Chapter 22
Phylogenetic
Phylogeny and the tree
Reconstruction
of life
Dr. Randa Albdaiwi
Lecture Presentations by
Nicole Tunbridge and
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Kathleen Fitzpatrick
The Tree of Life
Phylogeny is the study of the evolutionary history of
a species or group of related species.
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
From Two Kingdoms to Three Domains
Recently, we have gained insight into the very
deepest branches of the tree of life through
molecular systematics
Early taxonomists classified all species as either
plants or animals
Later, five kingdoms were recognized: Monera
(prokaryotes), Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
More recently, the three-domain system has been
adopted: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
The three-domain system is supported by data from
many sequenced genomes
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Figure 22.21
Euglenozoans
Forams
Diatoms
Domain Eukarya
Ciliates
Red algae
Green algae
Plants
Tubulinids
Fungi
Animals
Euryarcheotes
Archaea
Domain
Thaumarchaeotes
Crenarcheotes
COMMON
ANCESTOR Proteobacteria
OF ALL LIFE
(Mitochondria)*
Domain Bacteria
Chlamydias
Spirochetes
Gram-positive
bacteria
Cyanobacteria
(Chloroplasts)*
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© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
Domain Bacteria
• Members of the domain Bacteria are unicellular and
prokaryotic. Their cells have thick, rigid cell walls that
surround a cell membrane.
• These bacteria range from free-living soil organisms to
deadly parasites.
Domain Archaea
• Members of the domain Archaea are unicellular and
prokaryotic.
• They live in extreme environments, like volcanic hot
springs, brine pools, and black organic mud with no
oxygen.
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
• Members of the domain Eukarya consist of all
organisms that have a nucleus. It consists of four
kingdoms:
I. Protista
• They composed of eukaryotic organisms that can’t be
classified as animals, plants, or fungi.
• They show great variety.
• Most are unicellular but some are not. Some are
photosynthetic and some are not.
II. Fungi
Fungi are heterotrophs. Most feed on dead or decaying
organic matter. Most are multicellular, like mushrooms.
Some are unicellular, like yeast.
III. Plantae
Members of the Kingdom Plantae are multicellular,
photosynthetic autotrophs.
IV. Animalia
Members of the kingdom Animalia are multicellular and
heterotrophic. Their cells do not have cell walls.
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
Binomial Nomenclature
In the 18th century, Carolus Linnaeus published a system of
taxonomy based on resemblances.
Taxonomy is the science of categorization or classification.
Two key features of his system remain useful today: two-part
names for species and hierarchical classification
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The two-part scientific name of a species is called a
binomial
The first part of the name is the genus
The second part, called the specific epithet, is unique
for each species within the genus
The first letter of the genus is capitalized, and the
entire species name is italicized (when printed) or
underlined (when hand-written) and always lower
case .
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Both parts together name the species (not the
specific epithet alone)
Different species with the same genus name are
considered to be more closely related to each other
than to other species.
Example:
Panthera leo – lion
Panthera onca – jaguar
Panthera pardus – leopard
Uncia uncia – snow leopard
Lions, jaguars and leopards are more closely related to
each other than to snow leopards.
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Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Felis concolor Yucca filamentosa
Common names: Common Names:
mountain lion, a puma, a Bear grass, Adam’s needle,
cougar, or a panther Weak-leaf yucca
Scientific Names: General Guidelines
• Some scientific names,
especially older ones, include
the name of the person who
discovered or described the
species.
• Example: The Tibetan antelope
Pantholops hodgsonii was
named for the 19th century
British naturalist who discovered
it, Brian Houghton Hodgson.
• Picture Credit: Rhett A. Butler, [Link]
General Naming Guidelines
• Other scientific names
refer to a region, such as
Didelphis virginiana
(Virginia opossum)
• Picture Credit: Alden M. Johnson @ California
Academy of Sciences
General Naming Guidelines
• Scientific names often
include some feature or
trait of the species. The
specific epithet for the
hairy bush clover,
Lespedeza hirta, refers to
its “hairy” stem.
• Picture Credit: Tom Barnes, University of
Kentucky
Hierarchical Classification
Linnaeus introduced a system for grouping species in
increasingly inclusive categories
The taxonomic groups from broad to narrow are domain,
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy is called a taxon
The broader taxa are not comparable between lineages
For example, an order of snails has less genetic diversity
than an order of mammals
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.3
Species:
Panthera pardus
Genus:
Panthera
Family:
Felidae
Order:
Carnivora
Class:
Mammalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Domain: Kingdom:
Bacteria Animalia Domain:
Archaea
Domain:
Eukarya
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• Family – group of genera that share many characteristics
bears (Ursidae), dogs (Canidae), cats (Felidae)
• Order – a broad taxonomic category composed of similar families
• Class – composed of similar orders (ex - order Carnivora is placed in the
class Mammalia, which includes animals that are warm-blooded, have
body hair and produce milk for their young)
The class Mammalia is grouped with birds (class Aves), reptiles (class
Reptilia), amphibians (class Amphibia), and all classes of fishes into the
phylum Chordata. All these organisms share important features of
their body plan and internal functions.
• Phylum – several different classes make up phylum. A phylum includes
many different organisms that share important characteristics.
• Kingdom – the largest and most inclusive of Lennaeus’s
taxonomic categories.
• Domains are the highest level (most inclusive)