International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426
Reactive Power Control by Using Thyristor
Switched Capacitor (TSC) and Thyristor Controlled
Reactor (TCR) in FACTS
Krushna C. Taktode1, Ganesh S. Rojatkar2, Bhagwan T. Raut3, Madhavi H. Nerkar4
1, 2, 3
Electrical Engineering Department, SavitribaiPhule Pune University, India
4
Assistant Professor, PDVVP COE, Ahmednagar, Electrical Engineering Department, SavitribaiPhule Pune University, India
Abstract: Nowadays, reactive power control has been playing a vital role in a systematic study of maintaining a secure voltage limit in
the transmission system. When large inductive loads are connected in the transmission line then the matter of poor power factor is faced
because of lagging load current. Sometimes, due to a small load, very low current flows through transmission line causing in a leading
shunt capacitance in transmission line result increase in voltage to the receiving end voltage may become twice of the sending end
voltage (Ferranti effect), in a long transmission line. To minimize these issues we are using a parallel combination of thyristor switched
capacitor (TSC) and thyristor controlled reactor (TCR). The microcontroller/Arduino is used to vary the firing angle of thyristor then we
get smooth current control range from capacitive to inductive value. This paper shows the study of FACTS devices (TSC-TCR) which
are used to control reactive power n electrical power system to improve the power quality as well as enhance the power transfer
capability.
Keywords: TSC-Thyristor Switched Capacitor, TCR- Thyristor Controlled Reactor, FACTS- Flexible AC Transmission System
1. Introduction 1.1 Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)
FACTS: Flexible Alternating Current Transmission system Fig. 01shows Thyristor Switched Capacitor. A fixed
is an integrated or collective system used for the purpose of capacitor whose switching is controlled by a thyristor.
better control, enhance power transfer, better reliability and Generally, during abnormal condition a small reactor acting
faster operation of the power system network. It is a as surge current limiter. With the system impedance, these
collective name given to the application of power electronics reactors can also help in avoiding resonance.
for power flow and other quantities control for enhanced
operating condition hence it does not one but many When the voltage across thyristor is zero (minimum)
controlling schemes will come which are trying to control switching of the capacitor takes place and hence these
one or more ac transmission parameter. condition is like a capacitor either connected or disconnected
from the line. Hence to take care of current variation
IEEE has given the definition of FACTS as “A power multiple parallel branches (banks) of TSC are employed.
electronics based system and other static equipment that TSC also produce harmonics and may need a tuned filter.
provide control of one or more ac transmission system
parameters to enhance controllability and increase power
transfer capability”.For reactive power control, damping
system oscillation, controlling the phase angle, controlling
the power flow, voltage control, voltage regulation and
voltage stability in the transmission line, various type of
FACTS devices are used. In day to day life increases
population and growth in small and large scale industries
they have used lots of inductive loads and reactive power
flow in the system and voltage profile and power quality
decompose so reactive power play a very important role in
electrical power systems and it must be recompense for
systematic and economical working of all our [Link]
increase the power the transmission capacity of the
transmission line, we modify the electrical characteristics of Figure 1: Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)
the transmission line is called compensation.
1.2 Thyristor Controlled Reactor
For compensation, many FACTS devices are developed i.e.
series and shunt. Thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) Fig. 02 shows TCR type of static compensation it has fixed
andwhich are reactive power either absorbed and generate reactor and the conduction of current through the reactor is
respectively. controlled by the delay angle of an antiparallel thyristor.
Volume 8 Issue 4, April 2019
[Link]
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: ART20196631 10.21275/ART20196631 61
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426
distribution as reflected itself in a higher level of
complexity.
3. Problem Faced and Solution
Electrical distribution system suffers from different
problems like reactive power burden, unbalance loading,
voltage regulation,and harmonic distortion.
This project purpose at achieving FACTS by using TSC.
The FACT device has many advantages over the mechanical
switch operated capacitor in the aspect of faster control,
improve system performance and system voltage stability.
4. Block Diagram
Figure 2: Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)
Below Fig. 04 represent the basic layout of components to
be used in our project for compensation of reactive power.
It is possible to control the current from the maximum value
An Arduino controller, 8051 and PIC controller are used to
to zero value. The TCR bank can be used through sequential
control the operation of TSC-TCR type SVC. In our project
control for higher power application. Such type of SVC’s
model, we are using Arduino UNO as the main controller for
harmonic frequencies and hence tuned filter required.
the whole system. To minimize the reactive power flow
from source is the main purpose of our project and with the
1.3 TSC-TCR
help of proper triggering of thyristor values in TCR and by
switching of TSC, we can minimize the reactive power flow.
As shown in Fig. 03 instead of using one single device here
The 230 volt supply is step down by using a transformer to 5
we are using a combination of TSC-TCR for better reactive
volt DC because Arduino UNO is the main controller and it
power compensation. Bank of TSC and single TCR are
required the supply of 5 volts.
connected in parallel. The size of TCR is small, therefore a
reduction in harmonic generation. A condition in which all
TCSs and the respective filters are switched off, an
additional no switchable capacitive-filter branch is provided.
