Cat

The cat (Felis catus), also referred to as the

domestic cat or house cat, is a small domesticated Cat
carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated Temporal range:
species of the family Felidae. Advances in Holocene to present (9,500 years ago)
archaeology and genetics have shown that the
domestication of the cat occurred in the Near East
around 7500 BC. It is commonly kept as a pet and
working cat, but also ranges freely as a feral cat
avoiding human contact. It is valued by humans for
companionship and its ability to kill vermin. Its
retractable claws are adapted to killing small prey
species such as mice and rats. It has a strong, flexible
body, quick reflexes, and sharp teeth, and its night
vision and sense of smell are well developed. It is a
social species, but a solitary hunter and a crepuscular
predator.

Cat communication includes meowing, purring,

trilling, hissing, growling, grunting, and body
language. It can hear sounds too faint or too high in
frequency for human ears, such as those made by
small mammals. It secretes and perceives
pheromones. Cat intelligence is evident in its ability
to adapt, learn through observation, and solve Various types of cats
problems.
Conservation status
Female domestic cats can have kittens from spring to
Domesticated
late autumn in temperate zones and throughout the
year in equatorial regions, with litter sizes often Scientific classification
ranging from two to five kittens. Domestic cats are Kingdom: Animalia
bred and shown at cat fancy events as registered
Phylum: Chordata
pedigreed cats. Population control includes spaying
and neutering, but pet abandonment has exploded Class: Mammalia
the global feral cat population, which has driven the Order: Carnivora
extinction of bird, mammal, and reptile species.
Family: Felidae
Domestic cats occur across the globe, though their Subfamily: Felinae
popularity as pets varies by region. Out of the
estimated 600 million cats worldwide, 400 million Genus: Felis
reside in Asia, including 58 million pet cats in China. Species: F. catus[1]
The United States leads in cat ownership with 73.8 Binomial name
million cats. In the United Kingdom, approximately
Felis catus[1]
10.9 million domestic cats are kept as pets.
Linnaeus, 1758[2]

Synonyms
Etymology and naming
Catus domesticus Erxleben, 1777[3]
The origin of the English word cat, Old English catt, F. angorensis Gmelin, 1788
is thought to be the Late Latin word cattus, which
was first used at the beginning of the 6th century.[4] F. vulgaris Fischer, 1829
The Late Latin word may be derived from an
unidentified African language.[5] The Nubian word kaddîska (wildcat) and Nobiin kadīs are
possible sources or cognates.[6]

The forms might also have derived from an ancient Germanic word that was absorbed into Latin
and then into Greek, Syriac, and Arabic.[7] The word may be derived from Germanic and
Northern European languages, and ultimately be borrowed from Uralic, cf. Northern Sámi
gáđfi, female stoat, and Hungarian hölgy, lady, female stoat; from Proto-Uralic *käďwä,
female (of a furred animal).[8]

The English puss, extended as pussy and pussycat, is attested from the 16th century and may
have been introduced from Dutch poes or from Low German puuskatte, related to Swedish
kattepus, or Norwegian pus, pusekatt. Similar forms exist in Lithuanian puižė and Irish puisín
or puiscín. The etymology is unknown, but it may be an onomatopoeia from using a sound to
attract a cat.[9][10]

A male cat is called a tom or tomcat[11] (or a gib,[12] if neutered). A female is called a queen (or
sometimes a molly,[13] if spayed).[14] Some sources write that queen refers solely to unspayed
cats that are in an estrous cycle.[15] A juvenile cat is referred to as a kitten, a term
interchangeable with the now-obsolete word catling in Early Modern English.[16] A group of
cats can be referred to as a clowder, a glaring,[17] or a colony.[18]

Taxonomy
The scientific name Felis catus was proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for a domestic cat.[1][2]
Felis catus domesticus was proposed by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben in 1777.[3] Felis
daemon proposed by Konstantin Satunin in 1904 was a black cat from the Transcaucasus, later
identified as a domestic cat.[19][20]

In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled that the domestic cat
is a distinct species, namely Felis catus.[21][22] In 2007, the modern domesticated subspecies F.
silvestris catus sampled worldwide was considered to have probably descended from the
African wildcat (F. lybica), following results of phylogenetic research.[23][24][a] In 2017, the
IUCN Cat Classification Taskforce followed the recommendation of the ICZN in regarding the
domestic cat as a distinct species, Felis catus.[25]
Evolution
The domestic cat is a member of the Felidae, a family
that has a common ancestor from about
10 to 15 million years ago.[26] The evolutionary
radiation of the Felidae began in Asia during the
Miocene around 8.38 to 14.45 million years ago.[27]
Analysis of mitochondrial DNA of all Felidae species
indicates a radiation at 6.46 to 16.76 million years ago.
[28] The genus Felis genetically diverged from other

