ISABELA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SHS

ORAL
COMMUNICATION
1ST QUARTER
LESSON1. NATURE AND PROCESS OF ideas and emotions that are expressed through signs,
COMMUNICATION symbols and gestures.

“Effective Communication is 20% what you know and 5. Communication is inevitable.

80% how you feel about what you know.” ~ - Inevitability means communication is taking
Jim Rohn place even when someone does not want or intend to
communicate. This “does not want to communicate”
COMMUNICATION feeling of someone actually does communicate
came from the Latin word “communicare” meaning to something. What does this mean? It simply means
share, to unite, to join or to have things in common. that you cannot avoid communicating. Why? The truth
is, we are communicating constantly because even
Communication is a two-way process of connecting to when you do not want to communicate, you are
both living and nonliving things. It is also a means of communicating! Isn’t that ironic? Yes, you are
sharing and exchanging messages, information, ideas, sending a message by the way you smile, or frown,
and feelings for mutual understanding (Gregoriom, sit or move or by the way you walk or dress up
J.C., 2015). yourself and by your actions. And even when you are
sleeping in class, you are communicating that you are
In other words, the basic functions of communication either bored or sick or whatever your reasons be! This
are to achieve understanding or shared meaning and notion tells us that communication is everywhere.
to persuade, inform, entertain and manage Thus, it is impossible to not communicate. The dark
relationships. clouds, the deep blue sea, the howling dogs, your
empty room or even the silence of the night, these are
THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION all communicating and telling us something. Try
discovering that yourself.
1. Communication is a process. (sender -
receiver) 6. Communication is irreversible.
- Communication as a process means it is a - This means that what you have said can
step by step activity and it is essentially a two-way never be unsaid. Irreversibility happens the very
process that involves the active participation of both minute you click the “OK” button for a comment or
the sender and receiver. It is the act or process of post on your social media and that it would be too late
using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express to take it back when a lot of people have already
or exchange information or to express your ideas, reacted, and commented to it. The same thing when
thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else. you perhaps throw a hurting or offensive word to your
Communication is a dynamic process which is enemy because of your anger.
influenced by the communicator’s mood and thinking.
It is a complex process too. By complex process, it 7. Communication is unrepeatable.
means, one message may be interpreted in many - Unrepeatability means that an act of
ways by different people. communication can never be duplicated. We may say
the same thing over and over again but the effect of
2. Communication is much more of an ART than a what you said the second or third or fourth time will
science. not be the same as the first time you said it. Even if
- There is no right or wrong way to we intend to say the same thing again which is
communicate – no set of absolute rules to be followed possible but the ideas here is, the outer world has
but there are underlying principles to guide us into changed by the second utterance. The listeners may
effective communication. be different, our mood may be different, or our
relationship might be in a different place. You don’t
3. Communication has a sender and a receiver. get a second chance to make a first impression. One
- Communication occurs between two or more of the best examples is at home when you hear your
people acting as the speaker or the receiver of the mother or sister rants about your laziness. The first
message. In other words, it is a two-way process of time you heard it, your reaction would have been bad.
reaching mutual understanding, in which participants You probably cried or stayed in your bedroom for the
do not only exchange (encode-decode) information, whole day. But when you heard it the second time or
news, ideas and feelings but also create and share the third, there is that different effect. You probably
meaning. In general, communication is a means of wouldn’t react to it at all, or perhaps just laugh it out!
connecting people or places. The sure thing is, you cannot duplicate an act of
communication.
4. Communication is verbal or non-verbal.
- Communication can be expressed through
written or spoken words (verbal) or actions (non- 1. Communication is a message understood.
verbal) of both spoken words and nonverbal actions - Unless a message is understood, we cannot
at the same time. Communication is not all about say that communication has taken place. Let us send
sending or receiving facts in words. It does involve a message to someone and say, “where came first”.
The person who gets this message would wonder
what it means, for the arrangement of the words does
not make any sense. The message is sent but the
receiver does not understand it. Therefore, for
communication to take place, we have to consider
two conditions. First, there should be a clear message.
Second, the message must be understood by the
receiver for whom it is meant.

