Computer Notes - Class - 7th
1. Introduction to HTML
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) is the standard language used to create webpages.
It consists of tags which tell the browser how to display content.
HTML Document Structure
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
<html> → Root element.
<head> → Contains metadata (title, CSS, etc.).
<title> → Title shown on browser tab.
<body> → Contains visible content (headings, text, images, links).
2. Basic HTML Tags
Text Formatting
<b> → Bold
<i> → Italic
<u> → Underline
<p> → Paragraph
<br> → Line break
Headings
<h1> to <h6> for headings (h1 = biggest, h6 = smallest).
Hyperlinks
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<a href="[Link] Google</a>
Uses href attribute.
Images
<img src="[Link]" alt="My Photo">
src = source of image.
alt = alternative text (if image not loaded).
3. Lists in HTML
Ordered List (numbered) → <ol>
Unordered List (bulleted) → <ul>
List Items → <li>
Example:
<ol>
<li>First</li>
<li>Second</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Banana</li>
</ul>
Difference
Ordered list → numbered (1,2,3).
Unordered list → bullets (●, ■).
4. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
CSS is used to style HTML webpages.
Ways to Apply CSS
1. Inline CSS → inside HTML tag using style attribute.
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<p style="color:red;">This is red text.</p>
2. Internal CSS → inside <style> tag in <head>.
<style>
p { color: blue; }
</style>
3. External CSS → separate .css file linked with <link>.
Common CSS Properties
color → text color.
background-color → background color.
font-size → size of text.
text-align → align text (left, right, center).
Example:
body {
background-color: blue;
color: white;
}
h1 {
text-align: center;
}
5. Aligning Text in HTML
Text can be aligned using CSS or HTML attribute.
Example:
<p align="center">This is centered text.</p>
or using CSS:
<p style="text-align:center;">This is centered text.</p>
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6. Client-Server Architecture
Client → A device (computer, phone) that requests services (like opening a website).
Server → A computer that provides services/data to clients.
Example:
When you open [Link]:
Your browser = Client.
Google’s computer = Server.
Diagram (Text form):
Client (Browser) -----> Request -----> Server
Client (Browser) <----- Response <----- Server
7. Computer Networks
A Computer Network is a group of interconnected computers that share resources and communicate with
each other.
Types of Networks
1. LAN (Local Area Network)
Covers small area (home, school, office).
High speed.
Example: Computer lab network.
Advantage: Fast, low cost.
Disadvantage: Limited to small area.
2. WAN (Wide Area Network)
Covers large geographical areas (cities, countries).
Internet is the largest WAN.
Advantage: Connects worldwide.
Disadvantage: Slower, expensive.
8. Network Devices
Router → Connects different networks (used in homes to connect internet).
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Switch → Connects multiple computers in LAN.
Hub → Basic device to connect systems (less intelligent than switch).
9. Network Topologies
Network topology = arrangement of computers in a network.
Star Topology
All computers connected to a central device (switch/router).
Advantage: Easy to manage.
Disadvantage: If central device fails, whole network stops.
Bus Topology
All computers connected to a single cable (backbone).
Advantage: Easy to install, less cabling.
Disadvantage: If main cable fails, whole network fails; difficult to troubleshoot.
Prepared By:
_Amresh Maurya
Happy Learning, Students! Keep exploring and keep growing.