Elasticity (Lecture-1)

Presenting By-
Prof. Dr. Rama Bijoy Sarker
Department of Physics, BUTEX
 Elasticity
:

Course Contents
Hooke’s law,
Breaking stress,
Stress-strain diagram,
Different types of elasticity,
Heat effect on elasticity,
Poisson’s ratio,
Shearing stress and shearing strain,
Relations among the elastic constants,
Work done in a strain,
Work of rupture,
Deformation by bending,
Bending moment.
 General Properties of matter

Solid
The particles (ions, atoms or molecules) are packed closely
together. The forces between particles are strong enough so
that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate.
In crystalline solids, the particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) are
packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern.
Glasses and other non-crystalline amorphous solids without long-
range order are not in thermal equilibrium ground states

Solid Liquid gas plasma

Liquid
Structure of a classical monatomic liquid. Atoms have many
nearest neighbors in contact, yet no long-range order is
present.

Gas
The spaces between gas molecules are very big. Gas
molecules have very weak or no bonds at all. The molecules
in "gas" can move freely and fast.

Plasma
In a plasma, electrons are ripped away from their nuclei,
forming an electron "sea". This gives it the ability to
conduct electricity.
Phase Transitions
 Elasticity
If an external force is applied to a material, it causes
deformation in molecular structure of that material. By
removing this force, material turns its original shapes; this
process is known as elasticity of material. It is the ability of
returning its original shape after removing the applied stress.
The property of the body by virtue of which it tends to regain
its original size and shape, when applied force is removed, is
called elasticity.

The elastic behaviour of material plays an important role in engineering design

while constructing bridges, automobiles, rope-way etc.
 Some definitions related to elasticity
Perfectly elastic body: If the deformation of a body produced by a given deforming
force at a given temperature remains unchanged, and if the body completely regains
its original state on the removal of the force, the body is said to be perfectly elastic.

A body which regains its original configuration immediately and completely after
the removal of deforming force from it, is called perfectly elastic body.

Quartz and phosphor bronze are the examples of nearly perfectly elastic bodies.

Perfectly plastic body: If the body remains deformed and shows no tendency to
regain its original condition on the removal of the deforming force the body is said
to be perfectly plastic.
A body which does not regain its original configuration at all on the removal of
deforming force, howsoever small the deforming force may be is called perfectly
plastic body.
Putty, mud and paraffin wax are the examples of nearly perfect plastic bodies.

In fact, no body is perfectly elastic or plastic plastic. Only the degree of elasticity or
plasticity differs with the body.
Load: Any combination of external forces acting on a body, e.g., its own weight
along with forces connected with it, whose net effect is to deform the body, is
referred to as a load.
Strain
Rigid body

In physics, a rigid body is an idealization of a solid body in which deformation

is neglected. In other words, the distance between any two given points of a rigid
body remains constant in time regardless of external forces exerted on it. Even
though such an object cannot physically exist due to relativity, objects can
normally be assumed to be perfectly rigid if they are not moving near the speed
of light.

Elastic Limit
In Solid, if the stress is gradually increased, the strain too increases with it in
accordance with Hooke’s law until a point is reached at which the linear relationship
breaks down and beyond which the strain increases much more rapidly. This value of
the stress for which Hooke’s law just causes to be obeyed is called the elastic limit of
the material.
Hooke's law:

It states that, extension produced in a wire is directly proportional to load

applied.

Hooke's law can be generalized to …

“Within elastic limit, the stress is proportional to the strain”
Stress strain
i.e., Stress = constant × strain
Stress = E × strain

Where E is a constant and is known as Modulus of elasticity of the material of the

body.
Stress-strain diagram of a material:

If a wire or a bar is subjected to gradually increasing stress and a graph

is plotted between the stress applied and the corresponding strain
produced. This curve follows the general characteristics:

•Up to the point A, the wire is perfectly elastic.

From A to B, stress and strain are not propotional, but if the load is
removed at any point, the material will return its original length. It is
elastic limit and the stress is elastic strength of the wire.
Beyond the point B, strain increase more rapidly, but not obey
Hooke’s law. The increases in length is now partly elastic and partly
plastic.
Beyond the point D, this is represented by the wavy portion ED of
the curve. The stress correspoing to the point D is refferred to as the
yielding stress.

