Active Flow Control in Microfluidics
Hyun Soo Kim
Department of Electronic Engineering
1
Micropump
▪ Controlled transport of liquids in micro scale
▪ Miniaturization of well-known principles from the macroscale
− Check-valve pump
− Peristaltic pump
− Rotary pump
▪ Pumping effects that are more effective on the microscale than the
macroscale
Non-mechanical pump
− Electrohydrodynamic pump
− Electrokinetic pump
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 2
Micropump Parameters
▪ Maximum Flow Rate
− Also called pump capacity
− Qmax: Volume of liquid per unit time delivered by the pump at zero back pressure
▪ Maximum Back Pressure
− Maximum pressure the pump can work against
− At this pressure the flow rate of the pump becomes zero
▪ Pump Efficiency
− 𝜂 = 𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝/𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
− 𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝: Power of the pump
− 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 : Input power of the actuator
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 3
Check-Valve Pump
▪ Check-Valve Pump Components
− Actuator unit
− Pump membrane that creates the stroke volume ∆𝑉
− Pump chamber with the dead volume 𝑉0 [Link]
− Two check-valves, opened by the critical pressure difference ∆𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡
− 𝑃 − 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 > ∆𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 , 𝑃 − 𝑃𝑖𝑛 > ∆𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology [Link] 4
Check-Valve Pump
▪ Design Rules
− Minimize the critical pressure ∆𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡
✓ Using more flexural valve design
✓ Valve material with a small Young’s modulus
− Maximize the stroke volume ∆𝑉
✓ Using actuators with large stroke
− Minimize the dead volume 𝑉0
✓ Using a thinner spacer
− Maximize the pump pressure P
✓ Using actuators with large forces
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab. [Link]
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 5
Check-Valve Pump
[Link]
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 6
Peristaltic Pumps
▪ Principle
− Squeezes the fluid inside the chambers to pump fluid in the desired direction
− Need three or more pump chambers
− Do not require passive valves for flow rectification
Easy implementation since no check valves are required
[Link]
[Link]
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 7
Microfluidic Peristaltic Pumps
▪ Leakage is a problem
▪ Maximizing compression ratio (∆𝑉/𝑉0) and increase the number of
pump chambers
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 8
Microfluidic Peristaltic Pumps
▪ Leakage is a problem
▪ Maximizing compression ratio (∆𝑉/𝑉0) and increase the number of
pump chambers
Actuation Sequence: Actuation Sequence:
Normally Open Valves Normally Closed Valves
Wang, Soper, BioMEMS Technologies and Applications,
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Microfluidics
Department of Electricaland Nanofluidics,
and Electronic 5, 145–174,
Engineering, Southern University of2008
2006
Science and Technology 9
Microfluidic Peristaltic Pumps
▪ Backflow in peristaltic pump
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 10
Microfluidic Peristaltic Pumps
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 11
Microfluidic Peristaltic Pumps
▪ Thermopneumatic actuated peristaltic pump
Yang et al., JMM (2009)
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 12
Microfluidic Peristaltic Pumps
▪ “Single-Stroke” Peristaltic Micropumps
J. Micromech. Microeng. 16,
341–348, 2006
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Lab Chip 11, 336–342, 2011
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 13
Rotary Pump
▪ In macroscale, rotary pumps are suitable fro pumping highly viscous
fluids
▪ High torque requirement by the viscous forces requires strong
actuator
[Link]
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 14
Rotary Pump
▪ In macroscale, rotary pumps are suitable fro pumping highly viscous
fluids
▪ High torque requirement by the viscous forces requires strong
actuator
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Biomedical Microdevices,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology
9, 545–554, 2007 15
Non-mechanical Pumps
▪ Micropumps Driven by Surface Tension: Capillary action
− Cohesion vs. adhesion
[Link] [Link]
channel=TutWay
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 16
Non-mechanical Pumps
▪ Micropumps Driven by Surface Tension: Capillary action
− Cohesion vs. adhesion
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical andLab Chip,
Electronic 2018,Southern
Engineering, 18, 2323
University of Science and Technology 17
Non-mechanical Pumps
▪ Micropumps Driven by Surface Tension: Capillary action
− Cohesion vs. adhesion
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical andLab Chip,
Electronic 2018,Southern
Engineering, 18, 2323
University of Science and Technology 18
Non-mechanical Pumps
▪ Electroosmotic Pump
Phys. Fluids 28, 093102, 2016
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology
Fujii Lab. Univ. of Tokyo 19
Non-mechanical Pumps
▪ Electroosmotic Pump
Takasago Fluidic Systems
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 20
Micromixer
▪ For biomedical and chemical analysis, mixing of samples with
reagents are required
▪ In macroscale, turbulent flows and mechanical agitation make rapid
mixing possible
▪ Due to the laminar flow inside a microchannel, two fluids coming in
from two inlets do not mix
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 21
Passive Micromixer
▪ Rotary mixer
Fujii Lab. Univ. of Tokyo
▪ Sequential switching
Rely on diffusion only
Blue ink inlet
Yellow ink inlet
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 22
Passive Micromixer
▪ Sequential switching
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 23
Passive Micromixer – 3D
[Link]
Kim et al., Lab Chip (2005)
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 24
Passive Micromixer – 3D
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 25
Passive Micromixer – 2D
Papautsky’s Group, Univ. of Cincinnati
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 26
Passive Micromixer – 2D
Science 295, 647–651, 2002 Acc. Chem. Res. 36, 597–604, 2003
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of J. Micromech.
Electrical and ElectronicMicroeng. 17, 2084–2092,
Engineering, Southern University of Science2007
and Technology 27
Micropump + valve + mixer
University of Twente
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 28
Active Micromixers
▪ Use actuators to directly agitate the fluid
▪ Acoustic Mixer
− Ultrasonic vibration
− Limited in biological application and certain chemical applications due to the
temperature rise caused by the acoustic energy
− Limited in biological applications due to the harmful effect on certain biological
samples by ultrasonic wave at certain frequencies
▪ Magnetic Mixer
− Use of magnetic or electrical field
− Only works with an electrolyte solution
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 29
Active Micromixers
LabPark,
Prof. Jaewon Chip 9, 2738–2741,
MicroChip BioSystems Lab. 2009
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 30
Active Micromixers
Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 144102, 2006
Prof. Jaewon Park, MicroChip BioSystems Lab.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology 31