ISWE401L Embedded Systems &

IoT

1 ISWE401L Embedded Systems & IoT

Module 4- Introduction to loT and Design of loT Network
Architecture
Genesis of IoT - IoT and Digitization - Convergence of Information
Technology(IT) and Operational Technology(OT) - Simplified loT
Architecture- Core Functional IoT stack - Fog, Edge, and Cloud in
IoT - Smart Objects – Sensors - Actuators

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 Need of IoT

Without IoT With IoT

• Use more resources • Save resources
• Consumes more time • Save time
• Decrease farm yield • Increase farm yield
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What is IoT

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 Internet of Things
• The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical
objects—“things”—that are embedded with sensors, software,
and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems over the
internet.
• These devices range from ordinary household objects to
sophisticated industrial tools. With more than 50 billion IoT
devices connected today, experts are expecting this number to
grow 80 billion by 2025.
• The term "Internet of things" was coined by Kevin Ashton, the co-
founder of MIT's Auto-ID Center, in 1999.
• The word "Internet of Things" has two main parts;
– Internet being the backbone of connectivity, and
– Things meaning objects / devices .
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 Internet of Things
• In the Internet of Things, all the things that are
being connected to the internet can be put into
three categories:

• Things that collect information and then send it.

• Things that receive information and then act on it.
• Things that do both.

• A thing in the IoT can be a person with a heart

monitor implant, an automobile that has built-in
sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is
low or any other natural or man-made object that
can be assigned an IP address and is able to
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transfer data over a network.
 Monitor a variety of things,
Save a patient's life including traffic, weather, air
by continuously monitoring quality, and energy use.
the patient's vital signs.
Allows homeowners to control
Integrate renewable energy devices remotely through an
sources, electric vehicles, and internet using a smartphone.
energy storage systems
Analyze its environment and
make decisions about how to
drive.

Improving customer
experiences, supply chain and Collect data and monitor
inventory management agricultural factors

Monitors a person's physical

activity and health
Improve the guest experience,
streamline operations, and
connect devices, machines, and sensors
enhance security
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automated production processes.
 Smart Objects: The “Things” in IoT
• Sensors
• Actuators
• Smart Objects

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 Genesis of IoT
• IoT - Started between the years 2008 and 2009.
• The creation of the term "Internet of Things" is Kevin Ashton.

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 Cont…
The diagram shows how technology evolved step by step toward IoT, each stage adding
more intelligent connections and greater business & societal impact.
1. Connectivity – Digitize Access
 Focus: Basic internet access.
 Examples: Email, Web Browsers, Search Engines.
 Impact: People connected to information for the first time.
(E.g., Gmail and Google Search made information universally accessible.)
2. Networked Economy – Digitize Business
 Focus: Businesses started using the internet for operations.
 Examples: E-commerce platforms (Amazon), Digital Supply Chains, Online
Collaboration tools.
 Impact: Transformed traditional business into online marketplaces.
(E.g., Amazon connecting buyers and sellers globally.)
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 Cont…
3. Immersive Experiences – Digitize Interactions
 Focus: Rich, interactive digital experiences.
 Examples: Social Media (Facebook, Instagram), Mobile Apps, Cloud Computing, Video
Streaming (YouTube, Netflix).
 Impact: Changed how people interact, share, and consume services.
(E.g., Zoom enabling virtual classrooms and meetings worldwide.)
4. Internet of Things (IoT) – Digitize the World
 Focus: Going beyond people → connecting People, Processes, Data, and Things.
 Examples: Smart Homes (Alexa, Google Home), Smart Wearables (Fitbit), Industrial IoT
(predictive maintenance in factories), Smart Cities (intelligent traffic systems).
 Impact: Physical objects are now “smart” and connected, enabling real-time monitoring,
automation, and decision-making.
(E.g., Smartwatch monitoring heart rate and sending alerts to doctors in real time.)

