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Critical Path Method for Project Scheduling

The document provides an overview of the Critical Path Method (CPM) for project scheduling in construction, detailing the steps involved in determining critical activities and their relationships. It explains two types of network diagrams: Activity-on-Arrow (AOA) and Activity-on-Node (AON), and outlines conventions for drawing these diagrams. Additionally, it covers forward and backward pass calculations to determine float times for activities.

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14 views41 pages

Critical Path Method for Project Scheduling

The document provides an overview of the Critical Path Method (CPM) for project scheduling in construction, detailing the steps involved in determining critical activities and their relationships. It explains two types of network diagrams: Activity-on-Arrow (AOA) and Activity-on-Node (AON), and outlines conventions for drawing these diagrams. Additionally, it covers forward and backward pass calculations to determine float times for activities.

Uploaded by

oloyedemojoyinola
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Oct.

26th, CIV 280—Fall 2023

Project Scheduling: Critical Path Method


- Basics of Time Management for Construction Projects -

Daeho Kim, Ph.D.


Assistant Professor
Dept. of Civil and Mineral Engineering
Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering
University of Toronto
Question
- Find Critical Activities -
Construction project involves 50-100 activities, some of which shouldn’t be delayed
— Critical VS. Non-Critical Activities Duration (Hour) Predecessors
A 10 -
B 200 A
C 15 -
D 5 I, M
E 10 -
F 40 B
G 30 F, L
I 10 G, K
J 220 A
K 8 J, L
L 35 C, E
M 25 G, K
N 5 I
O 5 D, N
2
Today’s Topic

▪ Project Scheduling
• Basic Concept and Steps

• Critical Path Method (AOA & AON)


✓ Step #1: Draw Network Diagram
✓ Step #2: Do Forward and Backward Calculations
✓ Step #3: Find Critical Path and Activities
✓ Step #4: Calculate Floats

3
Critical Path Method
- Today’s Focus: AOA -
Exercise: Draw the AOA network for the following activities.

4
Critical Path Method
- Today’s Focus: AOA -
Exercise: Draw the AOA network for the following activities.

C
2 6
D G
A
4
H
1 8 9
5
E
B
3
F 7

5
Critical Path Method
- Today’s Focus: AOA -
Exercise: Draw the AOA network for the following activities.

AON Diagram?

6
Critical Path Method
- Fundamentals -
Two Types of CPM: (1) AOA and (2) AON

— Activity-on-arrow (AOA): Networks show each activity as an arrow, and the nodes represent
the starting and ending points.

— Activity-on-node (AON): Networks show each activity as a node, and arrows show the
immediate predecessor activities.

7
Critical Path Method
- Activity-On-Arrow (AON) -
Elements of AON Networks
— Nodes: denote activity directly.
— Arrows: denote the dependency between two activities (nodes).

AOA AON

1
A 2
B 3 A B
ta tb ta tb

8
Critical Path Method
- Activity-On-Arrow (AON) -
Activity Relationships in AOA & AON Networks
— #1: Dependent activities
• Activity B depends upon the completion of Activity A.
• A is a PREDECESSOR of B; B is a SUCCESSOR of A.

AOA AON

1
A 2
B 3

9
Critical Path Method
- Activity-On-Arrow (AON) -
Activity Relationships in AOA & AON Networks
— #1: Dependent activities
• Activity B depends upon the completion of Activity A.
• A is a PREDECESSOR of B; B is a SUCCESSOR of A.

AOA AON

1
A 2
B 3 A B
ta tb

10
Critical Path Method
- Activity-On-Arrow (AON) -
Activity Relationships in AOA & AON Networks
— #2: Merging activities
• Activity C depends upon the completion of both Activities A and B.
• A and B are PREDECESSOR of C.

AOA AON
1 A
C
3 4
B
2
11
Critical Path Method
- Activity-On-Arrow (AON) -
Activity Relationships in AOA & AON Networks
— #2: Merging activities
• Activity C depends upon the completion of both Activities A and B.
• A and B are PREDECESSOR of C.

AOA AON
1 A A
C
3 4 C
B
2 B
12
Critical Path Method
- Activity-On-Arrow (AON) -
Activity Relationships in AOA & AON Networks
— #3: Bursting activities
• Activities B and C depends up the completion of Activity A.
• A is a PREDECESSOR of both B and C.

AOA AON

B 1
A
3 4
C
2
13
Critical Path Method
- Activity-On-Arrow (AON) -
Activity Relationships in AOA & AON Networks
— #3: Bursting activities
• Activities B and C depends up the completion of Activity A.
• A is a PREDECESSOR of both B and C.

