Kg of cotton Will be 100 kg of iron).

Due tothis,
the upward force (or buoyant force)
buoyant force of air acting onmuch more than on 100 kg of iron.,
This
(than that of iron). So, in reality,cotton bag, the weighing machine will means that due to greater upwara
100 kg of cotton weighed in air show a much lesser mass of
in air. willbe heavier than 100 cotton
kg of iron weighed
NCERT Book, Pages 143, 144 and 145
Q.1. How does the force of gravitation
to half ? between two objects change when the distance between
them is reduced
Ans. The torce of gravitation between two
objects is inversely proportional to the square of
distance between
them. That is, F« . Now, when the distance between two objects is reduced to
half, that is, made 2
then

the force between themn will become 4

times because =4
2
Q2. Gravitational force acts on all objects in proportion to their masses. Why then, a
fall faster than a light object ? heavy object does not
Ans. We know that: Force = mass x acceleration. Now, it is given to us that gravitational force acts on all
objects
in proportion to their masses, that is, Force oc mass. This is possible only if the acceleration (due togravity) is
constant for a heavy object as well as a light object. Since the acceleration is constant, therefore, all the objects
(heavy or light) fall at the same speed.
Q.3. What is the magnitude of the gravitational force between the earth anda1 kg object on its surface 2
(Mass of the earth is 6 x 1024 kg and radius of the earth is 6.4 x 10° m).
Ans. The magnitude of gravitational force is calculated by using the formula:
F= Gx

Now, Gravitational constant, G= 6.7 x 10-11 Nm?/kg?

Mass of earth, mj = 6x 1024 kg
Mass of object, my = 1kg
And, Distance between centre, r = Radius of earth
of earth and object
= 6.4 x 10 m
 SCIENCEFOR NINTH
CLASS : PHYSICS
242
we get:
Now, putting these values in the above formula,
6.7x I0) "x6x04 1
(64x 10)
Or T= 9.8 N
carth and a 1kg object on its Surtace
1s 9.% newtons,
gravitational force between the
Thus, the magnitude of Does the earth attract the m0on
earth and the moon are attracted to
each other by gravitational force. moon attracts the earth ?
Q.4. The which the
smaller or the same as the force with
With a torce that is greater or
Why ?
attracts the earth. This is because
attracts the moon with the same force with which the moon oPPOsite.
s ne earth
ton's third law of motion, the forces of action and reactiorn are always equal and
dccording to New then the moon attracts the earth with an
0, When earth attracts the moon witha certain gravitational force,
equal and opposite gravitational force.
moon
25. If the moon attracts the earth, why does the earth not move towards the
acceleration produced in a body 1s inversely
Ans. FrOm Newton's second law of motion, it can be concluded that the
earth, the
proportional to the mass of the bodv because a= F | Now, due to the very large mass (m) of the
acceleration (a) in the earth.
gravitational force () between the mÍon and the earth produces very small
Actually, the acceleration produced in the earth (by the attraction of moon) is
sO small that it cannot be
observed. And hence we do not see the earth move towards the moon.
Q.6. What happens to the force between two objects, if :
() the mass of one object is doubled ?
(ii) the distance between the objects is (a) doubled, and (b) tripled ?
(iii) the masses of both objects are doubled ?
Ans. () The gravitational force between twoobjects is directly proportionalto the product of masses of the two
objects. So, if the mass of one of the objects is doubled, then the force also gets doubled (it becomes 2
times).
(i) The gravitational force between twoobjects is inversely proportional to the square of distance between
them.
(a) If the distance between the objects is doubled (made 2 times), the force between them becomes

or (one-fourth).
(b) If the distance between the objects is tripled (made 3 times), the force between them will become
2
1
or (one-ninth).
9

(i) The gravitational force between two objects is directly proportionalto the product of their masses. So, ií
the masses of both the objects are doubled (made 2 times each), the force between them will become
2 x 2 = 4 times.

