🏛️ Indian Polity & Constitution of India – Important Notes
🔹 1. Historical Background
• Regulating Act, 1773 – First step towards constitutional development.
• Charter Acts (1833, 1853) – Centralized administration; first time Indian legislative
council was created.
• Indian Councils Act, 1861 & 1892 – Introduced Indians in legislation.
• Government of India Act, 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) – Dyarchy in
provinces.
• Government of India Act, 1935 – Federal structure, Provincial autonomy. Blueprint
of Indian Constitution.
🔹 2. Making of the Constitution
• Constituent Assembly formed: 1946
• Chairman: Dr. Rajendra Prasad
• Drafting Committee Head: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
• Adopted on: 26 November 1949
• Came into force on: 26 January 1950 (celebrated as Republic Day)
🔹 3. Features of the Constitution
• Lengthiest written constitution
• Blend of rigidity & flexibility
• Federal system with unitary bias
• Parliamentary form of Government
• Fundamental Rights & Duties
• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
• Single Citizenship
• Independent Judiciary
• Universal Adult Franchise
🔹 4. Fundamental Rights (Part III, Articles 12–35)
• Right to Equality (Art. 14–18)
• Right to Freedom (Art. 19–22)
• Right against Exploitation (Art. 23–24)
• Right to Freedom of Religion (Art. 25–28)
• Cultural & Educational Rights (Art. 29–30)
• Right to Constitutional Remedies (Art. 32) – "Heart & soul of the Constitution" – Dr.
Ambedkar
🔹 5. Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV, Art. 36–51)
• Inspired by Irish Constitution.
• Not enforceable in court but fundamental in governance.
• Aims: Welfare State, economic & social democracy.
🔹 6. Fundamental Duties (Part IVA, Art. 51A)
• Added by 42nd Amendment, 1976
• Inspired by USSR Constitution.
• Total: 11 duties
🔹 7. Union Executive
• President (Art. 52–62) – Head of State
• Vice President (Art. 63–70)
• Prime Minister & Council of Ministers (Art. 74–75) – Real executive authority
• Attorney General (Art. 76) – Legal advisor to Govt.
🔹 8. Parliament (Art. 79–122)
• Lok Sabha (Lower House) – 545 members
• Rajya Sabha (Upper House) – 245 members
• Money Bill – Introduced only in Lok Sabha
🔹 9. Judiciary
• Supreme Court (Art. 124–147) – Guardian of Constitution
• High Courts (Art. 214–231)
• Judicial Review & Activism
🔹 10. Important Amendments
• 1st (1951) – Added 9th Schedule
• 42nd (1976) – Mini Constitution: Preamble amended
• 44th (1978) – Removed Right to Property from FRs
• 73rd & 74th (1992) – Panchayati Raj & Urban Local Bodies
• 86th (2002) – Right to Education
🔹 11. Schedules in Constitution
• Total: 12 Schedules
o 1st: Union & State Territories
o 3rd: Oaths and Affirmations
o 7th: Union, State & Concurrent Lists
o 9th: Laws immune from judicial review
o 10th: Anti-defection
o 12th: Municipalities (added by 74th Amendment)
🔹 12. Preamble of India
"We, the people of India..."