Felidae around 6 to 7 million years ago.[27] Results of

phylogenetic research shows that the wild members of
this genus evolved through sympatric or parapatric
speciation, whereas the domestic cat evolved through
artificial selection.[29] The domestic cat and its closest
wild ancestor are diploid and both possess 38
chromosomes[30] and roughly 20,000 genes.[31] Skulls of a wildcat (top left), a housecat
(top right), and a hybrid between the two
(bottom center)

Phylogenetic relationships of the domestic cat as derived through analysis of

nuclear DNA:[27][28]

Felidae Pantherinae

Felinae other Felinae lineages

Felis
Jungle cat (F. chaus)

Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)

Sand cat (F. margarita)

Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)

African wildcat (F. lybica)

European wildcat (F. silvestris)

Domestic cat

mitochondrial DNA:[32]
 Felis Sand cat (F. margarita)

Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)

European wildcat (F. silvestris)

African wildcat Southern African wildcat (F. l. cafra)

Asiatic wildcat (F. l. ornata)

Near Eastern wildcat

Domestic cat

Domestication
It was long thought that the domestication of the cat
began in ancient Egypt, where cats were venerated from
around 3100 BC.[33][34] However, the earliest known
indication for the taming of an African wildcat was
excavated close by a human Neolithic grave in
Shillourokambos, southern Cyprus, dating to about
7500–7200 BC. Since there is no evidence of native
mammalian fauna on Cyprus, the inhabitants of this
Neolithic village most likely brought the cat and other
wild mammals to the island from the Middle Eastern
mainland.[35] Scientists therefore assume that African
wildcats were attracted to early human settlements in
the Fertile Crescent by rodents, in particular the house
mouse (Mus musculus), and were tamed by Neolithic A cat eats a fish under a chair, in a mural
farmers. This mutual relationship between early in an Egyptian tomb dating to the 15th
farmers and tamed cats lasted thousands of years. As century BC.
agricultural practices spread, so did tame and
domesticated cats.[32][36] Wildcats of Egypt contributed
to the maternal gene pool of the domestic cat at a later time.[37]

The earliest known evidence for the occurrence of the domestic cat in Greece dates to around
1200 BC. Greek, Phoenician, Carthaginian and Etruscan traders introduced domestic cats to
southern Europe.[38] By the 5th century BC, they were familiar animals around settlements in
Magna Graecia and Etruria.[39] During the Roman Empire, they were introduced to Corsica and
Sardinia before the beginning of the 1st century AD.[40] By the end of the Western Roman
Empire in the 5th century, the Egyptian domestic cat lineage had arrived in a Baltic Sea port in
northern Germany.[37]

The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) was tamed independently in China around 5500 BC.
This line of partially domesticated cats leaves no trace in the domestic cat populations of today.
[41]

During domestication, cats have undergone only minor changes in anatomy and behavior, and
they are still capable of surviving in the wild. Several natural behaviors and characteristics of
wildcats may have pre-adapted them for domestication as pets. These traits include their small
size, social nature, obvious body language, love of play, and high intelligence. Their rigorous
grooming habits and instinct to bury their bodily waste make them generally much less messy
than other domesticated animals. Captive Leopardus cats may also display affectionate
behavior toward humans but are not domesticated.[42] House cats may mate with feral cats.[43]
Hybridization between domestic and other Felinae species is also possible, producing hybrids
such as the Kellas cat in Scotland.[44][45]

Development of cat breeds started in the mid 19th century.[46] An analysis of the domestic cat
genome revealed that the ancestral wildcat genome was significantly altered in the process of
domestication, as specific mutations were selected to develop cat breeds.[47] Most breeds are
founded on random-bred domestic cats. Genetic diversity of these breeds varies between
regions, and is lowest in purebred populations, which show more than 20 deleterious genetic
disorders.[48]

Characteristics

Size
The domestic cat has a smaller skull and
shorter bones than the European wildcat.
[49] It averages about 46 cm (18 in) in

head-to-body length and 23–25 cm (9.1–

9.8 in) in height, with about 30 cm (12 in)
long tails. Males are larger than females.
[50] Adult domestic cats typically weigh 4–

