U18CE306
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Topic : Steel, Glass & Bitumen
(UNIT 4 - Chapter 2)
by
Dr. M. Srikanth
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
[Link]@[Link],
9030031603
U18306 -
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
STEEL, GLASS
AND BITUMEN
INTRODUCTION
Suitable for all constructional
purposes
Replaced by cast-iron and
wrought- iron.
Strong in compression and
tension.
Steel becomes harder and tougher
with increase in carbon content.
3
4
Depending upon the carbon content,
• Mild steel
USES • Medium carbon steel
• High carbon steel.
Mild steel→ Carbon content = 0.10 to
OF 0.25%, < 0.10%, it is known as the
dead steel or very low carbon steel.
STEEL Medium carbon → Carbon content =
0.25 to 0.605.
High carbon steel → known as hard
steel → Carbon content varies from
0.60 to 1.10% or so.
FACTORS
AFFECTING
THE
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
OF STEEL
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
OF STEEL
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF STEEL
• 2. Presence of Impurities -
• Impurities in steel → silicon, sulphur, phosphorous
and manganese.
• Silicon content→ < 0.20% → no effect on the physical
properties of steel.
• Silicon content → raised to 0.30 to 0.40% → elasticity
and strength of steel are increased without reduction in
ductility.
• Sulphur content → between 0.20 to 0.10% → no effect
on the ductility or strength of steel → but decreases the
malleability and weldability of hot metal → but excess
of sulphur → decreases strength and ductility of steel. 8
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
2. Presence of Impurities –
• Phosphorous content → below 0.12% → reduces ductility
and strength of steel.
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• Manganese → improve the strength of mild steel.
• Manganese content → b/t 0.30 to 1.00% → if > 1.5% or so
→ steel becomes very brittle → loses structural value.
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF
STEEL
3. Heat treatment processes -
• Modify the properties of steel by
heating and cooling steel under
controlled conditions.
• Following are the purposes of heat
treatment:
• To alter the magnetic and
electrical properties of steel.
• To change the structure of steel.
• To increase the resistance to heat
and corrosion.
• To make steel easily workable.
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MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF STEEL
Proportions of various elements in steel
to achieve better magnetic properties:
Steel → used in electrical machinery,
generators, transformers, etc 1. Carbon → Carbon content as
low as possible and it should not
exceed 0.10%.
2. Silicon → presence of silicon →
results in increase in electrical
losses → highly undesirable.
3. Sulphur and Phosphorous → if
> 0.30%, the magnetic properties of
steel are greatly affected.
4. Manganese → if > 0.30% →
injurious to the magnetic 11
Following are the four
common defects in steel:
1. Cavities or blow-holes -
• Formation of Metal → gases
entrapped → bubbles → affects the
strength
2. Cold shortness –
• Cracks → worked in cold state , Due
DEFECTS to excess phosphorous.
IN STEEL 3. Red Shortness -
• Cracks → worked in hot state, Due to
excess sulphur.
4. Segregation -
• Segregation of constituents from the
main mass.
• Top surface castings.
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PROPERTIES OF MILD STEEL AND
HARD STEEL
1. It can be magnetised 1. It can be magnetised
permanently. permanently.
2. It cannot be easily 2. It can be easily hardened.
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hardened . 3. It is not easily attacked by
3. It is malleable and ductile. salt water.
4. It is not easily attacked by 4. It is used for finest cutlery,
salt water. edge tools.
5. It is used for all types of 5. It rusts easily and rapidly.
structural work.
6. It rusts easily and rapidly.
MECHANICAL
TREATMENT OF STEEL
Following are the operations
involved in the mechanical
treatment of steel:
1. Drawing
2. Forging
3. Pressing
4. Rolling
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FORGING OF STEEL
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ANVIL
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ROLLING
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Following standard shapes of steel section
available in the market:
MARKET 1. Angle sections
FORMS OF 2. Channel sections
Corrugated sections
STEEL 3.
4. Expanded metal
5. T-sections
6. I- sections
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7. Plates
MARKET
FORMS OF
STEEL
8. Ribbed (HYSD) bars
9. Round bars
10. Square bars
11. Flat bars
12. Ribbed mild steel bars
13. Thermo - Mechanically
treated bars (TMT bars)
14. Cold twisted deformed
bars (CTD bars)
15. Welded wire fabrics
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(WWF)
CORROSION
What is corrosion?
Causes of
corrosion
Factors
influencing
corrosion
WHAT IS CORROSION
Corrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal
into a more chemically stable oxide.
It is the gradual deterioration of materials by chemical or
electrochemical reaction with their environment.
Corrosion is usually an undesirable phenomenon since it
negatively affects the desirable properties of the metal.
Electrochemical oxidation of metal in reaction with an
oxidant such as oxygen, hydrogen or hydroxide.
Rusting, the formation of iron oxides, is a well-known
example of electrochemical corrosion.
This type of damage typically produces oxide(s) or salt(s) of
the original metal and results in a distinctive orange
colouration.
CAUSES OF CORROSION
The main causes of corrosion are given below.
Weather conditions - Metals on exposure to environmental
elements like water, wind, and moisture oxidize the metal surface
and corrode it. For example formation of an Oxide layer on any
metal surface like Fe, Al, etc. forming Iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3 ),
Aluminium oxide (Al2O3 ) etc.
Harmful gases and chemicals - Corrosive substances like NH3,
Cl2, Sulfur oxide, Hydrogen oxides, acids, bases, etc. also promote
corrosion of certain electrical equipment. For example - Oxidation
of Copper wires.
Biological Substances - Dirt and bacteria also cause corrosion
in metals. For example - inland water pipes, waste pipes etc.