2. Communication is social interaction through

messages.
- Think of someone telling, “It is very warm
today.” In this case, we are communicating what ‘we
experience’. The weather being warm is what we feel
or experience physically. In this scenario, we are
sharing our feeling or experience with someone else.
Thus, we may say that “communication is a sharing of
experience.” In our society, we all interact with
messages. Without interactions, a society cannot
survive. Social interaction is always through
messages.
We discuss problems and arrive at solutions. We
exchange ideas and interact with others. We transact,
and then we negotiate. In doing all these, we use
communication. Imagine a situation where we are not
able to speak and interact with others or think of a
family living in the same house without speaking to
each other or relating any form of message to one
another. Such situation can be very lonely and
problematic. Without communication, all forms of
human relationships will vanish and die.
Communication is therefore crucial in building and
maintaining relationships.

communication is essential in our lives

(…thoughts and feelings and create relationships
with other people) FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
- True enough, communication plays a vital
role in our existence. Even in the simplest form of self
expression, communication is essential in our lives as
we tell others about ourselves and even as we
exchange information, thoughts and feelings and
create relationships with other people. Talking is a
way of communicating with others and with yourself.
We communicate from the moment we were born.

Nature of Communication
- Communication is a process.
- occurs between two or more people (the
speaker and the receiver).
-can be expressed through written or spoken THE 5 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
words (verbal), actions (nonverbal), or both
verbal and nonverbal at the same time. [Link] - to exercise restraint or direction formally
or informally. This happens particularly among
members or acquaintances.
Example: An interviewee trying to control
herself to meet the expectations set by the interviewer.
The interviewee changes her behavior according to
how the interviewer manages the conversation.

[Link] Interaction - Communication allows acting

and reacting to the behavior of people around us. By
revealing our thoughts and feelings, we elicit
reactions from others.
3. Emotional Expression - Communication makes 4. Search Talk
possible the release or unloading of emotions, Purposes:
resulting in catharsis. It facilitates people’s expression - To center or an issue; and
of their feelings and emotions. - To examine and clarify the issue.

4. Motivation - the energy that influences a person’s 5. Straight Talk

behavior in different ways to his pursuit of his goal or Purposes:
objective. It encourages people to live better. - To concentrate on the here and now;
- To focus on issues;
Communication anxiety happens when a - To share feelings;
person becomes fearful of communicating with - To acknowledge feelings; and
another person or a group. This fear is either - To accept without judging.
imagined or real, and may have rooted from a
previous experience.
LESSON 2: VARIOUS MODELS OF
Fear of Public speaking is also called stage COMMUNICATION
fright. This is when a person hesitates or avoids
speaking in front of a large group or large audience. Communication models describe the process of
communication, visually show the relationship among
The next is shyness, this happens when you variables and help find and correct communication
feel uncomfortable when speaking to a small group or problems.
people.
The 3 Standard Models of Communication
Lastly, we have social anxiety, which is when - Linear Model of Communication (Transmission
someone hesitates interpersonal communication. Model)
- Transactional Communication Model
5. Information dissemination - It is the most basic - Interactive Communication Model
function of communication that provides data and
information for effective completion of tasks, solution 1. Linear Model of Communication (Transmission
of problems, and elimination of uncertainty. Model)

THE 5 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION 1) Unidirectional

[Link] 2) Simple
[Link] Interaction 3) Persuasion not Mutual understanding
3. Emotional Expression 4) Values psychological over social effects
4. Motivation
5. Information dissemination The Shannon-Weaver model (1949)

The purposes of communication can be

effectively realized and fulfilled by using different
kinds of “talks.” (Locke, 1998)

