ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BAPATLA
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
COURSE NO: HORT 382
COURSE TITLE: POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT AND VALUE ADDITION OF
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
TOPIC: “PROTECTED CULTIVATION OF CUT ROSES”
SUBMITTED TO:
[Link] KUMARI MADAM,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE.
SUBMITTED BY:
[Link] DEVI BA -14 - 44
[Link] BA -14 - 45
[Link] BA -14 - 46
[Link] BA -14 – 47.
WHAT IS PROTECTED CULTIVATION?
• It is the process of cultivating plants inside a structure which protects plants from wind
precipitation , excessive radiations , temperature extremes , insects and diseases.
WHY PROTECTED CULTIVATION?
• Better quality produce
• Higher productivity
• Nursery raising and hardening of plants
• Better insect and disease control and reduced use of pesticides
• Off-season cultivation
• Efficient use of resources
TAXONOMY
• Common name – rose
• Scientific name – Rosa indica
• Family – Rosaceae
• Chromosome number – 2n=14
VARIETIES IDEAL FOR CULTIVATION IN GREENHOUSES
• Grand galla
• First red
• Golden gates
• Konfetti
• Starlite
• Vivaldi
CLIMATE AND SOILCLIMATE AND SOIL
• Ideal temperature – 15-27 degree Celsius
• Relative humidity – 60-70%
• Ideal soil – well drained , medium loam soil
• Ideal pH – 5.5-6.5
• Heavy and saline soils are not suitable
MANAGEMENT OF EXTERNAL FACTORS IN GREENHOUSE
• HEATING: heating system is required to maintain
the ideal temperature inside . Pipe coil distribution
systems are used with pressure hot water boiler.
• COOLING: in warmer regions cooling system is essential. An evaporativecooling system
known as fan pad cooling is used.
• LIGHT: Under high light intensity in summergrowers cover the roof byshading material.
Incandescent , florescent, and high intensity
lamps are used as light supplements.
• CARBON DIOXIDE: Rose cultivars are grown better in atmosphere containing 1200-
2000 ppm of carbon dioxide and produce larger yields.
• PROPAGATION:
• Generally propagated through T-budding
• 1 year old budded plants having at least3 canes on
rootstocks like [Link] var odorata or [Link] or
[Link] are most ideal for greenhouse cultivation.
LAND AND BED PREPARATION
• Well decomposed FYM of 8-10 kg/m2 is applied to finely tilled soil
• Before preparation of beds , soil should be sterilised with formaldehyde @0.3%
• Beds should be prepared having 30-40cm height , 90-100 cm width and length as per
availability of space
• The path should be 60cm in between two raised beds
PLANTING
• Optimum planting time – oct-dec
• Planting density – 7-14plants/m2
• Planting is done in two row system
WATER REQUIREMENT
• It depends on the type of soil , temperature , humidity and stage of growth
• Generally a plant requires 7-8 litres of water/m2/day
• Irrigation generally done by drip irrigation system having emitters 30cm apart on the
lateral line.
FERTIGATION
FERTIGATION N(ppm) P(ppm) K(ppm)
SCHEDULE
Vegetative 80 50 60
stage(sep-oct)
Flowering and 100 60 80
Harvesting(nov-mar)
SPECIAL CULTURAL PRACTICES
• BENDING: It is done to encourage the plant for
healthy framework at the bottom and to active
more number of side shoots. It is also done for
obtaining quality flowers with long stalk length
only weak and blind shoots are selected for
bending . only weak and blind shoots are selected
for bending
• DEFOLIATION:
The removal of leaves is known as defoliation. It is done mainly to induce certain plant
species to flower or to reduce transpiration loss during periods of stress.
• SHOOT THINNING:
Unproductive shoots and water suckers are to be occasionally removed for good quality
flowers
• PINCHING:
Remove the terminal growing portion along with
portion of stem is called pinching . This helps to get
good quality flowers and buds and avoids wastage of
energy in the development of auxiliary bud.
• BUD CAPPING:
Bud caps are placed on the flower bud when they
are of pea size. This helps to increase bud size and
shape.
• DISBUDDING
Practice of removing undersized buds.
Done by placing the bud between thumb and index
• DISEASES AND PESTS:
Dieback – Diplodia rosarum
Powdery mildew – Sphaerotheca pannosa
Rust – Phargmidium mucronatum
Downy mildew – Peronospora sparsa
Aphids – Macrosiphum rosae
Thrips – Scirtothrips dorsalis
Cottony cushion scale – Icerya purchasi
• HARVESTING:
Plants should be harvested at tight bud stage when 1 or 2 petals begin unfold with help of
sharp secateurs.
There should be 1-2 mature leaves left on the plant after flower has been cut.
It is done preferably during early morning hours.
• GRADING:
Flowers should be graded according to various grades as specification for local and
distant market.
• BUNCHING :
Roses are made into bunches of 5,10,20,50,100.
• PULSING:
Treating the flowers with high concentrations of sucrose and germicide for a short period
of time in order to improve quality, shelf life and flower opening.
Pulsing is beneficial for flowers destined for long storage period or long distance
transport.
• PACKAGING:
Cut flowers should be packed in corrugated cardboard boxed or sleeves.
Cotton or news paper can be used as cushion.
Ensure protection of against physical damage.
• PRECOOLING:
To remove field heat from flowers.
Done either by forced air cooling or hydro cooling to bring temperature from 20ºc -30ºc
to 1ºc.
• STORAGE:
1. Wet storage
2. Dry storage
wet storage: It is a short term storage, cut stems are dipped in water.
Dry storage: labour intensive and costly .controlled atmosphere based on reduction of
respiration rates conservation of respirable substrates, delay in ethylene production.
• TRANSPORATION:
Lower rate of transpiration, respiration and cell division during transportation are
essential for long storage and keeping quality.
Treated with systemic insecticides and miticides to avoid damage.
boxes made of corrugated fibre boards are used.
Flowers sensitive to geotropic bending must be transported in upright position.
RH of 95-98% should be maintained.
Lack of light causes yellowing of leaves
For short distances there are transported in insulated trucks.
Air shipment is quick method of transportation for longer distance.
• REASONS FOR FLOWER DAMAGE:
Food depletion
Attack by bacteria and fungi
Normal maturation and aging of flower
Wilting or water stress and xylem blockage
Bruising and crushing of flowers
Fluctuating temperatures during storage and transit
Color change-bluing
Accumulation of ethylene
Poor water quality
Sub optimal cultural practices or conditions.
• METHODS TO IMPROVE SHELF LIFE OF ROSES GROWTH
REGULATORS:
Cytokinins : delay the senescence.
Gibberlic acid : promotes longevity of flowers also used in bud opening.
IAA : production of isolated carnation petals.
• PRESERVATIVE SOLUTIONS:
Quality and longevity is obtained when DICA or DDMH were combined with sucrose.
• CONDITIONING AND HARDENING: done with dimineralized water
suppliment with germicides and acidified with citric acid.
Wetting agent like tween 20 @0.01-0.10% can be used.
• IMPREGNATION :Loading of flowers with high concentrations of silver nitrate or
nickel chloride or [Link] in reducing the attack of microbes and synthesis
of ethylene.
• BUD OPENING
By using germicide, sucrose and harmonal solution
• HOLDING
Flowers are held in solution containing sucrose, germicide ethylene inhibitor growth
regulators.
Flowers are held in that either at wholesaler, retailers and consumer level.