Class 10 Math Formulas & Examples

Q: In relation to banking calculations, how is simple interest computed and what are the key variables involved?

Simple interest is computed using the formula Simple Interest = (P × R × T)/100, where 'P' represents the principal amount, 'R' is the rate of interest per annum (%), and 'T' is the time in years .

Q: Illustrate how trigonometric identities can be used to verify the relationship between sine and cosine for a given angle.

Trigonometric identities such as sin²θ + cos²θ = 1 help verify relationships between sine and cosine for angles. For example, if cos²θ = 3/5, then sin²θ = 1 - (3/5) = 2/5 confirms the intrinsic relationship, ensuring calculations adhere to trigonometric properties, validating identities over given interval ranges .

Q: Discuss the geometric interpretation of linear inequalities and provide an example for graphically representing these inequalities.

Linear inequalities represent a range of solutions that form a region on a graph where the inequality holds true. Geometrically, they are represented by a shaded region on the coordinate plane. For example, solving x + 2 ≤ 5 results in x ≤ 3, graphically depicted as a shaded area on the number line/coordinate system to the left of x = 3 .

Q: What process is applied to find the common ratio in a geometric progression, and why is it significant?

The common ratio in a geometric progression is found by dividing any term in the series by the previous term. It is significant because it determines the factor by which successive terms increase or decrease. For example, in the GP 3, 6, 12, the common ratio is 2 (6/3), and it governs the multiplication pattern throughout the series .

Q: Describe the method of finding the volume of a hemisphere and cite its application using a specific example.

The volume of a hemisphere is calculated using the formula V = (2/3)πr³, where 'r' is the radius of the hemisphere . This formula is essential in applications involving semi-spherical objects, such as determining the volume of dome-shaped structures. For a hemisphere with a radius of 3 cm, the volume will be V = (2/3)π(3)³ = 18π cm³ .

Q: What principles underlie the determination of market value and dividend yield in stock investments?

The determination of market value and dividend yield in stock investments involves the application of formulas where Market Value (MV) is calculated using MV = (Face Value × 100)/% yield, and Dividend is calculated via Dividend = (Face Value × Rate)/100. These calculations require understanding of terms like Face Value (nominal value of the share), Rate (dividend percent), and Market Value (current value of the share).

Q: How are probabilities calculated in a simple event like coin tossing, and what are the variables involved?

Probabilities are calculated by dividing the number of favorable outcomes by the total number of possible outcomes. In a simple event like a coin toss, with two possible outcomes (head or tail), the probability of getting heads is P(Head) = 1/2 since there is one favorable outcome out of two possible outcomes .

Q: Can you explain how the concept of GST influences the total price of a product and demonstrate this with an example?

GST (Goods and Services Tax) influences the total price of a product by adding a tax amount to the original cost. The formula for GST amount is GST Amount = (Rate × Price) / 100, and the total price becomes Total Price = Price + GST Amount . For example, if a product costs ₹2000 and the GST rate is 12%, then GST amount = (12×2000)/100 = ₹240, making the total price ₹2240 .

Q: How is the nth term of an arithmetic progression (AP) determined and calculated using the first term and the common difference?

The nth term of an arithmetic progression (AP) is determined using the formula: nth term (AP) = a + (n-1)d, where 'a' is the first term and 'd' is the common difference between terms . For example, to find the 10th term of the AP 2, 5, 8..., 'a' is 2, 'd' is 3, and so nth term = 2 + (10−1)×3 = 29 .

The document provides a comprehensive formula and example sheet for ICSE Class 10 Mathematics covering various topics such as GST, Banking, Shares & Dividend, AP & GP, Mensuration, Matrices, Probability, Central Tendency, Quadratic Equations, Linear Inequalities, Ratio & Proportion, Factorisation, Section Formula, Equation of Straight Line, Reflection, Trigonometric Identities, Trig Tables, and Heights & Distances. Each section includes relevant formulas, variable explanations, and worked examples to illustrate the application of the formulas. This resource serves as a valuable study aid for students preparing for their mathematics examinations.

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Class 10 Math Formulas & Examples

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ICSE Class 10 Mathematics Formula &

Example Sheet (with Variable

Explanations)
GST
 Formula: GST Amount = (Rate × Price) / 100
 Total Price = Price + GST Amount
 Variables: Rate = GST rate (%), Price = Original cost
 Example: Find GST on ₹2000 at 12%.
Solution: (12 × 2000)/100 = ₹240. Total = 2240

Banking
 Simple Interest = (P × R × T)/100
 Variables: P = Principal, R = Rate of interest (%), T = Time (years)
 Example: Find SI on ₹5000 for 2 years at 5%.
Solution: (5000×5×2)/100 = ₹500

Shares & Dividend

 Market Value (MV) = (Face Value × 100)/% yield
 Dividend = (Face Value × Rate)/100
 Variables: MV = Market Value, Rate = Dividend %, Face Value = Nominal value
 Example: A ₹100 share at 8% gives dividend = (100×8)/100 = ₹8