gravitation ?
Q.7. What is the importance of the universal law of
Ans. The importance of universal law of gravitation is that it explains the motion of planets around the sun,; the
motion of moon around the earth; and the motionof artificial satellites around the earth It also explains the
phenomena of rainfall, snowfall, and flow of water in rivers on
the earth.
Q.8. What is the acceleration of free fall ?
force of earth (with no other
Ans. The falling of an object from aheight towards the earth under the gravitational uniform acceleration in the
forces acting on it) is called free fall. The gravitational force of earth produces a
called the acceleration of free tal
freely falling object due to which its speed goes on increasing. This is acceleration of free fall is 9.8 m/
(which is commonly knowWn as acceleration due to gravity). The value of
object ?
Q.9. What do we call the gravitational force between the earth and an
gravity'.
Ans. The gravitational force between the earth and an object is called 'earth's
instructions of one of his friends. He hands over the
Q.10. Amit buys few grams of gold at the poles as per the
 BOOK QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 243
NCERT

same he meets him at the equator. Will his friend agree with the weight of gold bought ? If not,
when

why ? (Hint. The value of g is greater at the poles than at the equator). explained as
No. bought at the poles. This can be
the friend at equator will not agree with the weight of gold
Ans.
follows : We know that weight, W = mxg. Now. since the value of
gis greater at the poles, so the weight or
When the same mass of gola S
acertain mass ot gold will be greater at the poles (where it is bought).
because the value of gis less at the equator. Thus,
brought to equator, then its weight will be found tobe Jess
acertain mass of gold bought at the poles will have lesser weight at the equator.
crumpled into a ball ?
Why will asheet of paper fall slower than one that is height, it
Q.11.
A sheet of paper has a larger area. Due to its large area, when a
sheet of paper is dropped from a hand, a
Ans. the other
decreases and it falls at a slower rate. On
experiences more resistance fromn air, its speed when a ball made from
sheet of paper crumpled into a ball has a smaller area. Due to its smaller area, increases
experiences less resistance from air, its speed
crumpled sheet of paper is dropped from a hejght. it
and it falls at a faster rate.
1 gravitational grce on the earth. What is
Q.12. Gravitational force on the surface of moon
is only 6
as strong as
and on the earth ?
the weight in newtons of a 10 kg object on the moon acceleration due to
acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth is 9.8 m/s². So, the
Ans. We know that the 1
1
value, that is, 9.8 x m/s
gravity on the surface of moon will be z of this 6

() Calculation of weight on the moon

Mass of object, m = 10 kg
1
Acceleration due to, g=9.8 x m/s
6
gravity on moon

Now, Weight of object, W= m x g

(on moon) = 10x9.8x
6
= 16.3 N (or 16.3 newtons)