1. Small-talk
Purposes:
- To maintain the status quo;
- To break the ice;
- To get acquainted; and
- To establish a relationship
- The Shannon-Weaver model (1949), also
2. Light-Control Talk known as the transmission model and the mother of
Purposes: all communication models is one best example of a
- To persuade; one-way or linear process of communication
- To direct; consisting of five elements (see diagram below) which
- To seek but not force agreement; and have been criticized for missing one element in the
- To use legitimate authority. communication process, feedback.
3. Heavy-Control Talk
Purposes:
- To blame;
- To attack;
- To threaten;
- To coerce; and
- To demand.
 3. Interactive Communication Model
- This model, also known as the convergence
model or the Schramm Model of Communication
emphasizes the coding and decoding elements of the
process which also focuses on the message
exchanges between the sender and receiver and vice
versa. Rather than linear or a one-way process,
communication is a two-way street, with a sender and
a receiver.

EXAMPLE:
▪ Sermon of the Church`s Leader
▪ Listening news over the Radio
▪Watching Soap Opera on a television

2. Transactional Communication Model

- The Transactional Model of Communication
illustrates how the sender and receiver take turns in
conveying and receiving messages and are called as
“communicators.”

Dance Helical Model

Features of Interactive Communication Model

- Frank Dance (1967) introduced the Helix

model that best illustrates the Transactional Model by
showing how the development of communication is
based on previous experiences or behaviors as well
as how the knowledge-base of a person deepens and
expands throughout life. He emphasized, “that 1. It has a never-ending process of communication
communication while moving forward is at the same and feedback where there is role-switching between
time coming back to itself and being affected by its the sender and the receiver as they continue the
past behavior…” Dance’s model also shows how the exchange of messages. It means that in the next flow
external and internal factors that are learned of communication, the sender may become the
throughout life influence the person’s understanding receiver while the receiver in the first communication
of a message. process becomes the sender in the next
communication flow when gives his feedback or
The characteristics of Transactional Model response.
1. Communication evolves from the very first day
(origin) until the existing moment. 2. Feedback is seen as an important part of this
2. Communication is largely dependent on its past. model to ensure that communication takes place.
3. Concept of time. With feedback, it gives the sender the chance to know
4. Communication process is the product of what we whether his / her receiver got the message the way
learned. he / she intended it to be understood. Feedback in
short, helps communicator to seek for clarification.
EXAMPLE
▪ The usual “chitchat” of girlfriends 3. The field of experience affects the messages being
▪ When you have your little quarrel at home exchanged. It means that the background of the
with your siblings persons involved in the communication process plays
▪ You rode a bus to Manila and start having a role in how they interpret the messages received or
conversation with your seatmate how they encode the messages they will be sending.

4. It encourages interaction. This means that the

Interactive model triggers the communicators to give
their responses because they share common BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
experiences and thus share a common understanding.
1. Language Barriers
EXAMPLE: 2. Jargon
- Job Interview 3. Psychological Barriers
- Panel Discussion 4. Physiological Barriers
- Business Meeting 5. Physical Barrier
6. Attitudinal Barriers
7. Using generalizations and stereotypes
LESSON 3: STRATEGIES TO AVOID 8. Jumping to an immediate conclusion
COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN 9. Dysfunctional feedbacks
10. Lacking the confidence
COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
- Communication breakdown, as defined by EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
Emily Rodgers in her online article, “is a failure to
exchange information, resulting in a lack of 1. Loss of morale
communication.” - When you experience communication
breakdown, there is a tendency that your sense of
According to Rodgers, communication has a great purpose, and enthusiasm towards the task, may also
impact to a team. So if you expect to have a be affected.
successful class, a team, a group work - it requires
communication that is “well-oiled machine to 2. Demotivation
individual parts that simply cannot function without - Communication breakdown results to
each other” between you and the one you are weakening or even loss of one’s motivation to do
communicating with or among members of a the what you are supposed to do.
group. 3. Embarrassment
- A person who has experienced
COMMUNICATION BARRIERS communication breakdown with his team or is the
cause of the communication barrier will eventually
1. Lost in translation feel guilty and incompetent over that failure and will
- Lost in translation occurs across emails feel haunted by that embarrassment.
when the receiver perceives the message differently
because of lack of tone. It could also be a 4. Anger
misinterpretation of a message because of the - Communication breakdown is so annoying
presence of words that have double meanings. that anyone involved can get into serious trouble.
Lost in translation is not necessarily referring to a
language barrier but to how the receiver interprets the 5. Tension among the team
words, phrases or sentences received. - Everybody in the team gets affected when
communication breakdown strikes. Chances are
2. The attention span of a gnat people will be pointing fingers to one another. The
- This refers to human attention span which question here is who’s to be blamed? No one.
accordingly, can only listen for 8 seconds meaning we Everyone in the team is responsible and is equally
have less time to remain engaged to what we have important in solving the problem.
just listened to before switching off or start thinking of
other things, thus missing important information. 6. Stress caused to individuals
This lack of attention means that information - Communication breakdown does not only
constantly has to be repeated, which may be affect the one who caused it but equally, it affects the
frustrating for the speaker, not to forget how tiring it is person who received the message but failed to
to be repetitive. understand.