5 kg (8.8–11.0 lb).[29] Diagram of the general anatomy of a male domestic cat

Skeleton
Cats have seven cervical vertebrae (as do most mammals); 13 thoracic vertebrae (humans have
12); seven lumbar vertebrae (humans have five); three sacral vertebrae (as do most mammals,
but humans have five); and a variable number of caudal vertebrae in the tail (humans have only
three to five vestigial caudal vertebrae, fused into an internal coccyx).[51]: 11 The extra lumbar
and thoracic vertebrae account for the cat's spinal mobility and flexibility. Attached to the spine
are 13 ribs, the shoulder, and the pelvis.[51]: 16 Unlike human arms, cat forelimbs are attached to
the shoulder by free-floating clavicle bones which allow them to pass their body through any
space into which they can fit their head.[52]

Skull
The cat skull is unusual among mammals in having very large eye
sockets and a powerful specialized jaw.[53]: 35 Two long canine
teeth for killing and tearing prey, can stab between two of the
prey's vertebrae and sever its spinal cord, causing paralysis and
death.[54] Compared to other felines, domestic cats have narrowly
spaced canine teeth relative to the size of their jaw, which is an
Cat skull
adaptation to their preferred prey of small rodents, which have
small vertebrae.[54]

The premolar and first molar together compose the carnassial pair on each side of the mouth,
which efficiently shears meat into small pieces, like a pair of scissors. These are vital in feeding,
because cats' small molars cannot chew food effectively, and cats are largely incapable of
mastication.[53]: 37 Cats tend to have better dental health than most humans, with decay
generally less likely because of a thicker protective layer of enamel, a less damaging saliva, less
retention of food particles between teeth, and a diet mostly devoid of sugar. Nonetheless, they
are subject to occasional tooth loss and infection.[55]

Claws
Cats have protractible and retractable claws.[56] In their normal,
relaxed position, the claws are sheathed with the skin and fur
around the paw's toe pads. This keeps the claws sharp by
preventing wear from contact with the ground and allows for the
silent stalking of prey. The claws on the forefeet are typically
sharper than those on the hindfeet.[57] Cats can voluntarily extend
their claws, such as in hunting, fighting, climbing, kneading, or
for extra traction on soft surfaces. Cats shed the outside layer of Cat's claw
their claw sheaths when scratching rough surfaces.[58]

Most cats have five claws on their front paws and four on their rear paws. The dewclaw is
proximal to the other claws. More proximally is a protrusion which appears to be a sixth
"finger". This special feature of the front paws on the inside of the wrists has no function in
normal walking but is thought to be an antiskidding device used while jumping. Some cat
breeds are prone to having extra digits ("polydactyly").[59]

Ambulation
The cat is digitigrade. It walks on the toes, with the bones of the feet making up the lower part of
the visible leg.[60] Unlike most mammals, it uses a "pacing" gait that alternates both legs
together on each side. It registers directly by placing each hind paw close to the track of the
corresponding fore paw, minimizing noise and visible tracks. This also provides sure footing for
hind paws when navigating rough terrain. As it speeds up from walking to trotting, its gait
changes to a "diagonal" gait: The diagonally opposite hind and fore legs move simultaneously.
[61]

Balance
Cats are generally fond of perching in high places. This may be a
concealed hunting site such as a tree branch, for domestic cats to
pounce upon prey. They favor a superior observation point over
territory. A cat falling from up to 3 m (9.8 ft) can right itself and
land on its paws.[62]

During a lofty fall, a cat reflexively twists and rights itself to land A cat perched on a tree
on its feet using its acute sense of balance and flexibility. This branch, having climbed up for
reflex is known as the cat righting reflex.[63] A cat always rights exploration, escape, or
itself in the same way, and it has enough time in falls of at least hunting.
90 cm (3.0 ft).[64] This has been investigated as the "falling cat
problem".[65]

Coats
The cat family (Felidae) can pass down many colors and patterns
to their offspring. The domestic cat genes MC1R and ASIP allow
color variety in their coats. The feline ASIP gene consists of three
coding exons.[66] Three novel microsatellite markers linked to
ASIP were isolated from a domestic cat BAC clone containing this
gene to perform linkage analysis on 89 domestic cats segregated
for melanism. The domestic cat family demonstrated a
cosegregation between the ASIP allele and coat black coloration.
[67]

Mother cat with her different- Senses

colored offspring

Vision
Cats have excellent night vision and can see at one sixth the light level required for human
vision.[53]: 43 This is partly the result of cat eyes having a tapetum lucidum, which reflects any
light that passes through the retina back into the eye, thereby increasing the eye's sensitivity to
dim light.[68] Large pupils are an adaptation to dim light. The domestic cat has slit pupils, which
allow it to focus bright light without chromatic aberration.[69] At low light, a cat's pupils expand
to cover most of the exposed surface of its eyes.[70] The domestic cat has rather poor color vision
and only two types of cone cells, optimized for sensitivity to blue and yellowish green; its ability
to distinguish between red and green is limited.[71] A response to middle wavelengths from a
system other than the rod cells might be due to a third type of cone. This appears to be an
adaptation to low light levels rather than representing true trichromatic vision.[72] Cats have a
nictitating membrane, allowing them to blink without hindering
their vision.