(ii) Calculation of weight on the earth

Mass of object, m = 10kg
Acceleration due to, g = 9.8 m/s?
gravity on earth
Now, Weight of object, W= m xg
(on earth) = 10x 9.8
=98 N
(or 98 newtons)
with a velocity of 49 m/s. Calculate :
Q.13. A ball is thrown vertically upwards rises.
(i) the maximum height to which itto the surface of the earth.
return
(i) the total time it takes to to gravity
Ans. () Please note that here the ball is goingminus up against the gravity, so the value of acceleration due
(with a sign).
g is to be taken as negative 49 m/s
Here, Initial velocity of ball, u =
Final velocity of ball, v = 0
(The ball stops at top)
Acceleration due to gravity, g= -9.8
m/s² (The ball goes up)
Height, h=? (To be calculated)
And,
the formula :
Now, putting all these values in
2= u²+ 2gh
(0) =(49)² + 2 x (-9.8) x h
we get : 0= 2401 - 19.6 h
19.6 h = 2401
,2401
h:
So, 19.6
h= 122.5 m
Ihus, the maximnum height to which the ball rises is 122.5 metres.
(ii) We will first calculate the time taken by the ball to reach the highest point by using the formula :
v= W
t gt
244
SCIENCE FOR NINTH CLASS: PHYSICs
Here, Final velocity, v 0 (The ball stops at top)
Initial velocity, 49 n/s
Acceleration due to gravity,R-9,8 m/s (The ball goes up)
And, Time taken, t =? (To be calculated)
So, putting these values in the above formula, we get :
0=49 +(-9.8) >x
0 =49 -9.8 1
9.8 | =49
49
9.8
t=5s
Thus, the ball takes 5 seconds to reach the highest point of its upward
take an equal tine, that is, 5 seconds to return to the surface of the journey. Please note that this ball will
total time of 5 +5= 10 seconds to return to the earth. In other words, the ball will take a
surface of the earth.
Q.14. A stone is released from the top of atower of height
touching the ground. 19.6 m. Calculate its final velocity just before
Ans. Here,
Initial velocity, u=0
Final velocity, v= ? (To be calculated)
Acceleration due
to gravity, 8 =9.8 n/s (Stone comes down)
And,
Height, h= 19.6 m
Now, we know that for a freely falling
body :
2= +2gh
So,
y²= (0)2+2 x 9.8 x 19.6
y2 = 19.6 x 19.6
²= (19.6)
And, V= 19.6 m/s
Thus, the velocity of stone just before hitting
0.15. Astone is thrown vertically the ground will be 19.6 metres per
upward second.
maximum height reached by the with an initial velocity of 40
the stone when it falls back to thestone. What is the net displacementm/s. and
Taking g = 10 m/s², find the
the total distance covered by
ground ?
Ans. () Here, Initial velocity, u = 40 m/s
Final velocity, v= 0 (The stone stops)
Acceleration due to gravity, 8=-10 m/s? (The stone
And, goes up)
Height, h=? (To be calculated)
Now, 2= +2gh
So, (0) = (40)² + 2 x (- 10) x h
0= 1600- 20 h
20 h = 1600
1600
h=
20
h= 80 m
Thus, the maximum height reached by the stone is 80 metres.
(i) The stone is thrown up from
wround As the final position of the ground and atter
stone coincides with thereaching the maximum
the stone is 'zero' (0). initial position of stone, height. falls back to the
the net displacement of
(ii) The distance covered by the
the samedistance of 80 metresstone in reaching the maximum
in coming baCk to ground. So, height is 80 metres, The stone will cover
80 + 80 160 metres. the total distance cOvered by the stone is
o6Calculate the force of gravitation between the
ky 1024 ke and of the sun = 2 x 10" earth and the sun, given that the
mass of the
the two is 1.5 x 101 m earth
kg. The average distance between
Ans. The force exerted by one body on another body is given
by the Newton's formula .
NCERT BOOK QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 245

2
Here, Gravitational constant, G =6.7 x 10-1l Nm² kg 2
Mass of the earth, m, =6 x 1024 kg
Mass of the sun, m, =2x 10 kg
And, Distance between the, r= 1.5 x 10!" m
earth and sun
Putting these values in the above formula, we get :
6.7×101 x6x1024x2x1030
F=
(1.5x10)
F =3.57 x 1022 N
Thus, the force of gravitation between the earth and the sun is 3.57 x 1022 newtons.
Q.17. A stone is allowed to fall from the top of a tower 100 m high and at the same time another stone is
projected vertically upwards from the ground with a velocity of 25 m/s. Calculate when and where the
two stones will meet.
Ans. Here, height of the tower is 100 m. Now, suppose the two stones meet at a point P which is at a height x
above the ground as shown in the figure, so that the distance of point Pfrom the top of the tower is 100 - x.
(i) For the stone falling from top of tower :
Height, h= (100 - x) m
Initial velocity, u=0
Time, t=?
And, Acceleration due, g= 9.8 m/s? (Stone falls down) 100-x
to gravity 100 m

Now, h=ut+gt
1
So, 100 x=0xt+÷x9.8x
2
Or 100 - x = 4.9 2 ...(1)
(i) For stone projected vertically upwards : Ground