• Describes India as: Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic
📘 Indian Polity – 50 Objective Questions
🔹 1–10: Basics & Preamble
1. Who is considered the architect of the Indian Constitution?
a) Jawaharlal Nehru
b) B.R. Ambedkar
c) Rajendra Prasad
d) Sardar Patel
Ans: b
2. The Preamble declares India to be a:
a) Federal Republic
b) Union of States
c) Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic
d) None of the above
Ans: c
3. The idea of the Preamble was borrowed from:
a) UK
b) USA
c) Australia
d) Russia
Ans: b
4. Which term was added by the 42nd Amendment?
a) Sovereign
b) Socialist
c) Democratic
d) Republic
Ans: b
5. The words ‘We the People’ signifies:
a) Political leadership
b) Popular sovereignty
c) Bureaucracy
d) Constitution makers
Ans: b
6. Which part of the Constitution deals with the Preamble?
a) Part I
b) Part V
c) Not a part
d) Part IV
Ans: c
7. The Preamble is:
a) Enforceable
b) Justiciable
c) Non-justiciable
d) A legal document
Ans: c
8. Who gave the concept of a ‘Preamble’?
a) K.M. Munshi
b) Pandit Nehru
c) B.R. Ambedkar
d) Rajendra Prasad
Ans: b
9. "Secular" in the Constitution means:
