Igneous
Petrology
Books
1. Philpotts
2. Wilson
3. Middlemost
4. Hall
Igneous rocks in Space & Time
•Spatial Association
•Temporal Association
Spatial Association
1. IGNEOUS ROCKS OF OCEANIC REGION
2. IGNEOUS ROCKS ASSOCIATED WITH CONVERGENT MARGIN
3. CONTINENTAL FLOOD BASALT AND ASSOCIATED ROCKS
4. LAYERED IGNEOUS COMPLEX
5. CONTINENTAL ALAKINE ROCKS
6. ULTRA-ALKALINE AND SILICA POOR ROCKS
1. IGNEOUS ROCKS OF OCEANIC REGION
i. MORB
ii. Intraplate Oceanic Islands
iii. Ophiolite Suites
MORB : tholeiitte basalts, divergent margin, upper
mantle depleted source
Intraplate oceanic Islands : formed due to hot spot,
both tholeiite and alkaline basalts, lower
enriched mantle source
Ophiolite suites: formed due to obduction, typical
ophiolite consists of three suites : ultramafic
rocks, basalts, pelagic sediments (called
Steinmann trinity)
MOR
Rocks associated with Convergent Margin
• Andesite most abundant rocks
• Three distinct series :
1. Island Arc tholeiite (low- K)
2. Calc-alkaline series (intermediate -K)
3. Shoshonite (high- K)
Convergent Margin
Convergent Margin
Continental flood basalts and
associated rocks
• Formed by continental plumes
• Tholeiite flood basalts
Plume
Layered Igneous Complex
• In large intrusions, magmatic processes
produce the strongly differentited rocks in
layers, called layered ig complex
• Skaergaard ig complex, East Greenland,
Bushveld Complex, south Africa, Kondapalli
and Sitampundi ig complex, India
Continental Alkaline Rocks
• Associated with Continental Rifts
• Mostly alkaline magmatism
• Subordinate Tholeiite
• NO INTERMIDITE MAGMA
• Called Daly Gap
Ultra Alkaline and Silica-poor Alakaline Rocks
• Lamprophyres- porphyritic, melanocratic,
hypabysal, contain euhedral phenocryst of
either amphibole or biotite, but NERVER
Feldspar (ex Jungel volcanics)
• Kimberlite- primary source of diamond,
originate from deeper part of mantle (Panna
Kimberlite)
• Carbonatite- composed of ~75% carbonate
minerals (calcite, dolomite,ankerite,siderite)
Igneous Rock Series
Ig rocks within small geographical region and
of roughly same often have coherent geoch
trend.
These rocks were formed from the same
common parental magma
Rocks formed the same parental magma by
differentiation processes belong to a rock
series.
Magma differentiation processes??
Ig Rock series:
[Link] series
[Link] series
Subalkaline series:
i. Tholeiitic basalt series
ii. Calc-alkaline series
Tholieiite basalt series:
tho piccritic basalt olivine tho tho/qtz tho icelandite
Calc-alkaline series:
High alumina basalt andesite dacite rhyolite
Alkaline Series
i. Sodic series
ii. Potassic series
Sodic series : Howaiite --- mugearite ---- trachyte
Potassic series : trachy basalt--- K-rich trachyte
Special Precambrian Association : Temporal association
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Why confined in the Archaean/Precam?
Conditions were different :
oxygen deficient, radioactive elements abundant,
steeper geothermal gradient, high heat flow
BIF : in Archaean - reduced condition
– iron transported in soluble ferrous state
– concentrated in Ocean -
ppted to form babded iron formation
– so BIF in the Archaean
-Post Archaean – oxidized, iron oxidized to insoluble
ferric state --- forming residual laterite deposit
Greenstone : volcano (basalt) – sedimentary succession
Metamorphosed to greenschsist facies met
forming green colour minerals (so named greenstone)