Hearing
The domestic cat's hearing is most acute in the range of 500 Hz to
32 kHz.[73] It can detect an extremely broad range of frequencies
ranging from 55 Hz to 79 kHz, whereas humans can only detect
frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. It can hear a range of 10.5
octaves, compared to about 9 octaves for humans and dogs.[74][75]
Its hearing sensitivity is enhanced by its large movable outer ears,
the pinnae, which amplify sounds and help detect the location of a
noise. It can detect ultrasound, including ultrasonic calls from
rodent prey.[76][77] Research has shown that cats have socio-
spatial cognitive abilities to create mental maps of familiar
people's locations based on hearing their voices.[78]

Smell
Cats have an acute sense of smell, due in part to their well-
developed olfactory bulb and a large surface of olfactory mucosa,
about 5.8 cm2 (0.90 in2) in area, which is about twice that of A cat's nictitating membrane
humans.[79] Cats and many other animals have a Jacobson's is exposed as it blinks.
organ in their mouths that is used in the behavioral process of
flehmening. It allows them to sense certain aromas in a way that
humans cannot. Cats are sensitive to pheromones such as 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol,[80]
which they use to communicate through urine spraying and marking with scent glands.[81]
Many cats also respond strongly to plants that contain nepetalactone, especially catnip, which
they can detect at less than one part per billion.[82] About 70–80% of cats are affected by
nepetalactone.[83] This response is also produced by other plants, such as silver vine (Actinidia
polygama) and the herb valerian; it may be caused by the smell of these plants mimicking a
pheromone and stimulating cats' social or sexual behaviors.[84]

Taste
Cats have about 470 taste buds, compared to more than 9,000 on the human tongue.[85]
Domestic and wild cats share a taste receptor gene mutation that keeps their sweet taste buds
from binding to sugary molecules, leaving them with no ability to taste sweetness.[86] But they
do have taste bud receptors specialized for acids, amino acids such as the constituents of
protein, and bitter tastes.[87]

Cats' taste buds possess the receptors needed to detect umami. However, these receptors
contain molecular changes that make them taste umami differently from humans. In humans,
they detect the amino acids glutamic acid and aspartic acid; but in cats, they instead detect
inosine monophosphate and histidine.[88] These molecules are particularly enriched in tuna.[88]
Researchers argue why cats find tuna so palatable: "the specific combination of the high IMP
and free histidine contents of tuna, which produces a strong umami taste synergy that is highly
preferred by cats."[88] One researcher said, "I think umami is as important for cats as sweet is
for humans."[89]

Cats distinctly prefer food temperature around 38 °C (100 °F), similar to a fresh kill. Some cats
reject cold food, which would signal to the cat that the prey is long dead and therefore possibly
toxic or decomposing.[85]

Whiskers
To aid with navigation and sensation, cats have dozens
of movable whiskers (vibrissae) over their body,
especially their faces. These provide information on the
width of gaps and on the location of objects in the dark,
both by touching objects directly and by sensing air
currents. They trigger protective blink reflexes to
protect the eyes from damage.[53]: 47

The whiskers of a cat are highly sensitive

Behavior to touch.

Outdoor cats are active both day and night, although

they tend to be slightly more active at night.[90] Domestic cats spend the majority of their time
in the vicinity of their homes, but they can range a radius of many hundreds of meters. They
establish territories that vary considerably in size, in one study ranging 7–28 ha (17–69 acres).
[91] The timing of cats' activity is quite flexible and varied; but being low-light predators, they

are generally crepuscular, which means they tend to be more active near dawn and dusk.
However, house cats' behavior is also influenced by human activity, and they may adapt to their
owners' sleeping patterns to some extent.[92][93]

Cats conserve energy by sleeping more than most animals, especially as they grow older. The
daily duration of sleep varies, usually between 12 and 16 hours, with 13 to 14 being the average.
Some cats can sleep as much as 20 hours. The term "cat nap" for a short rest refers to the cat's
tendency to fall asleep (lightly) for a brief period. Short periods of rapid eye movement sleep are
often accompanied by muscle twitches, which suggests they are dreaming.[94]

Behavioral and personality traits depend on a complex interplay between genetic and
environmental factors. Scientific evidence is mixed about the popular belief that those traits are
linked to coat colors.[95][96][97]

