DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data collected from 60
hypertensive patients and which is divided into two groups, 30 control & 30 experimental group in
order to assess the Effectiveness of Positive Behaviour Therapy upon Blood pressure among
Hypertensive patients at selected Area of Jammu and Kashmir’’ The data were analysed using both
descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, median, standard deviation, and range) and
inferential statistics (paired t test, Chi-square test). All statistical analyses were performed using
SPSS version 26, with inferences drawn at a significance level of p < 0.05.

The findings have been tabulated according to the plan for data analysis and interpreted under
the following objectives:

 To assess the blood Pressure in control and experimental group of Hypertensive patients
before and after administration of Positive Behaviour therapy

 To evaluate the effectiveness of Positive Behaviour therapy by comparing the blood pressure
in Hypertensive patients between control and experimental group of Hypertensive patients

 To associate the post-test finding of blood pressure of hypertensive patients with selected
demographic variables in experimental group & control group.

Organization and Presentation of Data

A master sheet was used to record the acquired data in order to tabulate and perform
statistical analysis. The following sections outline where the data analysis is arranged and displayed:

Section I: Description of Socio-demographic data of the hypertensive patients

Section II: Description of assessing the blood Pressure in control and experimental group of
Hypertensive patients before and after administration of Positive Behaviour therapy

Section III: Description of finding the effectiveness of Positive Behaviour therapy by comparing the
blood pressure in Hypertensive patients between control and experimental group.
Section IV: Description of finding the association post-test finding of blood pressure of hypertensive
patients with selected demographic variables in experimental group & control group among
hypertensive patients

SECTION I
 Description of demographic data of the hypertensive patients

This section deals with the analysis and interpretation of the study
subjects in terms of demographic variables, which provide background
information about hypertensive patients and is presented in the form of the
following tables and figures.

Table 1: Frequency and percentage distribution of hypertensive patients

according to their demographic variables.

Characteristics Experimental group(n=30) Control group(n=30)

Content F p F p
30-40 7 23.3% 8 26.7%
41-50 16 53.3% 14 46.7%
Age 51-60 7 23.3% 8 26.7%

Gender Male 8 26.7% 9 30%

Female 22 73.3% 21 70%
Residence Urban 20 66.7% 18 60%
Rural 10 33.3% 12 40%
Educational Status Illiterate 3 10% 1 3.33%
Primary 7 23.3% 1 3.33%
education
Secondary 6 20% 9 30%
education
Higher 10 33.3% 13 43.3%
Secondary level
Graduate & 4 13.3% 6 20%
above
Marital Status Married 22 73.33 20 66.7%
%
Unmarried 2 6.7% 5 16.7%
Separated/ 4 13.3% 2 6.7%
 divorced
Widow/Widower 2 6.7% 3 10%
Section B: Clinical variable
Duration of
hypertension
<1 year 6 20 8 26.7%
1-5 years 10 33.3 9 30%
6-10 years 6 20 6 20%
 10 years 8 26.7 7 23.3%
History Of taking
medications for
major illness?

Yes 15 50% 14 46.7%

No 15 50% 16 53.3%
Number Of times
hospitalized within
last five years?

Nil 11 36.7 9 30%

1-2 years 13 43.3% 13 43.3%
>2 years 6 20% 8 26.7%
Reason for not taking
treatment
Lack of time to 6 20% 7 23.3%
go to hospital
Financial 9 30% 10 33.3%
Constraint
Not advised by 5 16.7% 7 23.3%
physician (as if
can be
controlled by
 exercise and
diet).
Any other 10 33.3% 6 20%
reasons [ ]
Treatment seeking
behavior of any
illness?

Use medical 10 33.3% 7 23.3%

facilities
Self-medication 12 40% 13 43.3%
Any other 8 26.7% 10 33.3%
History of Smoking
Smoker 11 36.7% 9 30%
Non-Smoker 19 63.3% 21 70%
Physical activity
Sedentary 9 30% 9 30%
Moderate 13 43.3% 14 46.7%
Heavy 8 26.7% 7 23.3%
Have you received
any training or
information on any
relaxation
techniques before?
Yes 13 43.3% 14 46.7%
No 17 56.7% 16 53.3%

Table 1 reveals the socio-demographic characteristics of hypertensive

patients

Age: In experimental group maximum of patients (53.3%) belong to age group of

41-50 years, followed by age group 30-40 &51-60 years as 23.33% each, while as
in case of control group maximum hypertensive patients (46.7%) belong to age
group of 41-50 years followed by age group 30-40 years & 51-60 years as 26.7%
each.
Gender: In experimental group majority of patients 73.3% were females, followed
by males as 26.7% while as in case of control group also maximum of patients
(70%) were females followed by males as (30%)

Residence: in experimental group most of respondents come from urban areas

(66.7%), followed by rural area as 33.3% , while in case of control group also
most of patients (60%) came from urban areas followed by rural areas as 40% .