AOA AON

B 1 B
A
3 4 A
C
2 C
14
Critical Path Method
- Activity-On-Arrow (AON) -
Activity Relationships in AOA & AON Networks
— #4: Crossing activities
• Activity C and D both depends upon the completion of Activities A and B.
• Both A and B are PREDECESSOR for both B and C.

AOA AON
1 A C 4

B 3
D
2 5
15
Critical Path Method
- Activity-On-Arrow (AON) -
Activity Relationships in AOA & AON Networks
— #4: Crossing activities
• Activity C and D both depends upon the completion of Activities A and B.
• Both A and B are PREDECESSOR for both B and C.

AOA AON
1 A C 4 A C

B 3
D
2 5 B D
16
Critical Path Method
- Activity-On-Arrow (AON) -
Activity Relationships in AOA & AON Networks
— #5: Dummy activities
• Activity C depends upon the completion of Activities A and B.
• Activity D depends upon the completion of Activities A.

AOA AON
A C
1 3 5
D1

B D
2 4 6
17
Critical Path Method
- Activity-On-Arrow (AON) -
Activity Relationships in AOA & AON Networks
— #5: Dummy activities
• Activity C depends upon the completion of Activities A and B.
• Activity D depends upon the completion of Activities A.

AOA AON
A C
1 3 5 A C
D1

B D
2 4 6 B D
18
Critical Path Method
- Activity-On-Arrow (AON) -
Exercise: Draw the AON network for the following activities.

A C

D G

S E
E H

B F

19
Critical Path Method
- Activity-On-Arrow (AON) -
Exercise: Draw the AON network for the following activities.

A C

D G

S E
E H

B F

20
Critical Path Method
- Conventions -
Convention #1: One activity/arrow; one activity/node
— AOA: Only one activity is allowed per arrow.
• Also, only one activity (i.e., arrow) can exist between two nodes.
— AON: Only one activity is allowed per node.

AOA AON
A
A
1 2
B B

INCORRECT INCORRECT
21
Critical Path Method
- Conventions -
Convention #2: Minimize the # of dummies
— AOA: The more dummies you have, the more calculations you should take.
— AON: Always use two dummies (i.e., starting and ending activities (nodes)), but no more.

22
Critical Path Method
- Conventions -
Convention #3: Others (for Both AOA and AON)
— Direction of arrows: Always LEFT → RIGHT
— Length of arrow or size of node doesn’t mean anything.
— Try to minimize crossing lines for aesthetic point of view.

23
Critical Path Method
- Next Step: Forward & Backward Pass Calculations -
Exercise: Draw AOA/AON diagram for the below activities
Duration
Activities Predecessors
(Days)

A 5 -

B 3 -

C 3 A

D 1 B

E 2 C,D

24
Critical Path Method
- Forward & Backward Pass Calculation → Float Calculation -
Convention #1: Notation

AOA AON

ESTA EFTA ESTB EFTB


ESTA A EFTA ESTB B EFTB A B
i LSTA LFTA
j LSTB LFTB
j tA tB
tA tB
LSTA LFTA LSTB LFTB
TFA FFA TFB FFB TFA FFA TFB FFB

25
Critical Path Method
- Forward & Backward Pass Calculation → Float Calculation -
Convention #2: EST & EFT
— EST: The earliest possible time that an activity can begin w/o interfering with completion of
any of the preceding activities
— EST = Max (EFT&i); EFT = ESTij + Durationij

AOA AON
ESTA EFTA ESTB EFTB
ESTA A EFTA ESTB B EFTB A B
i LSTA LFTA
j LSTB LFTB
k tA tB
tA tB
LSTA LFTA LSTB LFTB
TFA FFA TFB FFB TFA FFA TFB FFB
26
Critical Path Method
- Forward & Backward Pass Calculation → Float Calculation -
Convention #2: LST & LFT
— LFT: The latest time at which an activity can be completed w/o affecting the project
completion time.
— LST = Min (LSTj&); LST = LFTij - Durationij

AOA AON
ESTA EFTA ESTB EFTB
ESTA A EFTA ESTB B EFTB A B
i LSTA LFTA
j LSTB LFTB
j tA tB
tA tB
LSTA LFTA LSTB LFTB
TFA FFA TFB FFB TFA FFA TFB FFB
27
Critical Path Method
- Forward & Backward Pass Calculation → Float Calculation -
Convention #3: Total Float
— TF: The time span in which the completion of an activity may occur and not delay the
completion of project.
— TFij = LFTij – EFTij = LSTij - ESTij