Sociability
The social behavior of the domestic cat ranges from widely dispersed individuals to feral cat
colonies that gather around a food source, based on groups of co-operating females.[98][99]
Within such groups, one cat is usually dominant over the others.[100] Each cat in a colony holds
a distinct territory, with sexually active males having the largest territories, which are about 10
times larger than those of female cats and may overlap with several females' territories. These
territories are marked by urine spraying, rubbing objects at head height with secretions from
facial glands, and by defecation.[81] Between these territories are neutral areas where cats watch
and greet one another without territorial conflicts. Outside these neutral areas, territory holders
usually chase away stranger cats, at first by staring, hissing, and growling, and, if that does not
work, by short and violent, noisy attacks. Although cats do not have a social survival strategy or
herd behavior, they always hunt alone.[101]

Life in proximity to humans and other domestic animals has led to a symbiotic social adaptation
in cats, and cats may express great affection toward humans or other animals. Ethologically, a
cat's human keeper functions as a mother surrogate.[102] Adult cats live in a type of extended
kittenhood, a form of behavioral neoteny. Their high-pitched sounds may mimic the cries of a
hungry human infant, making them particularly difficult for humans to ignore.[103] Some pet
cats are poorly socialized. In particular, older cats show aggressiveness toward newly arrived
kittens, which includes biting and scratching; this type of behavior is known as feline asocial
aggression.[104]

Redirected aggression is a common form of aggression which can occur in multiple cat
households. In redirected aggression, there is usually something that agitates the cat: this could
be a sight, sound, or another source of stimuli which causes a heightened level of anxiety or
arousal. If the cat cannot attack the stimuli, it may direct anger elsewhere by attacking or
directing aggression to the nearest cat, pet, human or other being.[105][106]

Domestic cats' scent rubbing behavior toward humans or other cats is thought to be a feline
means of social bonding.[107]

Communication
Domestic cats use many vocalizations for
communication, including purring, trilling,
hissing, growling/snarling, grunting, and several
different forms of meowing.[108] Their body
language, including position of ears and tail,
relaxation of the whole body, and kneading of the
paws, are all indicators of mood. The tail and ears
are particularly important social signal
mechanisms; a raised tail indicates a friendly Vocalizing domestic cat
greeting, and flattened ears indicate hostility.
Tail-raising also indicates the cat's position in the
A meow
group's social hierarchy, with dominant
individuals raising their tails less often than 0:02

subordinate ones.[109] Feral cats are generally

silent.[110]: 208 Nose-to-nose touching is also a
common greeting and may be followed by social grooming, which is solicited by one of the cats
raising and tilting its head.[98]
Purring may have developed as an evolutionary advantage as a signaling mechanism of
reassurance between mother cats and nursing kittens, who are thought to use it as a care-
soliciting signal.[111] Post-nursing cats also often purr as a sign of contentment: when being
petted, becoming relaxed,[112][113] or eating. Although purring is popularly interpreted as
indicative of pleasure, it has been recorded in a wide variety of circumstances, most of which
involve physical contact between the cat and another, presumably trusted individual.[111] Some
cats have been observed to purr continuously when chronically ill or in apparent pain.[114]

The exact mechanism by which cats purr has long been elusive, but it has been proposed that
purring is generated via a series of sudden build-ups and releases of pressure as the glottis is
opened and closed, which causes the vocal folds to separate forcefully. The laryngeal muscles in
control of the glottis are thought to be driven by a neural oscillator which generates a cycle of
contraction and release every 30–40 milliseconds (giving a frequency of 33 to 25 Hz).[111][115]
[116]

Domestic cats observed in rescue facilities have 276 morphologically distinct facial expressions
based on 26 facial movements; each facial expression corresponds to different social functions
that are probably influenced by domestication.[117] Facial expressions have helped researchers
detect pain in cats. The feline grimace scale's five criteria—ear position, orbital tightening,
muzzle tension, whisker change, and head position—indicated the presence of acute pain in
cats.[118][119]

Grooming
Cats are known for spending considerable amounts of time licking
their coats to keep them clean.[120][121] The cat's tongue has
backward-facing spines about 0.5 millimeter long, called lingual
papillae, which contain keratin making them rigid.[122] The
papillae act like a hairbrush, and some cats, particularly long-
haired cats, occasionally regurgitate sausage-shaped 2–3 cm
Cat tongue (0.8–1.2 in) long hairballs of fur that have collected in their
stomachs from grooming. Hairballs can be prevented with
remedies that ease elimination of the hair through the gut, and
regular grooming of the coat with a comb or stiff brush.[120]