Beyond the point E, the yielding comes to stop. Stress must be

increased for producing strain, which is now plastic in nature. This
results in an automatic increase in stress until a point G is reached at
which fracture takes place, is known as fracture point.

The stress corresponding to the point G represents the maximum

stress to which the wire can be subjected and is measured by the
maximum load, is called the breaking stress.

Factor of Safety:
THANKS TO ALL
 Elasticity (Lec-2)

Presenting by-
Prof. Dr. Rama Bijoy Sarker
Department of Physics, BUTEX
 Different Types of elasticity

For a given material there can be different types of modulus of

elasticity depending upon the type of stress applied and the
resulting strain produced. Corresponding to three types of strain,
there are three types of modulus of elasticity. These are:

1. Young’s modulus of elasticity, Y

2. Bulk modulus of elasticity, B or K
3. Modulus of rigidity or Shear modulus of elasticity, η
Young's modulus
When the deforming force is applied to the body only along a particular direction,
the change per unit length is called longitudinal or tensile strain and the force
applied per unit cross-section is called longitudinal or tensile stress.

The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain, within the elastic limit is called
Young’s modulus and is denoted by the letter Y.

If a force F, applied normally to a cross-sectional area A, produces a change in

length l in the original length L, then
Tensile stress = F/A and
Tensile strain = l/L
tensile stress
Young’s modulus, Y=
tensile strain
F/A
=
l/L
𝐹𝐿
=
𝐴𝑙
𝐹𝐿
= 2
π𝑟 𝑙
The unit of Young’s modulus of elasticity in SI is Nm-2.
The Bulk modulus:
It describes volumetric elasticity, or the tendency of an object to
deform in all directions when uniformly loaded in all directions;

It is defined as volumetric stress over volumetric strain and is

known as incompressibility of the material.

If F be the force applied normally and uniformly on a surface area A, then the
stress = force applied per unit area
= pressure, P
= F/A
Let v is the change in volume in an original volume V.
Then the
𝑣
Strain =- minus sign indicates that if pressure increases volume
𝑉
decreases and vice versa. Hence Bulk modulus,
F/A 𝐹𝑉 𝑃𝑉
K= =- =-
−v/V 𝑣𝐴 𝑣
K is also sometime referred to as incompressibility of the material of the body.
The reciprocal of bulk modulus (1/K) is therefore called compressibility of the
material.
The shear modulus or modulus of rigidity describes an object's tendency
to shear (the deformation of shape at constant volume) when acted upon
by opposing forces;
It is defined as the ratio of tangential stress (shear stress) to the tangential
strain (shear strain). Thus
tangential stress
η=
tangential strain

The modulus of rigidity of a material may be defined as the tangential or

shearing stress per unit shear. In this case, while there is no change in the
volume of the body, there is a change in the shape of the body.

Let the lower face aDCc of the rectangular solid cube be fixed. A tangential force F be
applied to its upper face in the direction shown in Fig. The point A shifts to A', B to B', d
to d' and b to b', the lines joining the two faces turn through an angle θ. The face ABCD is
then said to be sheared through an angle θ.
The coefficient of rigidity or the modulus of rigidity, η

η = Tangential stress/tangential strain = (F/A)/ θ

Since θ is very small, tan θ = θ Thus tan θ =l/L, θ = l/L,
𝑭/𝑨 𝑭𝑳
Hence η = = 𝒍/𝑳 = 𝒍𝑨
 Problems
1. A wire 8 m long and 1 mm in diameter, supports a
mass of 8 kgm. It is stretched by 1 mm. Calculate
the Young’s modulus of the wire.

2. A pressure of 84 Kpa decreases the volume of 2004 L

of water by 0.004 percent. Compute the
compressibility of water.
 Poisson's ratio
On being stretched, a wire becomes longer but thinner, i.e., although
its length increases, its diameter or cross-section decreases. This means
that a linear strain i.e., a strain in the direction of the applied force is
always accompanied by a lateral strain or a strain in a direction at right
angles to the applied force.

