and Optical
RAY OPTICS Instruments
medum
n the bam
Rulectiom - he bouneing Aack igt memal
Laws
Lqual to incident
Ray
?, he nimal, imcident noy and
liu in the 6ome glone
Relatin betwen f andR
Iam conave m t
n a AFM
tan 2i: AM AM 24
FM PF
2i: AM("2i u bmal)
PF comeawe
i: AM
2 PF
n a ACM
ton - AM AM
MO Pc
2 PF PC
u= AM
PC 2 PF = PC
2f = R
n a AFM TTTT
tom 2i- AM N AM
MF PF
2i= AM
PF M
n A AMC
tan u AM AM
MC Pe conwen
mive
PC
From dquatiins Oand
AM AM
PC 2PF
PC= 2 PF
|R =2f|
Ray Diaqrams de to comcane mnt
1 Leyond c
y’etueenF C
".oeminshed
A cnage
'u’wwatw 'u’tween F
A "v’wwatu and c
B Eyeyond C
psame sugd P
eal
A Kimage A
imetd
(6.) ' between
heal and Fand P
utd ’ behind
- the i
"ituol amd
image
3)
Ray Diagams
1. 2.
Pamd F
b/w PamdF
feeint kiyd
vitual and diminiahd
wet vitual
and
F
t
uinage
MIRROR FORMVLA
I Du to conca mivet
n a APB and AAPB n s ACB and aA'C B'
ZBAC -2B'A'C
2 BAP = L PA'8' (9o')
LABP8= 2 A'Pg' 2 ACB 2A'cB'
AA PBaA'PB'
PA AB =AC
AB_ AB' A'c
A' 8' PA'
- l+R
PA
A'C -R+
PA'
PA "U, PA': - , AC= -M +R, A'C =
2 f - uv u 2
2ut = 2 u - 2 t
diriding keth side wth avf
1
+
enec mie
A A
AA'B'P and ABP O simila
A'B' PA'
A8 PA
Bimila
lao thu a A'B'C a d A8C
AB A'c = PC- PA' 2
AB AC PC + PA
auom equatioma amd
PA! PC - PA' 5
PA PC + PA
= tR- ()
+(-u) tR+(-u)
R
Diwiding ly vR
+
1 + 1_
R
R= 2 f
1 = 1
2
2f
which can
Rial ae -ontnthe bcen
mage
is alllo a eal woge
itual na-sh image that camnst e stained
6in is called a vitual inag.
to the
ogmitotn
M = i
ho
4 ual wimage ie positine.
Moignitication of vitual imag mgatt
6
Retacten when igt goe tom ene
oanpant medn to anatheu, it
deriatu fom ite path, Ihie ohnemnen
Hufracton.
Cause - Digerene in sheud af light wn ditend
medimns.
Laws lacti
1. neident ay sutactid ay and th msmal te
thu inttaci at th joint neidma
in th Bamne
2. he atis af se of angea ay uinciolema to th
1. emgsnotua (inraely)
2. Matwial ( diuctly)
3. adngth (ineniy)
at kunfae Pa, qa:
kine
ot kwyae RS, M9a R
lotna
diaperm
1
Jor cquatiine and (3)
Bim e
Pecovidd : 1. Rayaeting Aungaeu foalle to uach
sthe.
2. neident and amgent ay
medim.
Rutas thuouoh
WATER
bin 2 2)
Bn e
3 GLASS
(::2= le)
x x 3) A IR
wa X
X cb X MAc X led = Qea [2i-Le ]
mediá . - topentine amd natu.
Real amd abpaent oefth
kin i AB B
A : i ú kmae)
OA
n oIAB
- A8 (" s small)
BI AI
Maw = kin AB/OA
A B/ AI
wa AI baent
OA Real
a lw = OA Roal
AI
ppaunt dapth
incidna
Bitical uaelling tom
Bstmcld y a hay of ight travela
sbaang Th 2 mdia u.e.
aleng thu swai ctiau equsl 90.
fon nthich ange
Lotal Sntnal Rultion
whem dightabone a tain cnglt incideme it
medium
l flect back nte the same medium.
AIR
WA TER
whe c then = 9o
1
a dia
Bonitins -
1. A>Lic
2. tight Kheulol tavl tom den o a.
Apliratiens total 2ntnal Reyction-
1. fiem
i) o tun a
ke = 42
(iy o twn a
2. Billina iamend
kight enons a damend, it i
kely o undugo TIR inaide it. By utling
the idaimend suitabty , mulible TIRs ram
moole to eccu.