3. Too much information 7. Loss of clients, business and sales (or

If there is no efficient communication flow plus the friends/relationships)
problem of sharing information to wrong people, - Communication breakdown is really harmful.
overload of information can result to chaos. It will not only break relationships, it can even do
worse. It means losing people who trust you and
4. Under pressure whom you trust. Now, you don’t want that to happen,
- High-stress jobs or tasks mean there’s often do you?
no time to communicate properly. If you’re on a tight
deadline or you’re behind on your target, you’re not 8. Disorganization
going to waste precious minutes formulating the - Nothing goes right when a communication
perfect email, and doing such practice will result to breakdown occurs. Things, situations, relationships
greater consequences. just fall apart and for all you know, you are facing
broken pieces. Don’t wait for that to happen. Do
something before things got shattered because of fully focusing on what is being said rather than just
careless communication. 'hearing' the message of the speaker.
- Active listening involves listening with all
9. Gossip senses. There are both verbal and non-verbal
- When communication goes out of control, indicators that convey active listening. Non-verbal
rumors begin to spread like a virus. Wrong signs include smiling (if appropriate), making eye
information breaks out and spread faster than the contact, nodding at appropriate times, and avoiding
truth that’s why treat communication with proper care. interruptions. These non-verbal cues relay the
Communicate properly and honestly. message that you are interested in what the speaker
has to say, and that your attention is fully invested.
5 WAYS TO RESOLVE A COMMUNICATION Giving verbal signs of active listening can also be
BREAKDOWN (Rodgers) meaningful. Paraphrasing involves looking for slightly
different terms to repeat the main idea of the speaker
1. Observe and is also a great way to show active listening.
Take the time to observe how each member of your
team works, talk to them in regular one-to-ones, and 2. Use Common Language
discuss how best they like to receive information, - It is important to consider the audience that
relating to their job role, and then how they feel they you are speaking to and use language that can be
can best use this information for others. easily understood. Avoid using unfamiliar terminology
or jargon when speaking to clients and their families.
2. Options An important tool to use when speaking is to stop
Whether giving your team another computer-based occasionally and ask questions to ensure that your
tool, introducing more huddles and meetings, message is being understood as intended.
encouraging them to pick up the phone more, or
urging them to physically walk round to a person’s 3. Give Constructive Response
desk, giving them communicative options will help - While the response that you give the
them feel less trapped in the restrictive vices of the speaker/sender may occasionally be negative, it is
email world. important that it be constructive in nature. The goal of
the feedback should be to further the abilities of the
3. Sharing is caring speaker. This will bond the interpersonal relationship,
Updates, updates, updates! Site-wide updates are and enhance future communications.
vital for keeping everyone in the know. This is within
reason. Don’t rely on email for this. Meeting and 4. Focus on the issue, not the speaker
discussion with the team are important.. Your team Try not to take all personally, and similarly, express
members deserve transparency. your own wants and opinions in terms of the job at
hand. Solve problems rather than attempt to
4. Practice makes perfect manipulate others.
Providing consistent training sessions on how and
why we communicate, the best way to write an email, 5. Be genuine rather than control.
communicating with everyone or with the whole class - Be yourself, openly, and honestly. Be honest
or team and how to give feedback in the most with yourself, and center on working well with the
effective way will lift communication breakdowns the persons around you, and acting with integrity.
more you do them. Training are also a great way to
bring groups/ class together who may not already be 6. Empathize rather than remain alone.
in direct contact with each other, building morale - Although professional relationships entail
through one shared goal. some borders when it comes to interaction with
colleagues, it is important to show sensitivity and to
5. One team, one dream really care about the people you work with. If you
If you resolve a communication breakdown and teach don't care about them, it will be difficult for them to
your team the value of communication, the benefits care about you when it comes to being together.
abound. Good communication builds a strong team
that people want to engage in, it streamlines work
processes, it equips individuals with the tools to take 7. Be patient towards others.
on anything that’s thrown at them and ultimately - Allow for other points of view, and be
makes whatever you are doing, a success. liberated to other ways of doing things.
- Diversity affects creativity and innovation.
Strategies to overcome barriers:
8. You have to promote yourself and your own
1. Active Listening experiences.
- Active listening is a skill that can be acquired - Be strong about your own rights and needs.
and improved with practice. However, this skill can be Undervaluing yourself motivates others to undervalue
difficult to achieve and will, therefore, take time and you, too.
delay. 'Active listening' means actively listening or
7C`s OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
(Brooms, et. al. 2012)