Within the elastic limit, the ratio between the contraction or lateral
strain to the elongation or linear strain for a given tensile stress is
constant for a body of a given material and is called the Poisson’s ratio
for the material. Thus
lateral strain
Poisson’s ratio (σ)=
linear strain
secondary strain
=
primary strain
Linear (tangential) and lateral strains per unit stress are denoted by α and
β respectively. Thus, σ = β/α
Let the diameter of a wire of length L is D. when a deforming force is applied at
the free end, its length increases by ΔL but its diameter decreases by d. Now two
types of strain are produced by a single force.

ΔL
Longitudinal strain =
L
𝑑
Lateral strain =-
𝐷
lateral strain
Then the Poisson’s ratio, σ = longitudinal strain
−𝑑/𝐷
=
ΔL/𝐿
−𝑑𝐿
=
Δ𝐿 𝐷
(2Δ𝑅) 𝐿 𝐿 Δ𝑅
=- = -
Δ𝐿 (2𝑅) 𝑅 Δ𝐿
Here, negative sign indicates that if the length increases, then the radius of the
wire decreases. Poisson’s ratio is a unitless quantity.
Shear is equivalent to compression and extension

When a cube is sheared, its shape is altered but its volume as well as its
thickness remain unchanged. ABCD in Fig. represents a section of a cube, the
length of whose side is l, when a tangential force F is applied to the upper face
AD of the cube, AD is sheared through a small angle θ into its new position
A'D’. As a result, the diagonal BD is increased to BD´ while diagonal AC is
shortened to A´C.
 Since the amount of shear is extremely small, then this extension and
compression may be expressed angle θ . Let A'M and DL be the perpendiculars
on to AC and BD' respectively.

As shear is very small, triangles may be assumed to be right-angled isosceles

triangles so that
LD' = DD' cos45 = DD' / √2
Since AD= l
We have, BD=BL = (𝑙 2 +𝑙 2 )= 𝑙 2

Extension or tensile strain along BD

LD′ DD′ 1 DD′
= = × =
BD 2 𝑙 2 2l
DD′ DD′
But
l = CD = θ
θ
So extension strain along BD=
2
Similarly the compression strain along AC
𝐴𝑀
=
𝐴𝐶
AA′ 1
= ×
√2 AC
AA′ 1
= ×
√2 𝑙 2
AA′ θ
= =
2𝑙 2
Thus the shear is equivalent to compression and an extension at
right angles to each other, each of value θ2.
Shear is equivalent to compression and extension
THANKS TO ALL
 Elasticity (Lec-3)

Presenting by-
Prof. Dr. Rama Bijoy Sarker
Department of Physics, BUTEX
 Equivalence of a shearing stress to an equal tensile and an
equal compressive stress at right angles to one another

Let a tangential force F be applied to the upper face AD and the

lower face BC is fixed. If l is the length of each side of the cube,
then the tangential or shearing stress to which the face AD is
subjected is F/l²= F/A.
If the cube were free to move, it try to moved along the direction
of the force F.
But the lower face is fixed, an equal and opposite force comes
into play on this face to form a couple F.l which tends to rotate
the cube clockwise.
But since the cube does not rotate, it means that there must be an equal and
opposite couple acting on it due to forces F acting along AB and CD. This
couple is also equal to F.l and tends to rotate the cube in an anticlockwise
direction to keep the cube in equilibrium.

Now the resultant of the forces F and F along AD and CD is F.√2 along
OD while the resultant of the forces F and F along AB and CB is F. √2
along OB where O is the point of intersection of the diagonals BD and AC
of the face ABCD.

Similarly, there is an equal but inward pull on diagonal AC, tending to

shorten its length.