Figure 03: TSC-TCR Figure 4: BlockDiagram
By using bridge circuit a step-down transformer voltage can
2. Literature Review be converted 5 volt DC The block of Zero Crossing Detector
(ZCD) circuit uses an optocoupler it is used to measure lead
Nowadays the power system has become very complex
or lag time difference between voltage and current. In this
consisting of several power plants, transmission system
system zero voltage pulse and zero current pulse generated
distribution system and loads of different types. We can
by ZCD is given to two analog pins of Arduino to which
achieve operational and economic efficiency of such a
calculate the respective power factor. Then for the balance
system by using flexible ac transmission.
transmission system TSC-TCR observe or generate the
reactive power as per requirement.
A Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) is a system
composed of static equipment used for the ac transmission
According to reactive power compensation, the shunt reactor
of electrical energy. It is meant to change controllability and
and shunt capacitance come in the system. The load is
increase power transfer capability of the network. It is
connected to observe the improvement of power factor when
normally a system which is based on power electronics.
TSC and TCR connected in the system.
Increase in power production and it’s transmission and
Volume 8 Issue 4, April 2019
[Link]
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: ART20196631 10.21275/ART20196631 62
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426
5. MATLAB Simulation Figure 8: Waveform current in the TSC and TCR branches
Above graph shows the current in the TSC and TCR
branches. As the inductor doesn’t allow the sudden change
in current through it so that waveform of the TCR branch
current start after sometime.
Figure 05: SimulationofCompensatedsystem
Table 1: Compensated System
Sr. No. Vs Vr Il P Q α°
1 230 230 0 0 0 180
2 230 223.6 0.35 20 95.37 175
3 230 236.7 0.68 36 172.68 174 Figure 9: Gate pulse applied to the anti-parallel TRIAC’s of
4 230 238.8 0.884 52 224.03 179 the TSC branch
Vs- Sending End Voltage, Vr-Receiving End Voltage, Il- Above graph shows the gate pulses applied to the
Load Current, P-Active Power, Q-Reactive Power, α°- antiparallel TRIAC’s of the TSC branch TRIAC-1 is trigger
Firing Angle at 90° and TRIAC-2 is trigger at 180°
6. Result 7. Future Scope
The variables and compensation using SVC can be extended
to a large rating machine and large interconnected power
systems. The can also be fabricated by using IGBT’s and
testing can also be performed using DSP. Moreover, TSC-
TCR based SVC can also be implemented for SMSL test
system.
However, it is well known that these FACTS controller have
the additional advantage of being able to control fast system
Figure 6: Sending end Voltage and Current oscillation due to their quick response. Hence by properly
modeling these controllers in transient stability programs, it
Above graph shows the sending end voltage of the would be interesting to determine any possible advantage of
transmission line. Both waveforms are sinusoidal and in these controllers in voltage stability studies.
phase
8. Conclusion
In the transmission system many times at short intervals load
variation has occurred which result voltage variation at the
load side and there is a possibility to damage the electronic
equipment. In these paper significance of reactive power
controlled in transmission line has been studied. Also, the
reactive power can be compensated by using FACTS
devices are used for a different application such as voltage
control, voltage balancing and stability improvement it will
Figure 7: Receiving end Voltage and Current be more advantageous to execute it in industries,
distribution, and transmission system to maintain the flow of
Above graph shows load end voltage of the transmission reactive power and the power factor of the system at unity
line. Waveforms are distorted because of the harmonics. power factor. With the increase of loads the supply voltage
decreases in an uncompensated power system. As increase
in reactive power demands the power factor of load
decreases. Hence by using TSC and TCR, we get successful
compensation with power factor near to unity.
References
[1] KumarshanuChaurasiya, Sagar Rajput, Sachin Parmar,
[Link] Patel, “Reactive Power Management
Using TSC-TCR”,IRJET-Volume 05 Issue 04 Apr-2018
Volume 8 Issue 4, April 2019
[Link]
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: ART20196631 10.21275/ART20196631 63
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426
[2] AmarnathSanyal, Archita Ghosh, RajuBasak,
SourishSanyal, Subhasree Chatterjee, Dipayan Biswas,
“An Article On Flexible AC Transmission” IRJET-
Volume 03 Issue 05 May 2016
[3] B. Vamsi Krishna, “ Significance of TSC On Reactive
Power Compensation” IJAREEIE- Volume 03 Issue 02
Feb 2014
[4] [Link] S. Patel, “Reactive Power Compensation In
Transmission System with the help of FACTS device
Thyristor Switched Capacitor” IJETSR- Volume 04
Issue 12 Dec 2017
[5] C. Dinkaran, “Implementation of Series and Shunt
FACTS Devices for Transmission Lines” Vol. 06
(2015) No.08 pp. 2009-2017
[6] Dr. D. G. Bhardwaj, P. D. Bhardwaj, “Power System
Operation and Control” July 2018 ISBN 978-93-88200-
21-9
[7] Malvik K. Lad, PatilKalpesh, “Design and
implementation of TSC-TCR for reactive power
compensation” IJIERE Volume- 03 Issue no. 05, 2016
[8] RachanaChavan, Rakesh Singh Lodhi, “Selection of
FACTs Devices for Better Reactive Power
Compensation through Capacitor”, International Journal
of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep
– Oct 2016.
[9] AyetulGelen, and TankutYalcinoz, “The BehaviourOf
TSR-Based SVC and TCR-Based SVC”, IEEE I 2008.
[10] Rohan Khonde, M. V. Palandurkar, “Simulation model
of Thyristor controlled reactor”, IJERT.
Volume 8 Issue 4, April 2019
[Link]
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: ART20196631 10.21275/ART20196631 64