9 A 1dm = 0.9dmor 0.09m or 9 cm.
• Any length between 1 CM OR 0.01M and 6 m can be measured from this
scale.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Construct a diagonal scale of

R.F.1:4000 to show metres and long enough
to measure up to 500 metres.

• Length of the scale =[1/4000] Χ 500m = 12.5 cm.

Draw a line 12.5 cm long and divide it into 5 equal
parts, each part will show 100 metre.

• Divide the first part into ten equal divisions, each

divisions will show 10 metres.

• At the left hand end, erect a perpendicular and on

it, step off 10 equal divisions of any length.
Draw the rectangle and complete the scale as
explained earlier.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

The area of a field is 50,000 sq. m. the length and

the breadth of the field, on the map is 10cm and 8
cm respectively . Construct a diagonal scale which
can read up to one metre. Mark the length of 235
metre on the scale . What is the RF of the scale?
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

• Area of the field = 50,000 sq. m.

• Area of the field on the map = 10cm Χ 8cm = 80cm2

1 sq. cm = 50000 / 80 = 625 sq. m.

Now RF =1 cm / 25 m =1 / 2500
Length of the scale = [1/ 2500] Χ [500 Χ 100 ] = 20 cm
Take 20 cm length and divide it into 5 equal parts.
Complete the scale as explained earlier.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

PROBLEMS FOR SHEET NUMBER :- 3

Q1. The distance between Vadodara and Surat

is 130 km. A train covers this distance in
2.5 hours. Construct a plain scale to
measure time up to a single minute. The
R.F. of the scale is 1/260000. Find the
distance covered by the train in 45 minutes.
Q2. On a building plan, a line 20 cm long
represents a distance of 10m. Devise a
diagonal scale for the plan to read up to 12
m, showing meters, decimeters and
centimeters. Show on your scale the lengths
6.48m and 11.14m.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

PROBLEMS FOR SHEET NUMBER :- 3

Q3. A room of 1728 m3 volume is shown by a

cube of 216 cm3 volume. Find R.F. and
construct a plain scale to measure up to 42
m. Mark a distance of 22 m on the scale.
Q4. A car is running at a speed of 50 km/hr.
Construct a diagonal scale to show 1 km by 3
cm and measure up to 6 km. Mark also on the
scale the distance covered by the car in 5
minutes 28 seconds.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

PROJECTIONS
OF
POINTS
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

• PLANES

PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP

AUXILIARY PLANES

Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane

(A.V.P.) (A.I.P.) ( P.P.)


A.V.P.
 to Hp &  to Vp


 Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics
FIRST ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
HE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
ITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.

VP PP

FV LSV

X Y
TV

HP

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJEC TIONS
 Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics
FOR T.V.
THIRDANGLE
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
TH E OB J EC T I S A SS U ME D TO B E
S I TU AT ED IN TH I R D QU AD R A N T
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )

LANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.

TV
X Y
LSV FV

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
OF
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

FOUR QUADRANTS

Above HP
Behind VP
I
II

Above HP
Below HP
In front of VP
Behind VP
III
IV

Below HP
In front of VP

1st and 3rd quadrant always open outside.

3-May-21 VIT/Tushar/0906 78
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

FV
RHSV LHSV TV
(Elevation)
(Plan)
x y x y
TV FV
RHSV
(Plan) LHSV
(Elevation)

First-angle projection Third-angle projection

Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

DIFF. BETWEEN FAPM & TAPM

In First-angle projection method,
Object in first quadrant
Sequence : Observer-Object-Plane
Plane : Non-transparent
Recommended by BIS from 1991
TV below FV & RHSV on LHS of FV

In Third-angle projection method,

Object in third quadrant
Sequence : Observer-Plane-Object
Plane : Transparent
Used in USA
TV above FV & RHSV on RHS of FV
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

SYMBOLS

First-angle projection Third-angle projection

Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

CONVENTIONS USED

• Actual points, ends of lines, corners of

solids etc. in space – A,B,C, …..
• Top views – a, b, c, …..
• Front views – a’, b’, c’, …..
• Side views – a’’, b’’, c’’, …..
• Reference line - xy
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

VP
2nd Quad. 1ST Quad.