Educational Status: in experimental group most of patients 33.3% have studied

up to higher secondary level, followed by primary education as 23.3%, followed by
secondary education as 20%, followed by graduation & above as13.3% while the
remaining 10%were illiterate, while in case of control group most of patients
43.3% have studied up to higher secondary level, followed by secondary level as
30%, followed by graduate & above as 20%, followed by illiterate & primary
education as 3.33% each.

Marital Status: In experimental group maximum of patients(73.33%) are

married , followed by separated/divorced as 13.3%., followed by unmarried and
widow as 13.3% each, while as in case of control group maximum of patients
(66.7%) are married, followed by , followed by unmarried as 16.7%., followed by
widow/widower as 10% , followed by separated/divorced as 6.7%
 Demographic data

50 46.67%

45 36.66%

40
35 23.33%
20%
13.33%
Percentage

20% 20%
30 20%
Experimental group
25
Control group
20
15
10
5
0
18-19 20-21 22-23 ≥23
Age(years)

Fig 1: 3d bar diagram showing percentage distribution of demographic data according

to age among experimental & control group

73.3%
Demographic data
70%

80
70
60 26.7% 30%
Percentage

50 Experimental group
40 Control group
30
20
10
0
Male Female
Gender

Fig 2: 3d bar diagram showing percentage distribution of demographic data according

to gender among experimental & control group
 66.7%
60%
Demographic data

70
60 33.3% 40%

50
Percentage

Experimental group
40
Control group
30
20
10
0
Urban Rural
Residence

Fig 3: Cylinder diagram showing percentage distribution of demographic data

according to residence among experimental & control group

Demographic data
43.3%
45

40
33.3%
35 30%

30
23.3%
25 20%
Percentage

Experimental group
20 Control group

15 10%

10
3.33% 3.33%
5

0
Illiteratre Primary education Secondary education Higher Secondary
level

Educational Status of hypertensive patients

Fig 4: Cone diagram showing percentage distribution of demographic data according

to educational status of hypertensive patients among experimental & control group
 73.33%
Demographic data
66.7%

80

70

60

50
Percentage

Experimental group
40 Control group
16.7% 13.3%
30 10%
6.7%
6.7%
20 6.7%

10

0
Married Unmarried Separated/Divorced Widow/Widower
Residential Area

Fig 5 3d bar diagram showing percentage distribution of demographic data according

to marital status among experimental & control group

Section II
Description of assessing the blood Pressure in control and
experimental group of Hypertensive patients before and after
administration of Positive behaviour therapy

Table 2: Frequency and percentage distribution of assessing the blood

Pressure in control and experimental group of Hypertensive patients before
administration of Positive behaviour therapy (Pre-test)

Blood pressure category Experimental Control

group(n=30) group(n=30)
(Pre-test)
f % f %
Normal 10 33.33% 4 13.33%
<120/<80

Elevated Blood 9 30% 4 13.33%

pressure(Hypertension stage 1)
130-139/80-89
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension 7 23.33% 13 43.34%
stage 2)
≥140/≥90
Hypertensive Crisis 4 13.34% 9 30%
>180/>120

The table presents the distribution of blood pressure level among hypertensive
patients based on standardized scoring in case of experimental and control
group (pre-test). In experimental group the majority of patients i.e. 33.33% have
normal BP level, followed by elevated BP level as 30%, followed by high BP level
as 23.33%.The least number of sample 13.34% have hypertensive crisis and
they need immediate medical attention, while in case of control group the
majority of patients i.e. 43.34% have high blood pressure, followed by
hypertensive crisis of patients as 30% and needs immediate medical attention.
The least number of patients 13.33% each were in equal proportion for normal
and elevated blood pressure level

3d bar diagram depicting level of BP among hypertensive patients in experimental and control
group
Pre-test

Experimental group Control group

43.34%

33.33%
30 30%
23.33%

13.33% 13.33% 13.34%

Normal Elevated BP High BP Hypertensive crisis

 Fig 6: Bar Diagram showing BP level of study subjects among experimental and
control group (pre-test).

