Work, Energy and Power - Full Chapter Notes (Class 11
Physics)
Work
Definition: Jab kisi body par force lagta hai aur uske wajah se displacement hota hai, tab force
dwara kiya gaya karya Work kehlata hai.
Formula: W = F·d·cosθ
Conditions: Force applied ho, displacement ho, aur force ka displacement ke direction me
component ho.
Positive Work: Force displacement ke along.
Negative Work: Force displacement ke opposite (e.g. friction).
Variable Force: Work = ∫ F·dx.
Work from Graph: Work displacement graph ke neeche ka area hota hai.
Work by Spring Force: W = 1/2 kx².
Kinetic Energy
Kisi body ki motion ke karan jo energy hoti hai use kinetic energy kehte hain.
Formula: KE = 1/2 mv².
Relation with momentum: KE = p²/(2m).
Derivation: Work-Energy theorem se milta hai.
Work-Energy Theorem
Statement: Net work done on a body = Change in its kinetic energy.
Proof: Wnet = F·d = ma·d = 1/2 mv² – 1/2 mu².
Potential Energy
Body ke position/configuration ke karan jo energy hoti hai use potential energy kehte hain.
Gravitational PE: PE = mgh.
Elastic PE: PE = 1/2 kx² (spring).
Conservative and Non-Conservative Forces
Conservative Force: Work path independent hota hai, aur energy conserved hoti hai (e.g., gravity,
spring force).
Non-Conservative Force: Work path dependent hota hai, aur energy ka kuch part heat/other form
me dissipate hota hai (e.g., friction, air resistance).
Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation
Mechanical Energy = KE + PE.
Agar sirf conservative forces act karein to TME = constant.
Example: Free fall body – KE increase, PE decrease, Total constant.
Example: Pendulum – KE and PE interchange but total constant.
Power
Work done per unit time = Power.
Average Power = W/t.
Instantaneous Power = F·v.
Unit: Watt (J/s).
Commercial Unit of Energy: 1 kWh = 1000 Watt × 3600 s = 3.6×10^6 J.
1 HP = 746 Watt.
Collisions
Collision: Jab do bodies interact karte hain ek chhote samay ke liye.
Elastic Collision: Momentum aur KE dono conserved hote hain.
Inelastic Collision: Sirf momentum conserved hota hai, KE ka kuch part lost hota hai.
Perfectly Inelastic Collision: Bodies stick ho jaati hain, maximum KE loss hota hai.
Head-on Collision: Straight line motion ke along hoti hai.
Oblique Collision: Angle pe hoti hai.
Coefficient of Restitution (e): e = (relative velocity after collision)/(relative velocity before collision).
Important Graphs and Relations
1. Work vs Displacement: Area under curve = Work.
2. KE vs Velocity: Parabola.
3. PE vs x for spring: Parabola.
4. KE vs Momentum: Straight line relation KE = p²/(2m).
Solved Examples
Example 1: Force of 20 N applied at 60° displaces body by 5 m.
Work = 20×5×cos60° = 50 J.
Example 2: Mass = 5 kg, velocity = 4 m/s.
KE = 1/2×5×16 = 40 J.
Example 3: Mass = 10 kg, height = 2 m.
PE = mgh = 200 J.
Example 4: A 2 kg body moving with 3 m/s collides elastically with identical body at rest.
After collision, first body stops, second body moves with 3 m/s.