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 Cont…

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 IoT and Digitization
• IoT
 Connecting everyday things (machines, sensors,
devices) to the internet
 So they can talk, share data, and work smarter
• Examples
 Smartwatch that counts steps and sends data to
your phone
 Smart fridge that tells you when milk is low
 Factory machines that send alerts before breaking

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 IoT and Digitization
• Digitization
 Taking all that data and turning it into something useful → actions, insights, or new
business ideas
• Example (Shopping Mall)
 IoT: Phones connect to mall Wi-Fi → presence tracked
 Digitization: Mall uses that data to learn:
 Which areas are most crowded
 How much rent to charge per shop
 Where to place ads or displays
• Other Examples of Digitization
 Cameras: Film rolls → Digital cameras
 Movies: DVD rentals → Streaming (Netflix, Prime)
 Transport: Hailing taxis → Ride-hailing apps (Uber, Ola)
• Thus, IoT = Connecting devices and Digitization = Extracting value from
device data
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 IoT + Digitization = Smarter Life
• IoT = gadgets and sensors that can “see and talk” (like a Alexa, GPS, or a
smart thermostat).
• Digitization = brains that “learn and decide” from the data (like Netflix
suggesting movies, or Uber finding you the nearest driver).
• Smart Home Example:
 Sensors check temperature, smoke, and movement (IoT).
 App learns when you’re home and what you like (Digitization).
 Together → house adjusts AC, alarms, and cameras automatically.
• Business Examples:
 Factories: Machines warn before breaking (less downtime).
 Taxis: GPS finds the driver + price adjusts based on demand.
 Streaming: Devices connect to cloud + apps suggest what to watch.
• Simple Formula: IoT (things connect) + Digitization (data becomes smart) =>
Better decisions for people & businesses.

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 IT vs OT – Traditional Roles
• Information Technology (IT)
 Think of IT like the office computer helpers
 They keep emails, files, and internet safe and running
 If email breaks → people get annoyed, but the factory s ll works
• Operational Technology (OT)
 Think of OT like the factory and machines helpers
 They make sure machines, power, and roads work
 If machines stop → factory stops → company loses a LOT of money
 Convergence of IT & OT
• Past:
 Office computers (IT) and factory machines (OT) lived in separate worlds
• Now:
 They are joining forces to work together
• Why is this good?
 Fix problems faster
 Keep both office and machines safer
 Build smart things like smart factories and smart cities
• Examples:
 Factory machines send info to computers to predict problems early
 Traffic lights send info to dashboards so roads don’t jam
 Industrial OT Network Vs Enterprise IT Network
Criterion Industrial OT Network Example (OT) Enterprise IT Network Example (IT)
Operational focus Keep the business A power plant control Manage computers, Office email, ERP, HR
operating 24×7 system must run data, and systems
continuously communication securely
Priorities 1. Availability Factory robot must stay 1. Security Banking system
2. Integrity operational; downtime = 2. Integrity prioritizes preventing
3. Security huge loss 3. Availability fraud before availability
Types of data Monitoring, control, SCADA system Voice, video, Video calls, payroll
supervisory data monitoring transactional, bulk data transactions, cloud
temperature/pressure storage
Security Controlled physical Restricted entry to Devices/users Employee login with
access to devices factory floor controlling authenticated on multi-factor
machinery network authentication
Implication of failure Disruption directly Oil refinery shutdown if Business impact varies; Email outage →
impacts business OT fails workarounds possible employees use
phone/messaging apps
Network upgrades Only during operational Machine firmware Requires outage Patching servers
maintenance windows updates during plant window, often offsite overnight to minimize
shutdown user disruption
Security vulnerability Low: OT isolated, uses PLCs using Modbus High: requires frequent Corporate network
proprietary protocols protocol, isolated from patching, exposed to needs firewalls,
internet internet antivirus, intrusion
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detection
 THANK YOU

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