Table 3: Frequency and percentage distribution of assessing the blood Pressure in

control and experimental group of Hypertensive after administration of Positive
behaviour therapy (Post-test)

Blood pressure category Experimental Control

group(n=30) group(n=30)
(Post-test)
f % f %

Normal 22 73.33% 9 30%

<120/<80

Elevated Blood pressure(Hypertension stage 1) 6 20% 5 16.67%

130-139/80-89

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension stage 2) 2 6.66% 10 33.33%

≥140/≥90

Hypertensive Crisis 0 0% 6 20%

>180/>120

The table presents the distribution of blood pressure level among hypertensive
patients based on standardized scoring in case of experimental and control
group (post-test). In experimental group the majority of patients i.e. 73.33%
have normal BP level, followed by elevated BP level as 20%.The least number of
sample 6.68% have high blood pressure and they need immediate medical
 attention, while in case of control group the majority of patients i.e. 33.33%
have high blood pressure, followed by normal as 30%, followed by hypertensive
crisis as 20% The least number of patients 16.67% each were having elevated

3d bar diagram depicting level of BP among hypertensive patients

in experimental & control group (Post-test)
73.33%

80

70

60
30% Experimental group
50 33.33% Control group
Percentage

40 20% 16.67% 20%

30 6.67% 0%

20

10

0
Normal Elevated BP High BP Hypertensive crisis

BP level

Fig 7: Bar Diagram showing BP levels of study subjects among experimental and
control group (Post-test).

Table 4: Descriptive statistics of level of BP among hypertensive patients in

experimental and control group (Pre-test)

Descriptive
Mo Media Minimu Maximu
Statistics (Mean±SD) Range
de n m m
(pre-test)
SBP=128.6±6.
25 129 129 101 185 84
Experimental
group DSBP=84.9±1.
84 85 84 69 129 60

SBP=141.7±9.
54 142 142 121 195 74
Control group
DSBP=97.2±7.
85 97 96 82 136 54
Table 5: Descriptive statistics of level of BP among hypertensive patients in experimental and
control group (Post-test)

Descriptive

Statistics (Mean±SD) Mode Median Minimum Maximum Range

(post-test)

SBP=103.7±3.10 103 104 88 140 52

Experimental
group
DSBP=97.89±4.1
99 98 51 122 71
1

Control group 10 11 2 16 14

SBP=10.10±2.54
 DSBP=8.64±1.72 9 9 4 101 93

Section III
Description of finding the effectiveness of experimental & control group, using
paired t-test after checking the normality of data using kolmagorav and Shapiro
wilk test

Table no: 6
Expeimental Group(N=30) Control Group(N=30)

Group Mean± SD Paired t Mean ±SD Paired t-

test test
Pretest SBP=9.466±1. 19.81 SBP=7.46±2.54 0.012
 25 P=0.000S P=0.473N
S
DSBP=
Posttest SBP=18.10±1. DSBP=10.10±2.
26 54
DSBP=

Section IV

Description of finding association between levels of BP with their

selected demographic variables among experimental and control
group.

Table 7: Association between post-test levels of BP with their demographic

variables among Experimental group
Normal BP level

Elevated

High BP level

P value
Interpret
Options df
Variables ation

30-40 1 0 7

AGE 41-50 0 0 7 11.31 4 0.03 S**

51-60 7 1 8

Gender Male 9 1 10
0.625 2 0.429 NS
Female 1 0 9

Residence

Urban 1 0 12 0.833 1 0.361 NS

 Rural 0 1 16

Education Illeterate 0 1 9
al Status
Primary
1 1 0
education
1.922 8 0.99
Secondar
NS
y 2 1 7
education

Higher
2 2 4
education

Graduate
1 0 1
& above
Marital Married 2 1 1
Status
Unmarrie
1 1 10
d
5.711 4 0.127 NS
Separate
1 0 0
d

Widow/
0 1 12
Widowe

Interpretation: From the above table it is clear that all socio-demographic

variables except age in case of experimental group is non significantly
associated with level of BP with pvalue >0.05 in all the cases excep age where
p <0.05