Cat intelligence
Cat intelligence refers to a cat's ability to solve problems, adapt to its environment, learn new
behaviors, and communicate its needs. Structurally, a cat's brain shares similarities with the
human brain,[123] containing around 250 million neurons in the cerebral cortex, which is
responsible for complex processing.[124] Cats display neuroplasticity allowing their brains to
reorganize based on experiences. They have well-developed memory retaining information for a
decade or longer. These memories are often intertwined with emotions, allowing cats to recall
both positive and negative experiences associated with specific places.[125] While they excel in
observational learning and problem-solving, studies concludes that they struggle with
understanding cause-and-effect relationships in the same way that humans do.[126][127]
Cat intelligence study is mostly from consideration of the
domesticated cat. Living in urban environments has exposed them
to challenges that require adaptive behaviors, contributing to
cognitive development.[128] Selective breeding and genetic changes
have further influenced their intelligence.[129][130] Kittens learn
essential survival skills by observing their mothers, while adult cats
refine their abilities through trial and error.

Play
Domestic cats, especially young kittens, are known for their love of
play. This behavior mimics hunting and is important in helping
kittens learn to stalk, capture, and kill prey.[131] Cats also engage in
play fighting, both with each other and with humans. This behavior 0:23
may be a way for cats to practice the skills needed for real combat,
and it might also reduce the fear that they associate with launching
attacks on other animals.[132]

Cats also tend to play with toys more when they are hungry.[133]
Owing to the close similarity between play and hunting, cats prefer
to play with objects that resemble prey, such as small furry toys that
move rapidly, but rapidly lose interest. They become habituated to a
toy they have played with before.[134] String is often used as a toy,
but if it is eaten, it can become caught at the base of the cat's tongue
and then move into the intestines, a medical emergency which can
cause serious illness, even death.[135] Cat uses problem-solving
skills to open door

Hunting and feeding

The shape and structure of cats' cheeks is insufficient to
allow them to take in liquids using suction. Lapping at a
rate of four times a second, the cat touches the smooth
tip of its tongue to the surface of the water, and quickly
retracts it like a corkscrew, drawing water upward into
their mouths.[136][137]
Kittens aged 14 weeks use fighting as a
Feral cats and free-fed house cats consume several small
form of play.
meals in a day. The frequency and size of meals varies
between individuals. They select food based on its
temperature, smell, and texture; they dislike chilled foods and respond most strongly to moist
foods rich in amino acids, which are similar to meat. Cats reject novel flavors (a response
termed neophobia) and learn quickly to avoid foods that have tasted unpleasant in the past.[101]
[138] It is also a common misconception that all cats like milk or cream, as they tend to avoid

sweet food and milk. Most adult cats are lactose intolerant; the sugar in milk is not easily
digested and may cause soft stools or diarrhea.[139] Some also develop odd eating habits and
like to eat or chew on things such as wool, plastic, cables, paper, string, aluminum foil, or even
coal. This condition, pica, can threaten their health, depending on the amount and toxicity of
the items eaten.[140]

Cats hunt small prey, primarily birds and rodents,[141]

and are often used as a form of pest control.[142][143]
Other common small creatures, such as lizards and
snakes, may also become prey.[144] Cats use two hunting
strategies, either stalking prey actively, or waiting in
ambush until an animal comes close enough to be
captured.[145] The strategy used depends on available
prey, with cats waiting in ambush outside burrows, but
tending to actively stalk birds.[146]: 153 Domestic cats are
a major predator of wildlife in the United States, killing
an estimated 1.3 to 4.0 billion birds and 6.3 to
22.3 billion mammals annually.[147]

Certain species appear more susceptible than others; in

one English village, for example, 30% of house sparrow
mortality was linked to the domestic cat.[148] In the
recovery of ringed robins (Erithacus rubecula) and
dunnocks (Prunella modularis) in Britain, 31% of A deermouse is the prey of this domestic
deaths were a result of cat predation. [149] In parts of cat.

North America, the presence of larger carnivores such

as coyotes, which prey on cats and other small predators, reduces the effect of predation by cats
and other small predators such as opossums and raccoons on bird numbers and variety.[150]

Another poorly understood element of cat hunting behavior is the presentation of prey to
human guardians. One explanation is that cats adopt humans into their social group and share
excess kill with others in the group according to the dominance hierarchy, in which humans are
reacted to as if they are at or near the top.[151] Another explanation is that they attempt to teach
their guardians to hunt or to help their human as if feeding "an elderly cat, or an inept kitten".
[152] This hypothesis is inconsistent with the fact that male cats also bring home prey, though

males have negligible involvement in raising kittens.[146]: 153

Fighting
Domestic males are more likely to fight than females.[153] The most common reason for feral cat
fighting is competition between two males to mate with a female, and most fights are won by the
heavier male.[154] Another common reason for fighting in domestic cats is the difficulty of
establishing territories within a small home.[153] Female cats also fight over territory or to
defend their kittens. Neutering decreases or eliminates this behavior in many cases, suggesting
that the behavior is linked to sex hormones.[155]

