The supremum of the set \$ \{ \frac{m}{m+n} : m, n \in \mathbb{N} \} \$ is 1 because, for fixed $m$, as $n$ tends to zero, $\frac{m}{m+n}$ approaches 1. The infimum is 0 because, as $m$ tends to zero, $\frac{m}{m+n}$ also approaches zero for any natural $n$. Hence, these limits represent the bounding values.

For a positive $x$, both supremum and infimum scale linearly in a straightforward manner by $x$. Conversely, a negative $x$ inverts bounds: $inf(xA)$ turns into $x \cdot sup(A)$ while $sup(xA)$ becomes $x \cdot inf(A)$. The negative sign causes this inversion, understanding of which showcases nuanced arithmetic impacts of order-oriented multiplication.

For the sum $A + B$, the infimum is the sum of the infimum of $A$ and $B$, i.e., $inf(A + B) = inf(A) + inf(B)$, since for the smallest elements of each set, their sum provides the smallest element in $A + B$. Similarly, $sup(A + B) = sup(A) + sup(B)$, because the largest elements of each set sum to the largest element in $A + B$. This arises because the operations preserve boundaries without introducing new extremes.

The Archimedean property implies that for any positive real number, there exists a natural number greater than its reciprocal. Consider any $x \neq 0$ and attempt to find it in the intersection of the intervals $(-1/n, 1/n)$ for all natural numbers $n$. For a sufficiently large $n$, $1/n$ will be less than the absolute value of $x$, thus excluding $x$ from at least one interval. This proves that no nonzero element can be present in the intersection, thus the only number satisfying the condition is 0.

Due to the density of irrational numbers in the real number system, between any two distinct real numbers there exists a sequence of both rational and irrational numbers. Utilizing either the method of constructing irrational numbers like adding $\\sqrt{2}/n$ to the average $\frac{q_1 + q_2}{2}$ or engendering a direct use of continued fractions possessing irrationality confirms their existence between any two numbers.

When $x$ is negative, the transformation $xA = \{xa : a \in A\}$ inverts the order of $A$, meaning the supremum and infimum swap roles. The multiplication by a negative number flips each set element across zero, thus transforming maximum elements of the original set into minimum values of the resultant and vice versa.

Understanding rational numbers helps by identifying limits based on divisibility and proximity arguments inherent in natural numbers. Since fractions of the form $\frac{m}{m+n}$ need consideration of entire natural numbers, analysis assesses limits when $m,n\rightarrow \infty$, where rational structure has the supremum as $\frac{m}{m}$ (1) and infimum as $\frac{0}{n}$ (0). Rationality ensures comprehension of what bounds may or may not be reached.

Between any two distinct rationals, consider their midpoint, $m = \frac{ps + qr}{2qs}$. If $m$ happens to be rational, introducing an irrational shift such as adding a small irrational number, like $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{3}$, ensures continuity. Suppose $p/q < r/s$, then for some small number ε, the value $m + ε\sqrt{2}$ remains between $p/q$ and $r/s$. Through such constructions, the intermediate value theorems confirm the placement of an irrational number.

The set $\{ 1 - \frac{1}{n} : n \in \mathbb{N} \}$ approaches 1 from below as $n$ increases since the term $\frac{1}{n}$ becomes smaller. Therefore, the supremum is 1, which is the least upper bound as the sequence values can get arbitrarily close to 1 but never exceed it.

The effect of $x$ on the set $xA$ is determined by its sign. If $x > 0$, $inf(xA) = x \cdot inf(A)$ and $sup(xA) = x \cdot sup(A)$ because the multiplication does not flip the order conditions. If $x < 0$, the roles of supremum and infimum switch due to the order reversing property, leading to $inf(xA) = x \cdot sup(A)$ and $sup(xA) = x \cdot inf(A)$.