3. Qklicaliby
hie au fabicatid with high quality omjoosih
al
mateial cladding. whin sigmai tom
suitatt ngle, t ndengoe aiatid TIR A
end.
bine ligt wndengeu TiR at warh, e
intnity
Uaed yo thanmiting and sciwing eletical
Rght itu' to acilitat vaual wcamination
st wnenal egane ik seshague, slomach amd
untnatinee
Requimte i y ittu absestin o hignt
fowniiatin and sseeial yparatiin o
Borampl - kilicn gloe titea : 95% ight - 1 km
4. Miage 11)
aya, t ma gend ecema
hetty tham the ai otat highe lle. Riacti
Hottur
e a uneeaLe ith hight.
h, a
kemole wey yuom the mnal and
geound
1. tuinling af stone.
2. Banty dunie and bunet.
3. ktane asea hgh tham thy e.
4.
5. tountain ed tiu.
Rufralin fem N
conwem spherical fac
T AM
tam d = PM
Mo
ton B = PM
MI
MC
He
M1
PM. feM PM
MO
t PM) MC
+
MI
MC
1
)
R
comcane sfhrical &unyo
I MP.
13)
tam - tom ß= H
AM
MC
- MO
AM) 42
AM
MC
AM,
MI
(-4))-*(*-()
R
amd a y nd wece
tne Makos temula
C, N IË
Gos I 9
tiut we coneidr eyond AP, & kwaee eto he ght
t. 4a only eetnded i.e thu mo pune
Su aOMC, , d,+l
MN + MN
NC1
MN + MN
CCi
u o T, MC,
MN
CI,
Hi(o)A ( , )
+
)
Ri
()
trowela em denr to aw meolum yoming
the tinal moa
(15)
M'N' M'N!
N'I,
= M'N M'N'
CI, C,Ca
= tam Bot toma
M'N' M'N'
+
N'I
M'N' M'N'
C C2
Thavelling fuom deneu to aee
midium
Ha(')-
CC 4(h,') CI, CIa
A-(, ) (t, ta)
R2 V V
Ra
R , ) =
R
-)(%) V
(u2( ) *
(u)( #)
uhen u= f th
(a-)(,):()
1
trom wquatimeG n d
(4-) ) 1-1 =
divwgene iot foarall saye a ignt incidant
Amgt.
unit : D (diose ohen f n m)
fpiaitie
when to lnee focal lngth fu and fa ae
wn canaet with cach vothe
P= P1 + Pa
P = P, + Pa- d P, P
Relactiin de te glasa uam
Ueing ctrion ang prang
h o APNQ
LN+ LA 18D
2A =
& = yA -A
6 = A(4- 1)|
6’ minimum them (18
e
A =2 t 6 n 2i- A
|a= A 6m t A
2 2
() Gmt A
Aþliting kight unta ite
Rondtiutnt alouns
t eccwe becaue efastie wndn o medum
ditnt fo ditvent colowe.
Snwuly ferasertinal to coanlngth.
amgulan dispuuin
deriation ot tuwo uacteme coles.
6y -da- (My-1) A- (4a- 1)A
deviation sand mean devialiew.
(4 -) A
whiti colo clucl
Dptical natumnts
conne lene to mog
sbyjet placd etwen
funeiplu
fome amd uet aimag
ituel , magiti distunet
itame of naisn.
ot th lest
angle sultended dy
atie
Refined as the subtimded y alydt
image ot ite angl
whn both at them au consdd
at dye
at tu least distance o distinat vaio.
tom B
tom o
I| mag at ma fooint
A
F
AB
- He
m= A8
A8
1 1
20)
1
fe 4e
1 1 = 1 x D
fe Me
D +1 = m
fe
]Smage at winfinity
fe e
m D
fe
haa Limitd mognifation.
ojetint and agfpiea
finepa-, ie hld et eutaide th foeuethe ob
when olyet
an image
aljctin dne, it forme
dhi sagtital enbu , giing ginal imag ot the
last distane et dittint iaism
Bypiue
B A" B
ton B =A"8" 21)
ton d e -A8
m
m= - A"8" A'6
A6 A'B
m Ve Vo
Me Mo
m -Vo
Me
" whe ot LDDV when ot oo
1 4efe
-He |me Vo xfe
t
ut m
- Vo
Astonemical eliscope -
(i) Refacting tlisete
ton d = A6 tom B A8
m= -fo
o
when at LDDv whem image
e m= t o
fe fe
te 1
4e
fe
m = - fo
fe [!]|
(io Reteecting tlucofo
Cosaegnain
covcan miie4
mi
tihscspe Tubu
" Nutonan
conca mie
plane
Rsalekewe
eptical wnstiumet to
cle ayects.
he minmun ciitance betiven wo
which can e seen as sepanat