When cats become aggressive, they try to appear larger and more threatening by raising their
fur, arching their backs, turning sideways, hissing, or spitting.[156] Often, the ears are pointed
down and back to avoid damage to the inner ear and potentially listen for any changes behind
them while focused forward. Cats may also vocalize
loudly and bare their teeth in an effort to further
intimidate their opponents. Fights usually consist of
grappling, slapping the face and body with the
forepaws, and bites. Cats throw themselves to the
ground in a defensive posture to rake their opponent's
belly with their hind legs.[157]

Serious damage is rare, because the fights are usually

short, with the loser fleeing with scratches to the face
and ears. More severe fights for mating rights may give This domestic cat hisses and arches its
deep punctures and lacerations. Normally, serious back.
injuries from fighting are limited to infections from
scratches and bites. Bites are probably the main route of
transmission of the feline immunodeficiency virus.[158] Sexually active males are usually
involved in many fights and have battered faces.[159] Cats are willing to threaten animals larger
than them to defend their territory, such as dogs and foxes.[160]

Reproduction
The cat secretes and perceives pheromones.[161] Female
cats, called queens, are polyestrous with several estrus
cycles during a year, lasting usually 21 days. They are
usually ready to mate between early February and
August[162] in northern temperate zones and
throughout the year in equatorial regions.[163]

Several males, called tomcats, are attracted to a female

in heat. They fight over her, and the victor wins the right
When cats mate, the tomcat (male) bites
to mate. At first, the female rejects the male, but the scruff of the female's neck as she
eventually, the female allows the male to mate. The assumes a position conducive to mating
female utters a loud yowl as the male pulls out of her known as lordosis behavior.
because a male cat's penis has a band of about 120–150
backward-pointing penile spines, which are about 1 mm
(0.04 in) long; upon withdrawal of the penis, the spines may provide the female with increased
sexual stimulation, which acts to induce ovulation.[164]

After mating, the female cleans her vulva thoroughly. If a male attempts to mate with her at this
point, the female attacks him. After about 20 to 30 minutes, once the female is finished
grooming, the cycle will repeat.[165] Because ovulation is not always triggered by a single
mating, females may not be impregnated by the first male with which they mate.[166]
Furthermore, cats are superfecund; that is, a female may mate with more than one male when
she is in heat, with the result that different kittens in a litter may have different fathers.[165]

The morula forms 124 hours after conception. At 148 hours, early blastocysts form. At 10–12
days, implantation occurs.[167] The gestation of queens lasts between 64 and 67 days, with an
average of 65 days.[162][168]
Based on a study of 2,300 free-ranging queens conducted from
May 1998 and October 2000, they had one to six kittens per
litter, with an average of three kittens. They produced a mean of
1.4 litters per year, but a maximum of three litters in a year. Of
169 kittens, 127 died before they were six months old due to a
trauma caused in most cases by dog attacks and road accidents.
[169] The first litter is usually smaller than subsequent litters.

Kittens are weaned between six and seven weeks of age. Queens
normally reach sexual maturity at 5–10 months, and males at 5–
7 months. This varies depending on breed.[165] Kittens reach
puberty at the age of 9–10 months.[162]

Cats are ready to go to new homes at about 12 weeks of age,

when they are ready to leave their mother.[170] They can be
surgically sterilized (spayed or castrated) as early as seven weeks
to limit unwanted reproduction.[171] This surgery also prevents
undesirable sex-related behavior, such as aggression, territory
marking (spraying urine) in males, and yowling (calling) in
females. Traditionally, this surgery was performed at around six
to nine months of age, but it is increasingly being performed
before puberty, at about three to six months.[172] In the United
States, about 80% of household cats are neutered.[173]

Lifespan and health In this radiography of a

pregnant cat, the skeletons of
The average lifespan of pet cats has risen in recent decades. In two fetuses are on the left and
the early 1980s, it was about 7 years,[174]: 33 [175] rising to 9.4 right of the uterus.

years in 1995[174]: 33 and an average of about 13 years as

of 2014 and 2023.[176][177]