Thus, a tangential force (F) applied to one face of the cube brings into play
a tensile force F. √2 along one diagonal and an equal compressive force F.
√2 along the other AC, perpendicular to it.
If the cube is now cut into two halves by a plane through diagonal
BD and perpendicular to the plane of the paper, then
the face of each half parallel to BD will have an area l.√2.l=
l².√2, with an outward force F.√2 acting on it.
The tensile stress acting along BD is, therefore, equal to F.
√2/l². √2 = F/l²= F/A.
Similarly the cube is cut into two halves along the diagonal
AC, a compressive force F.√2 will be found.
The compressive stress along AC will be F. √2/l². √2 = F/l²=
F/A.
Thus a tangential or a shearing stress is equivalent to an equal
tensile and an equal compressive stress at right angles to each
other.
 Relations among the elastic constants
Let a cube of unit edge, acted upon by a unit tension along one edge. If α be the
increase per unit length per unit tension along the direction of the force. Then
Stress = force per unit area = 1 and
Strain = α/1 = α,
Therefore, Young’s modulus
Y = stress/strain
= 1/α … … (i)
𝑻/𝟏
Bulk modulus, K = stress/volume strain =
𝟑𝑻 (α−2β)/1
𝟏
= … … (ii)
𝟑 (α−2β)
1
Compressibility, = 3(α-2β),
K
Hence, the modulus of rigidity,
1
η= … … (iii)
1/2(α+β)
 Prove that 1/K= 3(α-2β)
Let ABCDEFGH is a unit cube and let Tx, Ty and Tz are the forces
per unit area acting perpendicular to the faces BEHC and AFGD,
ABCD and EFGH, and ABEF and CHGD respectively as shown in
Figure. Let α be the increase per unit length per unit tension along
the direction of the force and β is the contraction produced per unit
length per unit tension in a direction perpendicular to the force.

Then the elongation produced in the edge AB due to the force Tx is

αTx and the contractions produced by forces Ty and Tz are βTy and
βTz , Similarly for other two edges BE and BC.

Thus, the lengths of the edges become

AB=1+α.Tx- β.Ty- β.Tz
BE=1+α.Ty- β.Tz- β.Tx
BC=1+α.Tz- β.Tx- β.Ty
Hence the volume of the cube will now become
(1+α.Tx-β.Ty-β.Tz)(1+α.Ty-β.Tz-β.Tx)(1+α.Tz-β.Tx-β.Ty)

=1+(α-2β)(Tx+Ty+Tz)
[neglecting squares and products of α and β are very small
compared to other quamtities]

If Tx=Ty=Tz=T
The volume of the cube becomes
1+(α-2β)3T
The increase in volume is,
1+(α-2β)3T-1 = (α-2β)3T

Thus, Bulk modulus, K= stress/volume strain

𝑻/𝟏 𝟏
K= =
𝟑𝑻 (α−2β)/1 𝟑 (α−2β)
the compressibility, which is the reciprocal of bulk modulus,
𝟏
=3(α-2β)
𝐊
 1
Modulus of rigidity, η =
2(α+β)
Let the top face ABHG, of a cube the length of whose side is L, be
sheared by a shearing force F, the lower face of the cube being
fixed. As a result of the shear, A takes up the position A´ and B,
the position B', the angle ADA´ = angle BCB´= θ As a result, the
diagonal DB is increased to DB´ and the diagonal AC shortened
to A´C.

Then, stress=F/area of the face ABHG = F/L2 = T (say)

the displacement, AA' =BB’ = l then
shear strain =l/L= θ
Thus, the modulus of rigidity
𝑇
=stress/strain =
θ
The extension of the diagonal DB, due to tensile stress along DB is αT, and that due
to compressive strain along AC is βT where, α and β are the linear and lateral strain
per unit stress respectively.
Therefore, total extension in length of the diagonal DB is
DB×(αT+βT) =DB× T(α+β)
=L2.T(α+β) [DB=L2 ]
Let BE is the perpendicular dropped from B on DB´ Then increase in length of DB =
EB´. For a small shear angle θ, angle BB´C= 90º, angle BB´E= 45º. Hence,
angle B´BE= 45º
1 𝑙
thus, EB=EB´ =BB´cos45= l. =
2 2
Hence
𝑙 LT 1
L2T(α+β)= , =
2 l 2(α+β)
1 T 1
T/ (l/L) = =
2(α+β) θ 2(α+β)

