INTRODUCTION OF REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM AND FUNCTIONS OF MALE
AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
BY
PRABHU .S
I ST YEAR [Link]
GRTIPER
Sexual reproduction is the process by which organisms
produce offspring by making germ cells called gametes.
After the male gamete (sperm cell) unites with the
female gamete (secondary oocyte) an event called
fertilization the resulting cell contains one set of
chromosomes from each parent.
Females, sustaining the growth of the embryo and fetus.
The gonads testes in males and ovaries in females
produce gametes and secrete sex hormones.
……..
Various ducts then store and transport the gametes, and
accessory sex glands produce substances that protect the
gametes and facilitate their movement.
Finally, supporting structures, such as the penis in males
and the uterus in females, assist the delivery of gametes.
During pregnancy uterus also act as site for growth of
embryo and fetus
GYNECOLOGY AND UROLOGISTS
Gynecology Urologists
Is the specialized Diagnose and treat
branch of medicine diseases and disorders of
concerned with the the male reproductive
diagnosis and treatment of system. The branch of
diseases of the female medicine that deals with
reproductive system. male disorders, especially
infertility and sexual
dysfunction, is called
andrology
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The organs of the male reproductive system
includes
Testes
A system of ducts (epididymis, ductus
deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra).
Accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles,
prostate, and bulbourethral glands).
Several supporting structures, including the
scrotum and the penis.
…….
The testes (male gonads) produce sperm and secrete
hormones.
The duct system transports and stores sperm, assists in
their maturation, and conveys them to the exterior.
Semen contains sperm plus the secretions provided by
the accessory sex glands.
The supporting structures have various functions.
The penis delivers sperm into the female reproductive
tract and the scrotum supports the testes.
…..
SPERMATOGENSIS:
FUNCTIONS OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
The testes produce sperm and the male sex hormone
testosterone.
The ducts transport, store, and assist in maturation of
sperm.
The accessory sex glands secrete most of the liquid
portion of semen.
The penis contains the urethra, a passageway for
ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
The organs of the female reproductive system include the
Ovaries (female gonads)
The uterine (fallopian) tubes, or oviducts
The uterus
The vagina.
External organs which are collectively called the vulva,
or pudendum.
The mammary glands are considered part of both the
integumentary system and the female reproductive
system.
FUNCTIONS OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The ovaries produce secondary oocytes and hormones,
including progesterone and estrogens (female sex
hormones), inhibin, and relaxin.
The uterine tubes transport a secondary oocyte to the
uterus and normally are the sites where fertilization
occurs.
The uterus is the site of implantation of a fertilized
ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy, and
labor.
The vagina receives the penis during sexual intercourse
and is a passageway for childbirth.
The mammary glands synthesize, secrete, and eject milk
for nourishment of the newborn.
…..
….
OOGENISIS
SPERMATOGENESIS AND OOGENESIS
(GAMETOGENESIS )
Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis and
Oogenesis)
Gametogenesis, the production of sperm and eggs,
takes place through the process of meiosis.
During meiosis, two cell divisions separate the
paired chromosomes in the nucleus and then
separate the chromatids that were made during
an earlier stage of the cell’s life cycle, resulting in
gametes that each contain half the number of
chromosomes as the parent.
The production of sperm is called
spermatogenesis and the production of eggs is
called oogenesis.
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis occurs in the wall of the seminiferous tubules, with stem
cells at the periphery of the tube and the spermatozoa at the lumen of the
tube.
Immediately under the capsule of the tubule are diploid, undifferentiated
cells.
These stem cells, called spermatogonia go through mitosis with one
offspring going on to differentiate into a sperm cell, while the other gives
rise to the next generation of sperm.
Meiosis begins with a cell called a primary spermatocyte. At the end of the
first meiotic division, a haploid cell is produced called a secondary
spermatocyte. This haploid cell must go through another meiotic cell
division. The cell produced at the end of meiosis is called a spermatid.
When it reaches the lumen of the tubule and grows a flagellum (or “tail”), it
is called a sperm cell. Four sperm result from each primary spermatocyte
that goes through meiosis.
Stem cells are deposited during gestation and are present at birth through
the beginning of adolescence, but in an inactive state. During adolescence,
gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary cause the activation of
these cells and the production of viable sperm. This continues into old age.
OOGENESIS
Oogenesis occurs in the outermost layers of the ovaries. As with
sperm production, oogenesis starts with a germ cell, called an
oogonium but this cell undergoes mitosis to increase in number,
eventually resulting in up to one to two million cells in the embryo.
The cell starting meiosis is called a primary oocyte. This cell will
begin the first meiotic division, but be arrested in its progress in the
first prophase stage.
At the time of birth, all future eggs are in the prophase stage. At
adolescence, anterior pituitary hormones cause the development of a
number of follicles in an ovary.
This results in the primary oocyte finishing the first meiotic division.
The cell divides unequally, with most of the cellular material and
organelles going to one cell, called a secondary oocyte, and only one
set of chromosomes and a small amount of cytoplasm going to the
other cell.
This second cell is called a polar body and usually dies. A secondary
meiotic arrest occurs, this time at the metaphase II stage. At
ovulation, this secondary oocyte will be released and travel toward
the uterus through the oviduct. If the secondary oocyte is fertilized,
the cell continues through the meiosis II, completing meiosis,
producing a second polar body and a fertilized egg containing all 46
chromosomes of a human being, half of them coming from the sperm.