Height, h =xm
Initial velocity, u = 25 m/s
Time, t =?
And, Acceleration due, g=-9.8 m/s² (Stone goes up)
to gravity
1
Now, s=uttgt
So, x= 25xt+x(-9.8)x?
2
or, X = 25 t-4.9 2 ..(2)
On adding equations (1) and (2), we get :
100- x + x = 4.9 t2 + 25 t-4.9 2
100 = 25 t
100
t=
25
t= 4 s
Thus, the two stones will meet after a time of 4 seconds.
Now, from equation (1) we have :
100 - x=4.9
Putting t = 4 in this equation, we get :
100 - x = 4.9 x (4)?
100 - x= 4.9 x 16
246
sCIENCE FOR NINTHCLASS : PHYSICs
100 x= 78.4
100 78.4 = x
21.6 m= x
or
X= 21.6 m
Thus, the two stones will meet at a height of 21.6
metres from the ground.
0.18. A ball thrown up vertically returns to the
(a) the velocity thrower after 6 s. Find :
with which it was thrown up, )
b) the maximum height it reaches,
(c) its position after 4 s. and
AnS. once ne bal thrown up
6
vertically returns to the thrower in 6seconds, this means that the ball willtake half
of this time, that is,
2 =3 seconds to go from the thrower to its maximum height and the remaining 3
seconds to fall down from the maximum height and
(a) Calculation of velocity with which return to the thrOWer.
ball was thrown up
Here, Final velocity, v= 0 (The ball stops)
Initial velocity, u=? (To be calculated)
Acceleration due, g= -9.8 m/s² (Ball goes up)
to gravity
And, Time taken to, t= 3s
reach the top
Now, V= u+ gt
So, 0= u + (-9.8) x 3
0= u - 29.4
u= 29.4 m/s
Thus, the velocity with which the ball was thrown up is 29.4 metres per second.
(b) Calculation of the maximum height reached
We know that : v2= u² + 2gh
So, (0)= (29.4)? + 2 x (-9.8) x h
0= 864.36 19.6 h
19.6 h= 864.36
864.36
h=
19.6
h= 44.1 m
Thus, the maximum height reached by the ball is 44.1 metres.
(c) Calculation of position of ball after 4 s
We bave seen above that the ball reaches the maximum height in 3 seconds. So, all that we have to do is to
find the height (or distance) by which the freely falling ball comes down from the top in 1 second (because
3s +1s= 4 s).
1
Now, h=ut+gt"
1
So, h=0x1+;x9.8x(1) (Because t =1s)
h= 0+4.9 x 1
h= 4.9 m
Thse the position of the ball after 4 Seconds or tnrowing 1s 4.9 metres below the
maximum height reached.
so Lo what direction does the buoyant force on an object immersed in a liquid act ?
ovant force on an object immersed n a lquia acts in the vertically
Tne ee acts in adirection opposite to the direction in which upward direction In other words
weight of the obiect acts.
 247
BOOK QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
NCERT

does a block of plastic released under water come up tothe surface of water ?
0.20. Why buoyant force(or
upthrust)
Ans.
Ablock of plastic released under water comes up tothe surface of water because the
buoyant force is
greater because the
acting on thhe block of plastic due to water is greater than its weight. The
density of water is greater than the density of plastic. substance float
is 1g cm, will the
The volume of 50 g of a substance is 20 cm³. If the density of water
Q.21.
or sink ?
Mass of substance

Ans. We know that: Density of substance = Volume of substance

Here, Mass of substance = 50 g

Volume of substance = 20 cm³
And,
50 g
So,
Density of substance = 3
20 cm
the
= 2.5 g cm-3 g cm3),
therefore,
density of water (1
cm) is greater than the
Since the density of substance (2.5 g
substance will sink in water. float or sink in water if the density of
Will the packet
of a 500g sealed packet is 350 cm³, this packet ?
Q.22. The volume
cm³ ?What will be the mass of water displaced by
water is 1g
Mass of packet = 500 g
Ans. Here, cm
Volume of packet =350
And, Mass of packet
Density of packet = Volume of packet
Now,
500 &
350 cm

= 1.42 g cm3
therefore, the packet
(1.42 g cm3) is more than the density of water (1 g cm),
Since the density
of packet
willsink in
water.
water equal to its own volume. Since the volume of packet is
which sinks in water will displace the mass of 350 cm² of water.
The packet displace 350 cm3 of water. We have now to calculate
will
350 cm so it Mass of water
Density of water = Volume of water
Now,
Mass of water
lg cm
350 cm3
So,
Mass of water =1g cm- x 350 cm3
And,
= 350 g
Thus, the
mass of water displaced by the packet is 350 grams.