2.2.
2 Graphical Presentation
The main characteristics we will use to describe a data set are its center (Measures of
Central Tendency), its variability (Measures of Variability), and its shape (Skewness and
Kurtosis). One way to see patterns in data is to make a graph.
[Link] Frequency histogram
A frequency histogram is a graphical way to summarize a frequency distribution. It is a
bar graph with the following properties:
1. The horizontal scale is quantitative and measures the data values.
2. The vertical scale measures the frequencies of the classes.
3. Consecutive bars must touch. As a result, the “class boundaries” are the numbers that separate
classes without forming gaps. They will be the lower limits of classes as calculated for a frequency
distribution.
How to make Histogram?
Histogram for equal class width
Example 3: Construct a frequency histogram for the data considered in Example 1 with the
following frequency distribution.
Classes f X CB Rf <cf
5-9 10 7 4.5-9.5 0.5 0.5
10–14 2 12 9.5-14.5 0.1 0.6
15–19 4 17 14.5-19.5 0.2 0.8
20–24 3 22 19.5-24.5 0.15 0.95
25–29 1 27 24.5-29.5 0.05 1.00
Solution
Histogram
12
10
Frequency
8
6
4 Frequency
2
0
5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29
Bin
Note: Please click the link on how to make histogram in MS Excel [Link]
[Link]/examples/[Link]
Exercise 2
Construct a frequency histogram for the data considered in Example 2 with the given data:
Pulse rate (per minute) of 25 persons were recorded as
61, 75, 71, 72, 70, 65, 77, 72, 67, 80, 77, 62, 71, 74, 79, 67, 80, 77, 62, 71, 74, 61, 70, 85, 81
Cumulative Frequency Graph
A cumulative frequency graph, or ogive is a line graph displaying the cumulative frequency
of each class at its upper class boundary. The upper boundaries are marked on the horizontal axis,
and the cumulative frequencies are marked on the vertical axis. The graph should start at (or just
before) the lower boundary of the first class (where the cumulative frequency is zero), and end at
the upper boundary of the last class. The graph should be increasing from left to right, and the
points should be evenly spaced along the horizontal axis.
Exercise 3: Construct a cumulative frequency graph for the data considered in Exercise 2 with
the given data:
Pulse rate (per minute) of 25 persons were recorded as
61, 75, 71, 72, 70, 65, 77, 72, 67, 80, 77, 62, 71, 74, 79, 67, 80, 77, 62, 71, 74, 61, 70, 85, 81
[Link] Pie Chart/Graph
The pie chart is constructed by dividing a circle into two or more sections or slices. The
chart is used to show the proportion that each part is of the whole. Hence, it should be used when
you want to compare individual categories with the whole. If you want to compare the values of
categories with each other, a bar chart may be more useful.
Example 4: Construct a pie chart for the data considered in Example 1 with the following data.
5 10 7 19 25 12 15 7 6 8 17 17 22 21 7 7 24 5 6 5
Classes f
5-9 10
10–14 2 Scores of Students
15–19 4 3 1
10
20–24 3 4
2
25–29 1
5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29
Exercise 4