AOA AON
ESTA EFTA ESTB EFTB
ESTA A EFTA ESTB B EFTB A B
i LSTA LFTA
j LSTB LFTB
j tA tB
tA tB
LSTA LFTA LSTB LFTB
TFA FFA TFB FFB TFA FFA TFB FFB
28
Critical Path Method
- Forward & Backward Pass Calculation → Float Calculation -
Convention #4: Free Float
— TF: The time span in which the completion of an activity may occur and not delay the finish of
the project nor delay the start of any following activity.
— FFij = ESTjk – EFTij

AOA AON
ESTA EFTA ESTB EFTB
ESTA A EFTA ESTB B EFTB A B
i LSTA LFTA
j LSTB LFTB
k tA tB
tA tB
LSTA LFTA LSTB LFTB
TFA FFA TFB FFB TFA FFA TFB FFB
29
Critical Path Method
- Forward & Backward Pass Calculation → Float Calculation -
Example #1-1 (AOA)

Activities Duration Predecessors

A 5 -

B 3 A

C 8 A

D 2 B

E 1 C, D

30
Critical Path Method
- Forward & Backward Pass Calculation → Float Calculation -
Example #1-2 (AON)

Activities Duration Predecessors

A 5 -

B 3 A

C 8 A

D 2 B

E 1 C, D

31
Critical Path Method
- Forward & Backward Pass Calculation → Float Calculation -
Example #2-1 (AOA)

Activities Duration Predecessors

A 3 -

B 6 -

C 4 -

D 2 A, B

E 1 B, C

32
Critical Path Method
- Forward & Backward Pass Calculation → Float Calculation -
Example #2-2 (AON)

Activities Duration Predecessors

A 3 -

B 6 -

C 4 -

D 2 A, B

E 1 B, C

33
Critical Path Method
- Forward & Backward Pass Calculation → Float Calculation -
Example #3-1 (AOA)
Activities Duration Predecessors
A 1 -
B 8 A
C 4 A
P 7 A
L 2 B
M 4 C
Q 4 B,C,P
Y 5 L,C
F 10 L,M
V 5 Y,F,Q
34
Critical Path Method
- Forward & Backward Pass Calculation → Float Calculation -
Example #3-2 (AON)
Activities Duration Predecessors
A 1 -
B 8 A
C 4 A
P 7 A
L 2 B
M 4 C
Q 4 B,C,P
Y 5 L,C
F 10 L,M
V 5 Y,F,Q
35
Critical Path Method
- Forward & Backward Pass Calculation → Float Calculation -
Example #4-1 (AOA)
Activities Duration Predecessors
A 1 -
B 8 A
C 4 A
P 7 A
M 4 B,C,P
Q 4 P
Y 5 M
F1 10 M,Q
F2 10 M,Q
V 5 Y,F1,F2
36
Critical Path Method
- Forward & Backward Pass Calculation → Float Calculation -
Example #4-2 (AON)
Activities Duration Predecessors
A 1 -
B 8 A
C 4 A
P 7 A
M 4 B,C,P
Q 4 P
Y 5 M
F1 10 M,Q
F2 10 M,Q
V 5 Y,F1,F2
37
Critical Path Method
- Forward & Backward Pass Calculation → Float Calculation -
Example #5-1 (AOA)
Activities Duration Predecessors
A 1 -
B 8 A
C 4 A
P1 7 A
P2 7 A
M 4 B,C,P1
Q1 4 P1
Q2 4 P2
Y 5 B,M
F1 10 M
F2 10 M,Q1,Q2
V 5 Y,F1,F2
38
Critical Path Method
- Forward & Backward Pass Calculation → Float Calculation -
Example #5-2 (AON)
Activities Duration Predecessors
A 1 -
B 8 A
C 4 A
P1 7 A
P2 7 A
M 4 B,C,P1
Q1 4 P1
Q2 4 P2
Y 5 B,M
F1 10 M
F2 10 M,Q1,Q2
V 5 Y,F1,F2
39
Critical Path Method
- Forward & Backward Pass Calculation → Float Calculation -
Example #6-1 (AOA)
Activities Duration Predecessors
A 1 -
B 8 A
C 4 A
P 7 A
M1 4 B,C
M2 4 B,C
Q 4 P
Y 5 M1
F1 10 M1,M2
F2 10 Q
V 5 Y,F1,F2
40
Critical Path Method
- Forward & Backward Pass Calculation → Float Calculation -
Example #6-2 (AON)
Activities Duration Predecessors
A 1 -
B 8 A
C 4 A
P 7 A
M1 4 B,C
M2 4 B,C
Q 4 P
Y 5 M1
F1 10 M1,M2
F2 10 Q
V 5 Y,F1,F2
41

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