1. Completeness
It is very important that that receiver gets to hear
everything so that proper responses, reactions,
evaluation or feedback could be done. That is what
complete communication is.

2. Conciseness
To be concise basically means, getting straight to the
point. There should be no beating around the bush.
Thus, irrelevant or redundant information should be The Entertainment Factor
eliminated within the communication process. - People love to listen to stories in the form of
oral poetry, songs or plain storytelling. These oral
3. Consideration communication activities, all packed with emotions,
There is a need for the speaker to consider the differ in oral delivery. They communicate a lot of truth
receiver’s mood, status, background, preferences, regarding relevant issues of today and yesterday,
needs and the like to build rapport him/her. Once skillfully incorporating a variety of language features.
rapport is established, effective communication is
possible. Oral poetry contains most of the elements found in
written poetry. Aside from rhythm, it also uses
4. Concreteness figurative language.
When information sent by the sender to the receiver
is supported by facts, figures, or real-life examples Songs do not differ much from oral poetry. Songs
and situations, effective communication takes place. play a huge role in communication.

5. Courtesy Storytelling is roughly defined as the sharing of

Respecting the culture and beliefs of the receiver events and experiences that is meant to entertain,
creates a positive impact in the communication inform, as well as to teach morals.
process

6. Clearness LESSON 5: TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT

The use of simple, specific word in expressing ideas
ensures clarity in communication. This signifies when Speech Context
the speaker focuses on a single objective to avoid - Context when referring to speech
confusing the audience. communication is the surroundings, circumstances,
environment, background or setting that determine,
7. Correctness specify, or clarify the meaning of an event.
Credibility and effectiveness of the message can be ([Link]/Elements of Communication).
achieved by eliminating grammatical errors in the
communication process. This implies that correctness - Speech Context is important because it
in grammar creates a positive impact on the audience. helps you communicate appropriately, understand the
meaning of any message conveyed, and respond
accordingly.
LESSON 4: SAMPLE ORAL COMMUNICATION
ACTIVITIES Types of Speech Context