Hence, the modulus of rigidity,  = stress/strain

1
=
2(α+β)
THANKS TO ALL
 Elasticity (Lec-4)

Presenting by-
Prof. Dr. Rama Bijoy Sarker
Dept. of Physics. BUTEX
 Relation among Y, K, and σ
Let a cube of unit edge, acted upon by a unit tension along one edge. If α be
the
increase per unit length per unit tension along the direction of the force and β
is
the lateral strain per unit stress. Then
1
Young’s modulus, Y= ------------- (i)
α
𝟏
Bulk modulus, K= ----------- (ii)
𝟑 (α−2β)
1
And, the modulus of rigidity,  = ------------- (iii)
2(α+β)
We know,
Bulk modulus, K = stress/volume strain
𝟏
=
𝟑 (α−2β)
1
=
𝟏
= α
𝟑α(1−2β/α) 𝟑(1−2β/α)
β 1
But we know, σ = and Y =
α α
𝑌
Then, K=
3(1−2σ)
or Y = 3K (1-2σ)
Let a cube of unit edge, acted upon by a unit tension along one edge. If α be the
increase per unit length per unit tension along the direction of the force. Then

Young’s modulus, Y = 1/α ----------------- (i)

Bulk modulus, K = 1/3(α-2β) ------------- (ii)
1
And, the modulus of rigidity,  = ------------------ (iii)
2(α+β)
Multiplying (iii) by 2
1
2η=
(α+β)
1
= 2α+2β -------------(iv)
η
Now rearranging relation (ii)
1
= α-2β --------------(v)
3𝐾
Adding eqns. (iv) and (v),
1 1 3K +η
3α = + =
η 3𝐾 3Kη
3K +η
or α =
9Kη
,
 But α = 1/Y
1 3K +η
Hence, =
Y 9Kη

9 3K +η
or, =
Y Kη
3K η
= +
Kη Kη
9 3 1
Therefore, = +
Y η K

This is the relation connecting the three elastic constants.

Relation among Y, η and σ : Y=2(1+σ)
1
We know,  =
2(α+β)
1
=
2α(1+β/α)
1
= α
2(1+β/α)
𝑌
=
2(1+σ)
then, Y= 2(1+σ)
3K−2
Relation among K, η and σ : σ=
6K+2
We know, Y = 3K (1-2σ)
and Y= 2(1+σ)
Hence, 3K (1-2σ) = 2(1+σ)
or, 3K- 2 = σ ( 6K+ 2 )
3K− 2
or, σ=
6K+ 2
 Work done in a strain
When a body is deformed, work has to be done by the applied force, whatever type
of strain it might be. The word done is stored up in the body in the form of potential
energy which is called elastic potential energy, energy of strain or strain energy.
We will consider three different cases.

(i) Longitudinal strain

Let F be the stretching force applied to a vertical wire, fixed at the
upper end by supporting a load at its lower end. If l is the resulting
stretch produced in the wire whose original length is L and area of
cross-section is A then,
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹/𝐴 𝐹𝐿
Y= = =
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑙/𝐿 𝑙𝐴
𝑌𝑙𝐴
or F=
𝐿
where Y is the Young’s modulus of the material of wire.
If there is a small increase dl in the length of the wire, then
the work done for this
YAl
[Link] = dl
L
Hence, the total work done for stretch

𝑙 𝑙 𝑌𝐴𝑙 1 𝑌𝐴𝑙 2
W= ‫׬‬0 𝐹. 𝑑𝑙 = ‫׬‬0 . 𝑑𝑙 =
𝐿 2 𝐿
1 𝑌𝐴𝑙
= .𝑙
2 𝐿
1
= 𝐹. 𝑙
2
1
= (stretching force × stretch /elongation)
2
Now the volume of the wire = L x A
Strain energy per unit volume
1 𝐹𝑙
=
2 𝐴𝐿
1𝐹 𝑙
= ×
2 𝐴 𝐿
1
= stress × strain
2
1 𝑚𝑔 𝑙
= × 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = π 𝑟 2
2 π 𝑟2 𝐿

1 𝑌𝐴𝑙 𝑙
Therefore, the strain energy per unit volume = ×
2 𝐿𝐴 𝐿
1 𝑙 2
= Y ( )
2 𝐿
= 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 × ( longitudinal strain)2
′
(ii) Volume strain
Let p be the stress which is force per unit area or pressure which is
applied normally over an area A of a body of volume V such that
its volume decreases by v. Then the bulk modulus, K of the
material,
v
K = p /( − )
V
K .v
p=
V

Omitting the minus sign.

