If an organism is alive, it must ● For example green plants
keep repairing and maintaining prepare their food by using
its structures. The maintenance carbon dioxide and water in
functions of living organisms the presence of chlorophyll
must go on even when they are and sunlight.
not doing anything particular. ● The organisms having
The processes which together autotrophic mode of
perform this maintenance job nutrition or can make their
are called life processes. own food are called
autotrophs or autotrophic
Nutrition organisms.
● Examples : Green plants
● Nutrition is the process of
and some bacteria.
intake of nutrients (like
carbohydrates, fats, Photosynthesis
proteins, minerals,
vitamins and water) by an ● Photosynthesis is the
organism as well as the process of preparing
utilization of these organic food
nutrients by the organism. (carbohydrate) by
combining carbon dioxide
Modes of nutrition and water, using solar
energy by chlorophyll
pigments.
● The sugar produced in
photosynthesis is stored in
the form of starch in plants
and it is the source of
reserved internal energy.
Autotrophic Nutrition
● It is the process by which
organisms take in simple
inorganic substances from
outside and use them to
synthesize organic
molecules and then convert
into stored forms of
energy.
[1]
Heterotrophic Nutrition ● Parasitic nutrition - Mode
of nutrition in which
● Mode of nutrition in which organisms (parasite) derive
the organisms derive their nutrition from other plants
nutrition by taking and animals (host) without
readymade food, from killing them. e.g., Cuscuta
other dead or living plants (Amarbel), ticks, lice,
and animals e.g., Animals, leeches and tapeworms.
fungi and most of bacteria.
The survival of Nutrition in Human Beings
heterotrophs depends
directly or indirectly on ● In humans, nutrition begins
autotrophs. with ingestion, where food is
● Heterotrophic mode of broken down into smaller
nutrition is classified into particles through chewing,
three types on the basis of aided by saliva.
methods of obtaining food. ● Saliva contains salivary
● Holozoic nutrition - amylase, which helps break
Ingestive nutrition Mode of down starch into simpler
nutrition in which the sugars.
animals take complex solid ● The food then moves down
food or whole material and the esophagus through
break down (digest) it peristalsis into the stomach,
inside the body. They may where further digestion
be herbivores (Cow), occurs.
carnivores (Lion) and ● The stomach secretes
omnivores (Rat). hydrochloric acid, which
● Saprotrophic nutrition - In creates an acidic environment
this type of nutrition the for the enzyme pepsin to
organisms obtain their food digest proteins.
from decaying organic ● Food is then gradually
substances. They are also released into the small
called saprotrophs. They intestine, where digestion
break down the food and absorption occur.
material outside the body ● Digestive juices from the
and then absorb it. e.g., pancreas and liver help break
Bacteria, Fungi (bread down proteins,
molds, yeasts and carbohydrates, and fats. The
mushrooms). small intestine absorbs
[2]
nutrients into the
1. O2 O2 required Not require
bloodstream.
require
● After absorption, the m
indigestible waste is moved ent
to the large intestine, where
water is reabsorbed, and the 2. Occurs Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
remaining material is in and
excreted. mitochondri
a
3. Break- Complete
down breakdown Incomplete
of glucose takes place
takes place
4. End CO2 and
products H2O CO2 and eth
5. Energy 38 ATP 2 ATP
produce
d from
one
glucose
molecule
Human respiratory system
Respiration
● When we inhale air, it
Respiration is the process by
passes through our nostrils
which the food taken through
into the nasal cavity.
nutrition gets oxidized to
release energy for various ● From the nasal cavity, the
activities. air reaches our lungs
through the windpipe.
Types of respiration Lungs are present in the
chest cavity. This
Difference between Aerobic and cavity is surrounded by ribs
Anaerobic Respiration on the sides.
S. Features ● A large, muscular sheet
Aerobic Anaerobic called diaphragm forms the
N
Respiration Respiration floor of the chest cavity.
o
[3]
● Breathing involves the sponges, etc., the size of
movement of the the organism ensures that
diaphragm and the rib all the cells are not very far
cage. from each other.
● The uptake of materials
from the environment is
through the general body
surface and the transport
within the cells is by
diffusion.
● However, more advanced
multicellular forms need a
transportation mechanism.
The sites of absorption and
synthesis are very specific
Transportation and are separated by a
greater distance from the
● In unicellular organisms a other parts of the body.
single cell carries out all ● The actual movement of
the life processes as the materials into the
cell itself is the organism. individual cells is by
In advanced forms like the diffusion, osmosis or active
few-celled algae, protozoa, transport.
Blood
[4]
S Features Arteries Veins Capillaries
. Blood Vessels
N
2
o Kind of Oxygen Deoxygen Blood
In humans, three types of
. blood ated a changes
1 Directio blood
Take ted fromflows
blood Blood
Bring
blood vessels are present.
. n of except
the except
the oxygenate
in from arterioles
blood in the
blood pulmonar
blood d
to capillaries
pulmon to
flow away ytoward
vein. and then to
afrom deoxygena
s the venules.
ry
the heart
t ed. The Heart
artery.
heart to from
3 Blood
differen
Pressur
various
Pressure
● The heart is a muscular
t parts body Pressure
. pressur e is is low. is organresponsible for
of the parts.
e high. extremely
body. pumping blood through
low.
two primary circuits: the
4 Blood pulmonary circuit, which
Blood Blood Blood
. flow flows flows flows connects the heart to the
rapidly smoothly smoothly lungs, and the systemic
with without without circuit, which distributes
jerks. jerks. jerks. blood throughout the rest
of the body. It consists of
5
Lumen Narrow Wide Very small four chambers — two atria
.
and two ventricles — that
6 Valves Absent Present Absent
.
7 Location Mostly Mostly Form a
. deep superficial network
seated. [5]
all over
the body
and in the
organs.
work together to keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
separate.
Transportation in Plants
● Plants have specialized
systems for transporting
water, minerals, and
nutrients.
● Xylem carries water from
the roots to the leaves,
while phloem transports
the products of
photosynthesis, like
glucose, to various parts of
the plant.
● Water is moved upwards
through transpiration,
which also helps regulate
the plant's temperature.
Lymphatic System
● Lymph is a fluid that
gathers excess tissue fluid
and returns it to the
bloodstream.
● It also transports digested
fats from the intestine and
aids in the immune
response.
[6]
Excretion the urethra. Urethra
works as the outlet
● A mechanism to filter the passage for urine.
blood is required.
● This is done by the blood
capillaries in the kidneys.
When the blood reaches
the two kidneys, it
contains both useful and
harmful substances.
● The useful substances
are absorbed back into
the blood. The wastes
dissolved in water are
removed as urine.
Excretory system
consists of the following
organs :
● A pair of kidneys
● Ureters
Excretion in Plants
● Urinary bladder
● Urethra ● Plants handle excretion
● Kidneys are 2 bean differently.
shaped organs which ● During photosynthesis and
help in filtering blood to respiration, they release
remove waste. gasses like oxygen and
● A narrow tube called the carbon dioxide through
ureter runs from the stomata.
inner side of each kidney. ● Some wastes are stored in
● The ureters, in turn, are leaves, which are later
connected to a large sac shed, while others are
called the urinary stored as resins or gums.
bladder. Urine passes
from the kidney through
two ureters into the
urinary bladder. Urine is
collected and stored here.
● Leading from the bladder
is another tube called
[7]