Communication involves verbal and non-verbal cues. 1. Intrapersonal – This refers to a type of
Verbal cues include auditory language like sound and communication that is focused on one person, where
words in order to deliver or exchange information. It is the speaker acts both as the sender and as the
the superficial part of communication because it is receiver of the message. The message is made up of
more obvious than non- verbal cues. Non-verbal cues thoughts and feelings while the medium is the brain
are your total presentation and self-expression apart that processes what you think and feel. (Hybels &
from spoken words. You will miss some non-verbal Weaver, 2012, p 16)
cues when you are not in a face- to face interaction
like on the phone or using the Messenger. 2. Interpersonal – This refers to the type of
communication that takes place between and among
A good communicator, whether talking to a child, in people and creates a personal relationship between
front of an audience, or behind the desk, has to be and among them. Normally, it includes two individuals,
only keen to verbal and non-verbal cues. More and it can vary from casual and very personal to
importantly, his expressions and words have to agree. formal and impersonal.
 Types of Interpersonal Communication tough? Do you smile and encourage the person you
are talking to? Your body language tells more about
- Dyad Communication – communication your emotions and thoughts than your actual words.
that happens between two people. Bear this in mind the next time you have a
conversation with someone. Check your body
- Small Group – This applies to interactions language to ensure that it is consistent with your
involving at least three but not more than words (Oakes, 2017).
twelve people engaged in face-to-face
interactions to achieve the desired goal. In 3. When talking to the public. Speaking in front of the
this type of conversation, all participants can crowd requires many preparations; from analyzing
freely express their ideas throughout the your target audience, to planning and drafting your
discussion. speech up to the rehearsing part. The key therefore is
to come prepared. Be yourself while you are on stage
3. Public – This type refers to a communication that and speak in the way that you will be easily
enables you to send or deliver a message before a understood by your audience.
crowd. The message can be transmitted for
informative or persuasive purposes. "In public
communication, unlike interpersonal and small groups, LESSON 6: TYPES OF SPEECHES
the channels are more exaggerated. The voice is AND SPEECH STYLE
louder and the gestures are more expansive because
the audience is larger” (Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p 19). Types of Speech According to Purpose

4. Mass Communication – This refers to a. informative or expository speech

communication through television, radio, newspapers, - is mainly performed for the purpose of
magazines, books, billboards, the internet, and other educating the audience on new or relevant piece of
types of media. information on a particular topic.

Verbal and Non-verbal Behavior in a Speech example: lecture of a teacher

Context
- Different speech context whether it is b. persuasive speech
intrapersonal, interpersonal, public or mass - is given solely for the purpose of convincing
communication requires different approaches. the audience to agree with the speaker’s opinion on a
particular topic.
When talking to your self
1. Use self-talk to your advantage: Cheering yourself example: speech of a lawyer
up before an important event or talking to yourself
while completing a task are two perfect opportunities c. entertainment speech
for self-talk (Gould, 2018, Talking to yourself is - aims to share laughter and enjoyment to the
normal, n.d.). audience through witty and humorous lines.

2. Don’t overdo it. While it is normal to talk to yourself example: speech of a comedian
constantly, it is better not to overuse yourself of doing
so. The most common reason why people end up Types of Speech According to Delivery
talking to themselves is because they feel like they do
not have someone else to talk to. To address this, a. manuscript speech
you need to be more sociable, it would give you more - is the word-for-word iteration of a written
people to talk to other than yourself. message using visual aids.

When talking to one person or a small group of example: news anchor with a teleprompter
people
1. Listen carefully - Needless to say, this is the very b. memorized speech
basic foundation of effective communication. You - is the rote recitation of a written message
have to listen carefully and understand what the other that the speaker has committed to memory.
person is saying. Asking clarifying questions lets the
other person know that you are indeed listening example: actor’s dialogue
attentively. More so, take active part. You also need
to be heard and understood when it is your time to c. extemporaneous speech
speak. - is the presentation of a carefully planned
and rehearsed speech, spoken in a
2. Check your tone and body language. The conversational manner using brief notes.
vocabulary of the body is more revealing than the
actual words you speak. So, watch your tone and example: a campaign speech before a voting public
body language while you are talking. Is your tone
d. impromptu speech utterance, given the right circumstances or context.
- is the presentation of a short message without These are:
advance preparation and is for people
knowledgeable about the subject. 1. Locutionary act
- is the actual act of uttering or saying
example: a doctor’s response to the question of a something. This act happens with the utterances of a
patient sound, a word or even a phrase as a natural unit of
speech.
Types Of Speech Style For the utterances to be a Locutionary Act,
consider the following:
Speech Style It has sense, and mostly importantly, for
- The way we communicate varies depending communication to take place.
on a lot of factors such as the speech context, speech It has the same meaning to both the speaker
purpose, and speech delivery. The form of language and the listener.
that the speaker uses which [sic] characterized by the Utterances give rise to shared meaning when
degree of formality is known as speech style (Martin it is adjusted by the speaker for the listener.
Joos, 1976:156).