If dx is a small movement in the direction of p, then the work done
= [Link]
=[Link] [ Adx= dv, small change in volume]
Thus, work done for a small change in volume is dv is, dW=pdv
Hence W, the total work done for the whole change in volume from 0 to
v v
Kv K 1 2
W = 
0
[Link] = 
0
V
.dv = . v
V 2
1 Kv
= .v
2 V
1 1
= p.v = stress x change in volume
2 2
Hence, work done per unit volume
1 pv 1 v
= = p.
2 V 2 V
1
= stress x strain
2
Again, strain energy per unit volume
1 𝐾𝑣 2 1 1 𝑣 2 𝟏
= . = 𝐾. ( ) = 𝑩𝒖𝒍𝒌 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 × (𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏)𝟐
2 𝑉 𝑉 2 𝑉 𝟐
(iii) Shearing strain

Show that , the work done (strain energy) per unit

1
volume during shearing strain = stress × strain
2
2. Show that a volume strain is equivalent to three mutually
perpendicular linear strains, each equal in magnitude to one third of
the volume strain.

Soln: Let a cube of unit edge and compressed uniformly and equally in all
directions.
Then, the volume strain = decrease in volume/original volume = V/1 and
the linear strain along each edge = decrease in length/original length = x/1
Since the length of each edge decreases by x, the reduced length of each
edge = 1-x,
hence the reduced volume = (1-x)3 therefore,
the decrease in volume, V = 1- (1-x)3= 1-(1+3x2-3x+x3) =3x
(neglecting higher power of x)

𝑉
thus x =
3
Thus, a volume strain is equivalent to three linear strains, each equal to V/3
THANKS TO ALL
 Elasticity (Lec-5)

Presenting by-
Prof. Dr. Rama Bijoy Sarker
Dept. of Physics, BUTEX
Deformation by bending
A rod or a bar of uniform cross-section, circular or rectangular, the length of
which is very much greater than its thickness is called a beam. The shearing
stresses set up over any section of such a structure are negligibly small.

When a beam is fixed at one end and a load is applied at the other end, it
bends due to the moment of the applied force. The plane of bending is the
same in which the couple acts. The deformation of the beam sets up restoring
forces and for equilibrium the bending couple will be equal and opposite to the
restoring couple.
The beam, so bent from its normal shape, will of course return to its original
shape once the deforming forces are withdrawn provided it has not been
strained beyond the elastic limit.

When the bar AB is supported at two points equidistant from its middle point
C. A downward force P=mg is applied at C, the bar bends down at the middle,
the amount of depression is proportional to P in accordance with Hooke’s law.
When the beam is bent, the amount by which the length of any
filament changes is proportional to its distance from the neutral
surface.
Let a small portion of the bent beam along the neutral axis (the
line of intersection of the neutral layer and the plane of the applied
couple is known as the neutral axis) form the arc mn of a circle of
radius R and let it subtend an angle θ at the centre of curvature O.
Let m'n' be the length of an element at a distance x from the
neutral axis.
In the unstrained condition, mn=m'n'.

Now mn = Rθ and m'n' = (R+x) θ

So increase in length, m'n'- mn=(R+x)θ –Rθ = xθ

strain= xθ/Rθ = x/R

Thus the strain in a layer is directly proportional to its distance
from the neutral axis.
Bending moment:
A bending moment is a measure of the average internal stress
induced in a structural element when an external force or
moment is applied to the element causing the element to bend.
The internal stresses in a cross-section of a structural element
can be resolved into a resultant force and a resultant couple, the
resultant internal couple is called the bending moment.

