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Computer Fundamentals
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Computer Software
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By - Rahul Gupta
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Computer Software
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• The Computer hardware in itself can not perform any useful task.
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• It must be complemented with some instructions, which the hardware understands
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and obeys.
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• A program is a set of instruction or statements that directs the computer to perform
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the required task. A set programs known as a Software.
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• It include the programs provided or supplied by the vendor at the time of
installation of a computer system.
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Classification of Software
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• System Software
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• Translation Software
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• Application Software
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By - Rahul Gupta
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System Software
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• System Software are set of one or more programs that are basically designed to
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control the operation of Computer System.
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• These are general programs written to assist users for performing a task such as
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controlling all of hardware, moving data into and out of a computer and executing
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the application program.
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• The two main types of system software are the operating system and the software
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installed with the operating system, often called utility software.
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• The operating system and utility software typically depend on each other to
function properly.
By - Rahul Gupta
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Application Software
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• Application software is a term which is used for software created for a specific
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purpose.
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• It is generally a program or collection of programs used by end users. It can be
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called an application or simply an app.
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• “A software which is developed to help the user to perform specific tasks is called
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application software”.
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• Example: M.S. Office, Tally, Photoshop, Coral Draw, etc.
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Translation Software
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• A program written in high-level language is called as source code.
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• To convert the source code into machine code, Translators are needed.
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• A translator converts high-level language (Source Code) into low-level language
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or Machine language (0 and 1).
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• It also detects and reports the error during translation.
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• Different types of Translator:
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• Assembler
• Compiler
• Interpreter
By - Rahul Gupta
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Assembler
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• Assembler is a translator which is used to translate the assembly language code
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into machine language code.
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• An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts
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them into a pattern of bits that the computer's processor can use to perform its
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basic operations.
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By - Rahul Gupta
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Compiler
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• Compiler is a translator which is used to convert programs in high-level language
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to low-level language.
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• It translates the entire program and also reports the errors in source program
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encountered during the translation.
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By - Rahul Gupta
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Interpreter
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• Interpreter is a translator which is used to convert programs in high-level language
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to low-level language.
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• Interpreter translates line by line and reports the error once it encountered during
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the translation process.
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By - Rahul Gupta
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Computer Language
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• The computer language is defined as code or syntax which is used to write
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programs or any specific applications.
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• The computer language is used to communicate with computers.
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• Broadly the computer language can be classified into three categories:
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• Machine-level Language (MLL)
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• Assembly-level Language (ALL)
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• High-level Language (HLL)
By - Rahul Gupta
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Machine Language
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• The machine language is sometimes referred to as machine code or object code
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which is set of binary digits 0 and 1.
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• It is considered a native language as it can be directly understood by a central
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processing unit (CPU).
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• The machine language is not so easy to understand for users.
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Assembly Language
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• The assembly language is also considered as second-generation language. The first
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generation language is machine language.
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• The assembly language is mostly famous for writing an operating system and also
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in writing different desktop applications.
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• The drawback of assembly language is the code cannot be reused and the language
is not so easy to understand.
B By - Rahul Gupta
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High-level Language
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• The high-level language is easy to understand and the code can be written easily
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as the programs written are user-friendly in a high-level language.
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• The other advantage of code written in a high-level language is the code is
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independent of a computer system which means the code can be transferred to
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other machines.
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• Example: BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, PASCAL, C, C++, JAVA, .Net,
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PHP, C#, Python
B By - Rahul Gupta