It can be prevented by a number of methods like paints and
varnishes, alloy formation, galvanization, etc.
FACTORS INFLUENCING CORROSION
Exposure of the metals to air containing gases like CO2, SO2,
SO3 etc.
Exposure of metals to moisture especially salt water (which
increases the rate of corrosion).
Presence of impurities like salt (eg. NaCl).
Temperature: An increase in temperature increases
corrosion.
Nature of the first layer of oxide formed: some oxides like
Al2O3 forms an insoluble protecting layer that can prevent
further corrosion. Others like rust easily crumble and expose
the rest of the metal.
Presence of acid in the atmosphere: acids can easily
accelerate the process of corrosion.
PREVENTIVE
MEASURES OF
CORROSION
1. Coal tarring
2. Electroplating
3. Embedding in cement
concrete
4. Enamelling
5. Galvanizing
6. Metal spraying
7. Painting
8. Parkersing
9. Sherardising
10. Tin plating and terne
plating
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GLASS
COMPOSITION OF GLASS
• Glass is not a single compound
• Difficult to give chemical formula
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But expressed as ,
Using the above expression , the chemical formula for three
groups of glass are classified as
PROPERTIES OF GLASS
• Absorbs, refracts or transmits light.
• Used for ornaments , Formed into articles of
desired shape.
• Affected by alkalies.
• Excellent insulator, Extremely brittle.
• Available in beautiful colours.
• Not usually affected by air or water.
• Not easily attacked by ordinary chemical
reagents.
• Transparent and translucent.
• Possible to make glass lighter than cork or
softer than cotton or stronger than steel.
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TYPES OF
GLASS
• Soda-lime glass
or commercial
glass
• Potash-lime
glass
• Potash-lead
glass
• Common glass
• Borosilicate
glass
TYPES OF
GLASS
1. Soda-lime glass or commercial glass
• Known as the soda-glass or soft-glass.
• Mixture of sodium silicate and calcium
silicate.
Properties:
• Cheap.
• Fusible → at low temperature.
• Help of heat → can weld into different
articles.
Uses:
• Manufacture of glass tubes.
• Laboratory apparatus, plate glass,
window glass, etc.
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TYPES OF GLASS
2. Potash-lime glass:
• Known as the Bohemian-glass or hard-glass.
• Mixture of potassium silicate and calcium silicate.
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Properties:
• Fuses → at high temperatures.
• Not easily affected by water and other solvents.
• Does not melt so easily.
Uses:
• Manufacture of glass articles.
TYPES OF
GLASS
3. Potash-lead glass:
• Known as the flint glass.
• Mixture of potassium silicate
and lead silicate.
• Properties:
• Fuses very easily.
• Possesses bright lustre.
• Specific gravity is about 3 to
3.30.
• Uses:
• Manufacture of electric bulbs,
lenses, prisms, etc. 34
TYPES OF
GLASS
4. Common glass:
• Known as the bottle glass.
• Prepared from cheap raw materials.
• Mixture of sodium silicate, calcium
silicate and iron silicate.
• Properties:
• It fuses with difficulty.
• It is brown, green or yellow in colour.
• It is easily attacked by acids.
• Uses:
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• Manufacture of medicine bottles.
TYPES OF
GLASS
5. Borosilicate glass:
• Made of 70% to 80% silica + 7% to 13%
boric oxide + smaller amounts of the
alkalis (sodium and potassium oxides) +
aluminium oxide.
• Properties:
• Low alkali content, good chemical
durability.
• High softening point.
• Does not break → temperature
changes quickly.
• Uses:
• Chemical industry,
• Laboratory apparatus,
• Pharmaceutical containers,
• Various high intensity lighting 36
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BITUMEN
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INTRODUCTION
• Bitumen is black or brown in colour.
• It is obtained in solid or semi-solid state.
• It is obtained by fractional distillation of
crude oil.
• It is insoluble in water, but completely
dissolves in carbon bisulphide, cholorform,
benzol, coal tar, naphtha, alkalies, alkaline
carbonates, petroleum spirit and oil of
turpentine.
• Composition of bitumen consists of 87%
carbon, 11% hydrogen, and 2% oxygen by
weight.
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1. Straight run bitumen:
• When the bitumen is being
distilled to a definite viscosity or
penetration without further
treatment, it is known as the
straight run bitumen
FORMS OF
2. Blown bitumen - -
BITUMEN
• Air blown on bitumen at high
pressure and temperature
• Eg: Used as roofing and damp-
proofing felts, in the manufacture
of pipe asphalts and joint fillers,
as heat insulating material, etc.
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3. Plastic bitumen:
• It consists of bitumen, thinner
and a suitable inert filler.
• The amount of inert filler is
about 40% to 45%.
• It is used for filling cracks in
masonry structures, for stopping
leakages, etc.
FORMS OF
BITUMEN 4. Bitumen Emulsion -
• Adding stabilizing agent called
emulsifier, which assigns charge
to bitumen.
• Positive charge → Cationic
bitumen emulsion.
• Negative charge → Anionic
bitumen emulsion.
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FORMS OF
BITUMEN
Cut-back bitumen:
• Bitumen dissolved
in a petroleum solvent
is called cut-back
bitumen.
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USES OF BITUMEN
Bitumen is widely used for various engineering purposes as
follows:
1. As damp-proof courses.
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2. As water-proof layer for tanks, basements, swimming
pools, etc.
3. For constructing roads pavements, etc.
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TESTS ON BITUMINOUS MATERIALS
Following are the usual physical tests of the bituminous
materials.
1. Ductility test
2. Flash and fire point
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3. Loss on heating test
4. Penetration test
5. Softening point test
6. Specific gravity test
7. Viscosity test
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