Let us consider a small element ABCD of the beam bent in the form of an arc
of a circle of radius R. The neutral surface EF subtends an angle θ at the
centre of curvature O. where EF=Rθ.
Let EJ be drawn parallel to FB cutting GH at K. Now GH is the length of
the stretched filament HK lying at a distance x above the neutral surface so
that KH=EF=Z is the unstretched length. Then
tensile strain= increase in length/original length= dz/Z.
 Let α be the area of cross-section of the filament, then the tensile
stress = P/α where P is the magnitude of the applied force.
Now the Young’s modulus
Y=tensile stress/tensile strain = (P/α) / (dz/Z),
or tensile stress, P/α=Y.(dz/Z)
= Young’s modulus X strain
=Y.(xθ/Rθ) = Yx/R
Yxα Yx
Or P= = stress ( ) × area(α )
R R
Then the moment of this force about EF = P × x
Yxα Yx2α
= x=
R R
The total moment of the forces acting on the filaments,
Yx2α
=∑
R
Y
= ∑ x2 α
R
 YI
M = g where, Ig = ∑ x2α is called the
R
geometric moment of the cross-section α about that axis.

The total moment of all the forces about EF, or the bending moment
of the beam
M = YIg/R
This bending moment obviously balances the moment of the external
force acting at the section.

The quantity YIg measures the resistance of the beam to bending and
is called the flexural rigidity of the beam. It may be defined as the
external bending moment which will produce a bending of unit radius
of curvature.
Flexural rigidity
Thus the bending moment of the beam =
R
For a beam of rectangular cross section of breadth b and length d,
𝑏𝑑 3 𝑌𝑏𝑑 3 π𝑟 4
𝐼𝑔 = , therefore, 𝑀 = [𝐼𝑔 = ]
12 12 𝑅 4
THANKS TO ALL
 Elasticity (Lec-6)
Questions & Maths

Presenting by-
Professor Dr. Rama Bijoy Sarker
Department of Physics
 Questions on Elasticity
1. Definitions: Elasticity, elastic body, Plastic body, Load, Stress, Strain,
Breaking stress, Factor of safety, Hooke’s Law, Different types of modulus,
Compressibility, Modulus of rigidity, Poission’s ratio, bending momentum,
Flexural rigidity.

2. State Hooke’s Law and draw stress-strain diagram, write details.

3. Explain different types of elasticity/ Modulus?
4. For bending the strain in a layer is directly proportional to its distance from
the neutral axis.
5. Shear is equivalent to compression and extension, prove that.
6. Explain a tangential or a shearing stress is equivalent to an equal tensile and
an equal compressive stress at right angles to each other.
7. Geometrically prove that 1/K= 3(α-2β) and Prove that η = 1/2(α+β)
8. Find out the co-relations among Y, K, η, σ, α and β [Y = 3K (1-2σ), 9/Y =
3/η +1/K, Y=2(1+σ), σ=3K-2/(6K+2)]
09. Show that the work done per unit volume in straining a body is equal to
1 1
stres  strain or Young mod ulus  elongation2
2
10. For bending the total moment2of the forces, M = YIg/R.
# Math

1. A wire 8 m long and 1 mm in diameter, supports a mass of 8 kgm.

It is stretched by 1 mm. Calculate the Young’s modulus of the wire.

2. A pressure of 84 Kpa decreases the volume of 2004 L of water by 0.004 percent.

Compute the compressibility of water.
3. Calculate the longest of a steel wire that can hang vertically without breaking.
Breaking stress for steel= 8×108N/m2 and density of steel= 8×103kg/m2 .
[Link] the Poission’s ratio for a material given Y=12.25 N/m2 and
=4.55×1010N/m2 .
5. Calculate  and σ for silver given Y and K for silver 7.25×1011 dynes/cm2
and 11×1011 dynes/cm2 .
6. Calculate the work done in stretching a uniform metal wire of area of
cross section 10-6m2 and length 1.5 m through 4×10-3m. Given Y=2×1011N/m2 .
7. A steel wire of 1.00 mm radius is bent in the form of a circular arc of radius
50 cm. Calculate (I) the bending moment
(ii) the maximum stress.[ Y=2×1012 dynes/cm2].
THANKS TO ALL