Q1.

PT
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑥 𝑦
i. | 𝑧 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 2𝑥 𝑦 | = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)3
𝑧 𝑥 𝑧 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑥 𝑦
| 𝑧 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 2𝑥 𝑦 | = |2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 2𝑥 𝑦 |
𝑧 𝑥 𝑧 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑥 𝑧 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦
1 𝑥 𝑦
= 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) |1 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 2𝑥 𝑦 |
1 𝑥 𝑧 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦
1 𝑥 𝑦
= 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) |0 𝑦+𝑧+𝑥 0 |
0 0 𝑧+𝑥+𝑦
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 0
= 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) | |
0 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧

𝑎−𝑏−𝑐 2𝑎 2𝑎
ii. | 2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 | = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 1 1 1

| 2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 | = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 |
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏 2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏
 1 0 0
−(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 0
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |2𝑏 −𝑏 − 𝑐 − 𝑎 0 | = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) | |
0 −(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
2𝑐 0 −𝑐 − 𝑎 − 𝑏

1+𝑎 1 1 1
1 1+𝑏 1 1 1 1 1 1
iii. | | = 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 (1 + + + + )
1 1 1+𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
1 1 1 1+𝑑
 𝑎1 − 𝑥 𝑏1 − 𝑦 𝑐1 − 𝑧 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 −𝑥 −𝑦 −𝑧 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
| 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | = |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | + | 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | = |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | − |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

𝑎 𝑎3 𝑎4 − 1
Q2. If a, b, c are distinct real numbers & |𝑏 𝑏3 𝑏 4 − 1| = 0 then PT 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
𝑐 𝑐3 𝑐4 − 1

𝑎 𝑎3 𝑎4 𝑎 𝑎3 1 1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎 𝑎3 1
|𝑏 𝑏3 𝑏 4| − |
𝑏 𝑏3 1| = 0 ⇒ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 |1 𝑏2 𝑏 3| = |
𝑏 𝑏3 1|
𝑐 𝑐3 𝑐 4
𝑐 𝑐3 1 1 𝑐2 𝑐 3
𝑐 𝑐3 1

1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎 1 𝑎3 1 𝑎2 𝑎3 1 𝑎 𝑎3
𝑎𝑏𝑐 |1 𝑏2 𝑏 3| = − |
𝑏 1 𝑏 3 | ⇒ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 |
1 𝑏2 𝑏 3| = |
1 𝑏 𝑏3 |
1 𝑐2 𝑐 3
𝑐 1 𝑐 3
1 𝑐2 𝑐 3
1 𝑐 𝑐3

𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎) = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)

𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎) = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑎1 + 𝑥 𝑏1 + 𝑦 𝑐1 + 𝑧
|𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | + |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | = | 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

5
𝑟 1
Q3. Find ∑ | |
𝑟=1 𝑟2 2
 5

5 ∑𝑟 1
| |
𝑟 1
∑ | 2 | = 𝑟=1
5
𝑟 2 | |
𝑟=1
∑ 𝑟2 2
𝑟=1

𝑟 1 5
Q4. If 𝛥𝑟 = |𝑟 2 2𝑁 + 1 2𝑁 + 1| then find ∑𝑁
𝑟=1 𝛥𝑟
𝑟3 3𝑁 2 3𝑁
 1 1 5
1 6 1 5
𝑁 2 (𝑁 + 1)(2𝑁 + 1) | 1
2
1| 𝑁 (𝑁 + 1)(2𝑁 + 1)
= | 3 |= | 2 1 1| = 0
2 𝑁+1 12
3𝑁 + 3 3𝑁 3
3𝑁 3
2
 𝑎+𝑥 𝑏+𝑦 𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 𝑦
| |=| |+| |
𝑐+𝑧 𝑑+𝑤 𝑐 𝑑 𝑧 𝑤

𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

Q5. If | 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐 | = 𝑘 |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| then find k
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏

2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏

|2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐 | = 2 |𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐 | = 2 |𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐|
2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
 𝑏 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎
2 |𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏| = 2 | 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏|
𝑎 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

𝑎+𝜆 𝑏 𝑐
Memorize: | 𝑎 𝑏+𝜆 𝑐 | = 𝜆2 (𝜆 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐+𝜆
Q7. PT
𝑎2 + 1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
i. | 𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 + 1 𝑏𝑐 | = 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐2 + 1

1
2
𝑎+ 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 +1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐 𝑎
| 𝑏 1
| 𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 + 1 𝑏𝑐 | = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 | 𝑏+ 𝑏 ||
𝑏
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐2 + 1 1
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐+
𝑐

𝑎2 + 1 𝑎2 𝑎2
= | 𝑏2 𝑏2 + 1 𝑎2 | = 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝑐2 𝑐2 𝑐2 + 1
 −𝑏𝑐 𝑏 2 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑐
ii. | 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑐 −𝑐𝑎 𝑐 2 + 𝑐𝑎 | = (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎)3
𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 2
𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 −𝑎𝑏

𝑏𝑐
− 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑏
𝑎 −𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐𝑎 𝑐𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏
| 𝑐𝑎 |
=𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎+𝑐 − 𝑐 + 𝑎 = |𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐𝑎 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏|
| 𝑏 |
𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑎 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 −𝑎𝑏
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑎 −
𝑐

1 1 1
= (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎) |𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐𝑎 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏|
𝑐𝑎 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 −𝑎𝑏

1 0 0
= (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎) |𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 −(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎) 0 | = (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎)3
𝑐𝑎 + 𝑏𝑐 0 −(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎)
 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝛥 = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

PROPERTIES
i. In a determinant the sum of product of the elements of a row (or column) with corresponding cofactors
a. of same row gives the value of determinant
𝛥 = 𝑎11 𝐶11 + 𝑎12 𝐶12 + 𝑎13 𝐶13 , 𝑒𝑡𝑐

b. of some other row (or column) is zero

𝑎11 𝐶21 + 𝑎12 𝐶22 + 𝑎13 𝐶23 = 0, 𝑒𝑡𝑐

ii. If upon substituting 𝑥 = 𝑎 determinant vanishes then (𝑥 − 𝑎) is a factor of the determinant

MULTIPLICATION OF DETERMINANTS