Y
Observer

X Y HP
X

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.

POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP & IN VP & INFRONT OF VP
For Tv
For Tv

PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For Tv

PRESENTATION A PRESENTATION
a’ a’
A Y
Y
Y a’
a
a
X a X X A

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALL ABOVE CASES.

Fv above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

Tv below xy. Tv on xy. Tv below xy.
VP VP VP

a’ a’

X Y X Y X
a’ Y
a

a a

HP HP HP
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Four Cases:
1. The point is situated in the first quadrant.
2. The point is situated in the second quadrant.
3. The point is situated in the third quadrant.
4. The point is situated in the fourth quadrant.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

A POINT IS SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT

a’

h
x y
o

d
a
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

The pictorial view shows a point A situated above

the H.P and in front of the V.P., i.e. in the first
quadrant. a' is its front view and a the top view.
After rotation of the plane, these projections
will be seen as shown in fig. (ii). The front view
a' is above xy and the top view a below it.
The line joining a' and a (which also is called a
projector), intersects xy at right angles at a
point o. It is quite evident from the pictorial
view that a'o = Aa, i.e. the distance of the front
view from xy = the distance of A from the H.P
viz. h. Similarly, ao = Aa', i.e. the distance of
the top view from xy = the distance of A from
the V.P viz. d.

3-May-21 VIT/Tushar/0906 87
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

A POINT IS SITUATED IN SECOND QUADRANT

b
b’

d
h
x y
o
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

• A point B in (fig.) is above the H.P

and behind the V.P., i.e. in the second
quadrant. b' is the front view and b
the top view.

• When the planes are rotated, both

the views are seen above xy. Note
that b'o = Bb and bo = Bb'.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

A POINT IS SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT

d
x y
o

h
c’
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

• A point C in (fig.) is below the H.P

and behind the V .P. i.e. in the third
quadrant. Its front view c' is below
xy and the top view c above xy.
• Also co = Cc and
• co = Cc'.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

A POINT IS SITUATED IN FOURTH QUADRANT

x o y

h
d
e’
e
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

• A point E in (fig.) is below

the H.P. and in front of the
V.P., i.e. in the fourth
quadrant. Both its
projections are below xy, and
e'o = Ee and eo = Ee'.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Prob.1. Draw the projections of the following points on

the same ground line, keeping the projectors 25 mm
apart.
A, in the H.P. and 20 mm behind the V.P.
B, 40 mm above the H.P. and 25 mm in front of the V.P
C, in the V.P. and 40 mm above the H.P.
D, 25 mm below the H.P. and 25 mm behind the V.P.
E, 15 mm above the H.P. and 50 mm behind the V.P.
F, 40 mm below the H.P. and 25 mm in front of the V.P.
G, in both the H.P. and the V.P.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Prob.2. A point P is 15 mm above the H.P. and 20

mm in front of the V.P. Another point Q is 25 mm
behind the V.P. and 40 mm below the H.P. Draw
projections of P and Q keeping the distance
between their projectors equal to 90 mm. Draw
the straight lines joining (i) their top views and (ii)
their front views.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Prob.3. The two points A and B are in the H.P. The

point A is 30 mm in front of the V.P., while B is
behind the V.P. The distance between their
projectors is 75 mm and the line joining their top
views makes an angle of 450 with xy. Find the
distance of the point B from the V.P.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Prob.5. A point A is situated in the first quadrant.

Its shortest distance from the intersection point
of H.P., V.P. and auxiliary plane is 60 mm and it is
equidistant from the principal planes. Draw the
projections of the point and determine its distance
from the principal planes.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Prob.4. A point P is 20 mm below H.P. and lies in the

third quadrant. Its shortest distance from xy is 40
mm. Draw its projections.
Dr. Tushar Choudhary Module 1 Engineeirng Graphics

Prob.6. A point 30 mm above xy line is the plan-

view of two points P and Q. The elevation of P is 45
mm above the H.P. while that of the point Q is 35
mm below the H.P. Draw the projections of the
points and state their position with reference to
the principal planes and the quadrant in which they
lie.