AP & GP
 nth term (AP) = a + (n−1)d
 Sum of n terms (AP) = (n/2)[2a + (n−1)d]
 nth term (GP) = ar^(n−1)
 Sum of n terms (GP) = a(r^n − 1)/(r − 1)
 Variables: a = first term, d = common difference, r = common ratio, n = number of terms
 Example: Find 10th term of AP 2, 5, 8…
Solution: a=2, d=3 → 2+(10−1)×3=29

Mensuration
 Sphere: V = (4/3)πr³, SA = 4πr²
 Cylinder: V = πr²h, CSA = 2πrh
 Cone: V = (1/3)πr²h, CSA = πrl
 Hemisphere: V = (2/3)πr³, CSA = 2πr²
 Variables: r = radius, h = height, l = slant height, V = volume, SA = surface area, CSA =
curved surface area
 Example: Find CSA of cone r=7,h=24. l=25 → CSA=π×7×25=550 cm²

Matrices
 Addition: [a b; c d] + [e f; g h] = [a+e b+f; c+g d+h]
 Multiplication: [a b; c d] × [e f; g h] = [ae+bg af+bh; ce+dg cf+dh]
 Variables: a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h = elements of matrices
 Example: [1 2; 3 4] + [5 6; 7 8] = [6 8; 10 12]

Probability
 Probability = (Favourable Outcomes)/(Total Outcomes)
 Variables: Favourable Outcomes = outcomes that satisfy event, Total Outcomes = total
possible cases
 Example: Toss a coin, P(Head)=1/2

Central Tendency
 Mean = Σx/ n
 Median (grouped) = L + [(N/2−CF)/f]×h
 Mode (grouped) = L + [(f1−f0)/(2f1−f0−f2)]×h
 Variables: L = lower boundary, N = total frequency, CF = cumulative frequency before
median class, f = frequency of median class, h = class size, f1 = modal class frequency, f0
= frequency before modal class, f2 = frequency after modal class
 Example: Numbers 2,4,6,8,10. Mean=(30/5)=6

Quadratic Equations
 General: ax²+bx+c=0
 Roots: (−b ± √(b²−4ac))/(2a)
 Discriminant D=b²−4ac
 Variables: a,b,c = coefficients of quadratic equation
 Example: Solve x²−5x+6=0 → roots 2,3

Linear Inequalities
 Solve inequality and graph shaded region.
 Variables: x = variable
 Example: x+2 ≤ 5 → x ≤ 3
Ratio & Proportion
 a:b = c:d → ad=bc
 Variables: a,b,c,d = numbers in proportion
 Example: 2:3=4:6

Factorisation
 a²−b²=(a−b)(a+b)
 x²+ (a+b)x+ab=(x+a)(x+b)
 Variables: a,b,x = algebraic terms
 Example: x²+5x+6=(x+2)(x+3)

Section Formula
 Point dividing (x1,y1),(x2,y2) in m:n = ((mx2+nx1)/(m+n),(my2+ny1)/(m+n))
 Variables: (x1,y1),(x2,y2) = coordinates, m,n = ratio
 Example: Midpoint of (2,4),(6,8)=(4,6)

Equation of Straight Line

 Slope m=(y2−y1)/(x2−x1)
 Equation: y−y1=m(x−x1)
 Variables: (x1,y1),(x2,y2) = coordinates, m = slope
 Example: Line through (1,2),(3,6): slope=(6−2)/(3−1)=2 → y−2=2(x−1)

Reflection
 In x-axis: (x,y)→(x,−y)
 In y-axis: (x,y)→(−x,y)
 In y=x: (x,y)→(y,x)
 Variables: (x,y) = coordinates of a point
 Example: Reflect (2,3) in y-axis → (−2,3)

Trigonometric Identities
 sin²θ+cos²θ=1
 1+tan²θ=sec²θ
 1+cot²θ=csc²θ
 Variables: θ = angle in degrees/radians
 Example: If cos²θ=3/5, sin²θ=2/5
Trig Tables
 sin 0°=0, sin 30°=1/2, sin 45°=1/√2, sin 60°=√3/2, sin 90°=1
 cos 0°=1, cos 30°=√3/2, cos 45°=1/√2, cos 60°=1/2, cos 90°=0
 tan 0°=0, tan 30°=1/√3, tan 45°=1, tan 60°=√3, tan 90°=∞
 Variables: sin, cos, tan = trigonometric ratios of angle

Heights & Distances

 tan θ = Opposite/Adjacent
 cot θ = Adjacent/Opposite
 Variables: θ = angle of elevation/depression
 Example: A 10m pole casts shadow 10m. tanθ=10/10=1 → θ=45°

Common questions

The discriminant of a quadratic equation, calculated as D = b² - 4ac from the general equation ax²+bx+c=0, indicates the nature of the roots. If D > 0, there are two distinct real roots; if D = 0, there is one real repeated root; and if D < 0, the roots are complex conjugates .