Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
The liquid exerts a damping force, 𝐹𝑑 ∝ velocity, 𝜈 of vane and liquid
Lecture 3
[if vane moves slowly]
Fd ∝ ν [Let rod and vane = massless]
Fd = − bν [b = damping constant]
Fs = − k x
Newton’s second law for components
along the x axis Fnet, x = max
Fd + Fs = ma Fs
−bν − kx = ma x
ⅆx ⅆ2 x
−b − kx = m 2
ⅆt ⅆt
2
rod Fd
ⅆ x ⅆx
m 2 + b + kx = 0
ⅆt ⅆt v
ⅆ2 x b ⅆx k
2
+ + x=0
ⅆt m ⅆt m
The displacement of damped simple harmonic oscillator:
b
− 2m t
x′ t = xm ⅇ cos ω′ t + φ
b
− t
The amplitude, xm ⅇ 2m decreases exponentially with time.
𝜔′ = 𝜔2 − 𝛾 2 [𝜔′ = angular frequency of the damped oscillator and
𝜔 = angular frequency of the undamped oscillator]
2
k b 𝑘
ω′ = − [𝜔= γ=
b
m 2m 𝑚 2m
]
k b2
ω′ = −
m 4m2
If there is no damping, b = 0 :
k 02
ω′ = −
m 4m2
𝑘
𝜔′ = = 𝜔 [angular frequency of an undamped oscillator]
𝑚
Thⅇ ⅆisplacⅇmⅇnt of unⅆampⅇⅆ simplⅇ harmonic oscillator bⅇcomⅇs x t = xm cos ωt + φ .
For the undamped simple harmonic motion, the amplitude xm does not change with time.
Damped 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦:
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
1 2
is constant, 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑥𝑚
2
𝑏
− 2𝑚 𝑡
If damping (b) is very small, 𝑥𝑚 ≈ 𝑥𝑚 ⅇ
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
2
1 𝑏
− 2𝑚 𝑡
𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝐸 ≈ 𝑘 𝑥𝑚 ⅇ
2
1 2 − 𝑏 𝑡
𝐸 ≈ 𝑘𝑥𝑚 𝑒 𝑚
2
58. For the damped oscillator system shown in Fig. 15-16,
with m = 250 g, k = 85 N/m, and b = 70 g/s, 𝑇 ′ = 0.34 s,
what is the ratio of the oscillation amplitude at the end of 20
cycles to the initial oscillation amplitude?
Here, m = 250 g= 0.250 kg
k = 85 N/m
b = 70 g/s = 0.070 kg/s
𝑇 ′ = 0.34 s
The displacement of the damped oscillation is
b
− 2m t
x′ t = xm ⅇ cos ω′ t + φ
Time for 20 cycles, t = 20 𝑇 ′
b 𝑏 𝑏
− 2m t − 2𝑚 20𝑇 ′ − 𝑚 10𝑇 ′
Amplitude = xm ⅇ = 𝑥𝑚 𝑒 = 𝑥𝑚 ⅇ
t = 0,
b b
− 2m t − 2m 0
Amplitude = xm ⅇ = xm ⅇ = x m ⅇ0 = xm (1) = xm
𝑏
𝑥𝑚 ⅇ− 𝑚 10𝑇 ′ −
𝑏
10𝑇 ′
Ratio of amplitudes = =ⅇ 𝑚
𝑥𝑚
k b2 85 0.070 2
[ω′ = − = −
m 4m2 0.250 4 0.250 2
Fs
ω′ = 18.44 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 x
2𝜋
𝑇 ′ = 𝜔′ = 0.34 s]
rod Fd
0.070
− 10(0.34)
Ratio of amplitudes = ⅇ 0.250 v
= ⅇ−0.952 = 0.39
Application of SHM: The Simple Pendulum
• Restoring Force: 𝐹𝜃 = −𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≈ −𝑚𝑔𝜃 [for small
𝜃]
𝑥 𝑚𝑔
𝐹𝜃 = −𝑚𝑔 = − 𝑥
𝐿 𝐿
• Comparing with Hooke’s law (F=-kx) we get the spring
constant
𝑚𝑔
𝑘=
𝐿
𝑘 𝑔
• Angular frequency: 𝜔 = =
𝑚 𝐿
𝜔 1 𝑔
• Frequency: 𝑓 = =
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝐿
2𝜋 𝐿
• Time Period: 𝑇 = = 2𝜋
𝜔 𝑔
Exercise chapter -15: Problem no 3,5,9,13,14
••14 A simple harmonic oscillator consists of a
block of mass 2.00 kg attached to a spring of
spring constant 100 N/m. When t = 1.00 s, the
position and velocity of the block are x = 0.129
m and v = 3.415 m/s. (a) What is the amplitude
of the oscillations? What were the (b) position
and (c) velocity of the block
9. The position function x =(6.0 m) cos[(3 rad/s)t + /3 rad] at t 0 s?
gives the simple harmonic motion of a body. At t = 2.0 s, what
are the (a) displacement, (b) velocity, (c) acceleration, and (d)
phase of the motion? Also, what are the (e) frequency and (f)
period of the motion?
•13 An oscillator consists of a block of mass 0.500 kg
connected to a spring. When set into oscillation with amplitude
35.0 cm, the oscillator repeats its motion every 0.500 s. Find the
(a) period, (b) frequency, (c) angular frequency, (d) spring
constant, (e) maximum
speed, and (f) magnitude of the maximum force on the
block from the spring.