a) Anti-religious
b) No official religion
c) One religion for all
d) Religion-based state
Ans: b
10. The Preamble was amended in:
a) 1951
b) 1976
c) 1992
d) 2002
Ans: b
🔹 11–20: Fundamental Rights & Duties
11. Article 14 guarantees:
a) Right to Freedom
b) Equality before law
c) Right to Education
d) Freedom of Religion
Ans: b
12. How many Fundamental Rights are there currently?
a) 6
b) 7
c) 8
d) 9
Ans: a
13. Right to Property was removed from Fundamental Rights by:
a) 42nd Amendment
b) 44th Amendment
c) 52nd Amendment
d) 86th Amendment
Ans: b
14. Which article is known as the 'Heart and Soul' of the Constitution?
a) Article 14
b) Article 32
c) Article 19
d) Article 21
Ans: b
15. Who can enforce Fundamental Rights?
a) Parliament
b) President
c) Supreme Court
d) Prime Minister
Ans: c
16. How many Fundamental Duties are there?
a) 10
b) 11
c) 12
d) 9
Ans: b
17. Fundamental Duties were added by:
a) 44th Amendment
b) 52nd Amendment
c) 42nd Amendment
d) 86th Amendment
Ans: c
18. Which Article guarantees Freedom of Speech?
a) 21
b) 19
c) 15
d) 25
Ans: b
19. Right to Education (RTE) is under which article?
a) 21
b) 21A
c) 45
d) 41
Ans: b
20. Cultural and Educational Rights are in:
a) Articles 25–28
b) Articles 29–30
c) Articles 32–35
d) Articles 19–22
Ans: b
🔹 21–30: Directive Principles & State Policy
21. DPSPs are:
a) Enforceable by courts
b) Not enforceable
c) Part of Fundamental Rights
d) Optional
Ans: b
22. DPSPs are borrowed from:
a) USA
b) UK
c) Ireland
d) Germany
Ans: c
23. Which part of the Constitution deals with DPSPs?
a) Part III
b) Part IV
c) Part V
d) Part II
Ans: b
24. Which Article directs the state to secure equal justice?
a) 38
b) 39
c) 41
d) 44
Ans: a
25. Uniform Civil Code is mentioned in:
a) Article 44
b) Article 45
c) Article 46
d) Article 47
Ans: a
26. Which article promotes international peace?
a) Article 49
b) Article 50
c) Article 51
d) Article 52
Ans: c
27. Which is not a DPSP?
a) Free Legal Aid
b) Equal Pay
c) Right to Work
d) Right to Property
Ans: d
28. DPSPs aim to establish:
a) Rule of Law
b) Democratic State
c) Welfare State
d) Judicial Supremacy
Ans: c
29. Which amendment added Fundamental Duties?
a) 44th
b) 42nd
c) 86th
d) 74th
Ans: b
30. DPSPs are inspired by which ideology?
a) Capitalism
b) Communism
c) Socialism
d) Federalism
Ans: c
🔹 31–40: Union & Central Government
31. The President of India is elected by:
a) Direct Election
b) Electoral College
c) Rajya Sabha
d) Lok Sabha
Ans: b
32. Who is the real executive in India?
a) President
b) Prime Minister
c) Chief Justice
d) Speaker
Ans: b
33. The minimum age to become President is:
a) 25
b) 30
c) 35
d) 40
Ans: c
34. The Prime Minister is appointed by:
a) Lok Sabha
b) Rajya Sabha
c) President
d) Chief Justice
Ans: c
35. Who can dissolve the Lok Sabha?
a) Prime Minister
b) Vice President
c) President
d) Speaker
Ans: c
36. Rajya Sabha is:
a) Permanent
b) Temporary
c) Can be dissolved
d) Elected by people
Ans: a
37. Term of Lok Sabha is:
a) 4 years
b) 5 years
c) 6 years
d) 7 years
Ans: b
38. First woman President of India:
a) Indira Gandhi
b) Meira Kumar
c) Pratibha Patil
d) Sushma Swaraj
Ans: c
39. Attorney General of India is:
a) Chief Justice
b) PM
c) Chief Legal Advisor
d) Finance Minister
Ans: c
40. Total members in Lok Sabha:
a) 545
b) 550
c) 530
d) 552
Ans: a
🔹 41–50: Miscellaneous
41. India has how many Schedules in the Constitution?
a) 10
b) 11
c) 12
d) 9
Ans: c
42. Which article deals with Emergency provisions?
a) Article 360
b) Article 352
c) Article 356
d) All of the above
Ans: d
43. Anti-defection law is in which Schedule?
a) 8th
b) 9th
c) 10th
d) 11th
Ans: c
44. Panchayati Raj was introduced by which Amendment?
a) 42nd
b) 44th
c) 73rd
d) 86th
Ans: c
45. Right to Information Act came into force in:
a) 2004
b) 2005
c) 2006
d) 2008
Ans: b
46. Indian Constitution was influenced most by:
a) US
b) UK
c) Ireland
d) France
Ans: b
47. Which schedule contains languages?
a) 8th
b) 7th
c) 10th
d) 12th
Ans: a
48. Which language is not in the 8th Schedule?
a) Sanskrit
b) English
c) Urdu
d) Tamil
Ans: b
49. Who appoints the Governor of a state?
a) Prime Minister
b) Chief Minister
c) President
d) Parliament
Ans: c
50. Minimum age for Rajya Sabha membership:
a) 25
b) 30
c) 35
d) 21
Ans: b
🔹 51–70: Advanced Level Questions
51. Which part of the Constitution deals with Emergency provisions?
a) Part XVII
b) Part XVIII
c) Part XIX
d) Part XX
Ans: b
52. The 'Doctrine of Basic Structure' was propounded in:
a) Golaknath Case
b) Minerva Mills Case
c) Kesavananda Bharati Case
d) Maneka Gandhi Case
Ans: c
53. Which article allows the President to impose Financial Emergency?
a) Article 352
b) Article 356
c) Article 360
d) Article 365
Ans: c
54. The concept of Judicial Review in India is borrowed from:
a) USA
b) UK
c) Canada
d) Australia
Ans: a
55. Right to Privacy was declared a Fundamental Right in which case?
a) Golaknath Case
b) Kesavananda Bharati Case
c) Puttaswamy Case
d) Minerva Mills Case
Ans: c
56. Which Article deals with Abolition of Untouchability?
a) Article 15
b) Article 16
c) Article 17
d) Article 18
Ans: c
57. The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha is:
a) Speaker of Lok Sabha
b) Chief Justice of India
c) Prime Minister
d) Vice President
Ans: d
58. Which schedule lists the Union, State, and Concurrent Lists?
a) 6th
b) 7th
c) 8th
d) 10th
Ans: b
59. Which amendment is called the Mini Constitution?
a) 24th
b) 42nd
c) 44th
d) 52nd
Ans: b
60. Which constitutional body advises the President on distribution of revenues?
a) Planning Commission
b) Finance Commission
c) NITI Aayog
d) Election Commission
Ans: b
61. The Election Commission is established under:
a) Article 320
b) Article 324
c) Article 325
d) Article 326
Ans: b
62. Which article provides for Administrative Tribunals?
a) Article 312
b) Article 320
c) Article 323A
d) Article 326
Ans: c
63. Which article deals with the official language of the Union?
a) Article 343
b) Article 348
c) Article 351
d) Article 348A
Ans: a
64. Which language was added to the 8th Schedule by the 92nd Amendment?
a) Santhali
b) Maithili
c) Bodo
d) All of the above
Ans: d
65. Money Bills can be introduced only in:
a) Rajya Sabha
b) Lok Sabha
c) Either House
d) President
Ans: b
66. Who certifies a bill as a Money Bill?
a) Finance Minister
b) President
c) Speaker of Lok Sabha
d) Prime Minister
Ans: c
67. The Right to Constitutional Remedies allows citizens to:
a) Vote
b) Form associations
c) Approach courts
d) Criticize the government
Ans: c
68. Which writ is issued by a court to free a person who is unlawfully detained?
a) Mandamus
b) Habeas Corpus
c) Certiorari
d) Quo Warranto
Ans: b
69. Separation of powers is a principle most closely related to:
a) Parliamentary Government
b) Presidential Government
c) Federal Government
d) Unitary Government
Ans: b
70. India became a Republic on:
a) 15th August 1947
b) 26th January 1950
c) 26th November 1949
d) 30th January 1948
Ans: b