Types of Speech Style Examples of Locutionary Acts:

1. Intimate • “Doh!” (favorite expression of TV cartoon character
2. Casual Homer Simpson)
3. Consultative • “Wow?” (When someone is amazed)
4. Formal • “Hello!” (greeting someone)
5. Frozen • “Get out!” (a strong command)
1. Intimate
- is used for very close relationships. 2. Illocutionary act
- is the social function of what is said. In an
example: couple illocutionary speech act, it is not just saying
something itself but with the act of saying something
2. Casual with the intention of:
- is an informal communication between • stating an opinion, conforming, or denying
groups and peers who have something to share and something;
have shared background information but do not have
close relations. • making a prediction, a promise, a request;
• issuing an order or a decision; or
example: classmates • giving advice or permission.
This Speech Act uses the Illocutionary Force
3. Consultative of a statement, a confirmation, a denial, a prediction,
- is used in semi-formal and standard a promise, a request, etc.
communication.
Examples of Illocutionary Acts:
example: teacher and student • It’s more fun in the Philippines. (opinion)
• I’ll help you clean the house tomorrow.
4. Formal (promise)
- is a one-way straightforward speech. • Get my things in the office. (order)
example: State of the Nation Address 3. Perlocutionary act refers to the consequent effect
of what was said.
5. Frozen This is based on the particular context in which the
- is the most formal communicative style that speech act was mentioned.
is usually used during solemn ceremonies and events. This is seen when a particular effect is sought from
either the speaker or the listener, or both. The
example: pledges response may not necessarily be physical or verbal
and is elicited by:
• inspiring or insulting
A SPEECH ACT is an utterance that a speaker
• persuading/convincing; or
makes to achieve an intended effect.
• deterring/scaring
Three Types of Speech Act
According to J. L. Austin (1962), a philosopher of The aim of Perlocutionary Speech Act is to change
language and the developer of the Speech Act feelings, thoughts, or actions.
Theory, there are three types of acts in every
Examples of Perlocutionary Acts:
• “We can do this. We heal and win as one!”
(inspiring)
• “It is crucial that we give all our collective
efforts to fight against this pandemic. We
must start working together.” (persuading)
• “Smoking destroys your health, certain as it
brings diseases, it kills – you, your loved ones,
and others!” (deterring)

Searle’s Classification of Speech Act

- As a response to Austin’s Speech Act
Theory, John Searle (1976), a professor from the
University of California, Berkeley, classified
illocutionary acts into five distinct categories.

1. Assertive – a type of illocutionary act in which the

speaker expresses belief about the truth of a
proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are
suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting and
concluding.

Example:
No one can love you better than I do.

2. Directive – a type of illocutionary act in which the

speaker tries to make the addressee perform an
action. Some examples of a directive act are asking,
ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging.

Example:
Please maintain the cleanliness of our school.

3. Commissive – a type of illocutionary act which

commits the speaker to doing something in the future.
Examples of a commissive act are promising,
planning, vowing, and betting.

Example:
From this moment on, I will love you and honor you
for the rest of my life.

4. Expressive – a type of illocutionary act in which

the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional
reactions. Some examples of an expressive act are
thanking, apologizing, welcoming and deploring.

Example:
Thank heavens, you came to save me! I owe you my
life.

5. Declaration – a type of illocutionary act which

brings a change in the external situation. Simply put,
declarations bring into existence or cause the state of
affairs which they refer to. Some examples of
declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding,
passing a sentence, and excommunicating.

Example:
You are hired!
By saying that someone is hired, an employee causes
or brings about the person’s acceptance to job;
consequently, this changes his external situation.