Neutering increases life expectancy; one study found

castrated male cats live twice as long as intact males,
while spayed female cats live 62% longer than intact
females.[174]: 35 Having a cat neutered confers some
health benefits, such as a greater life expectancy and a
decreased incidence of reproductive neoplasia.[178]
However, neutering decreases metabolism[179][180][181]
and increases food intake,[181][182] both of which can
Two 17-day-old kittens
cause obesity in neutered cats.[183] Pre-pubertal
neutering (neutering at 4 months or earlier) was only
recommended by 28% of American veterinarians in one study. Some concerns of early
neutering were metabolic, retarded physeal closure, and urinary tract disease related.[184]

Disease
About 250 heritable genetic disorders have been identified in cats; many are similar to human
inborn errors of metabolism.[185] The high level of similarity among the metabolism of
mammals allows many of these feline diseases to be diagnosed using genetic tests that were
originally developed for use in humans, as well as the use of cats as animal models in the study
of the human diseases.[186][187] Diseases affecting domestic cats include acute infections,
parasitic infestations, injuries, and chronic diseases such as kidney disease, thyroid disease, and
arthritis. Vaccinations are available for many infectious diseases, as are treatments to eliminate
parasites such as worms, ticks, and fleas.[188]

Ecology

Habitats
The domestic cat is a cosmopolitan species and occurs
across much of the world.[48] It is adaptable and now
present on all continents except Antarctica, and on 118
of the 131 main groups of islands, even on the remote
Kerguelen Islands.[189][190] Due to its ability to thrive in
almost any terrestrial habitat, it is among the world's
most invasive species.[191] It lives on small islands with
no human inhabitants.[192] Feral cats can live in forests,
grasslands, tundra, coastal areas, agricultural land, A Siamese cat living among the yurts of
scrublands, urban areas, and wetlands.[193] shepherds in the Altai Mountains, Russia

The unwantedness that leads to the domestic cat being

treated as an invasive species is twofold. As it is little altered from the wildcat, it can readily
interbreed with the wildcat. This hybridization poses a danger to the genetic distinctiveness of
some wildcat populations, particularly in Scotland and Hungary, possibly also the Iberian
Peninsula, and where protected natural areas are close to human-dominated landscapes, such
as Kruger National Park in South Africa.[194][44] However, its introduction to places where no
native felines are present also contributes to the decline of native species.[195]

Ferality
Feral cats are domestic cats that were born in or have reverted to a wild state. They are
unfamiliar with and wary of humans and roam freely in urban and rural areas.[196] The
numbers of feral cats are not known, but estimates of the United States feral population range
from 25 to 60 million.[196] Feral cats may live alone, but most are in large colonies, which
occupy a specific territory and are usually associated with a source of food.[197] Famous feral cat
colonies are in Rome around the Colosseum and Forum Romanum, some being fed and given
medical attention by volunteers.[198]

Public attitudes toward feral cats vary widely, from seeing them as free-ranging pets to
regarding them as vermin.[199]
Impact on wildlife
Domestic cats are a contributing factor to the decline of several
species, a factor that has ultimately led, in some cases, to
extinction. The South Island piopio, Chatham rail,[149] and the
New Zealand merganser[200] are a few from a long list, with the
most extreme case being the flightless Lyall's wren, which was
driven to extinction only a few years after its discovery.[201][202]
One feral cat in New Zealand killed 102 New Zealand lesser
short-tailed bats in seven days.[203] In the United States, feral
and free-ranging domestic cats kill an estimated 6.3–22.3 billion
mammals annually.[147]
Feral farm cat
In Australia, one study found feral cats to kill 466 million
reptiles per year. More than 258 reptile species were
identified as being predated by cats.[204] Cats have
contributed to the extinction of the Navassa curly-tailed
lizard and Chioninia coctei.[195]

Interaction with humans

Cats are common pets throughout the world, and their
worldwide population as of 2007 exceeded 500 million.
[205] As of 2024, the domestic cat was the second most

popular pet in the United States, with 73.8 million cats Cats kill billions of wild birds each year.
This feral cat near Brisbane has caught a
owned and around 42.2 million households owning at
Pale-headed rosella.
least one cat.[206][207] In the United Kingdom, 26% of
adults have a cat, with an estimated population of
10.9 million pet cats as of 2020.[208] As of 2021, there were
an estimated 220 million owned and 480 million stray cats
in the world.[209]

Cats have been used for millennia to control rodents,

notably around grain stores and aboard ships, and both
uses extend to the present day.[210][211] Cats are also used
in the international fur trade[212] and leather industries for
making coats, hats, blankets, stuffed toys,[213] shoes,
gloves, and musical instruments.[214] About 24 cats are
needed to make a cat-fur coat.[215] This use has been
outlawed in the United States since 2000 and in the
European Union (as well as the United Kingdom) since A cat lying on a man's lap
2007.[216]

Cat pelts have been used for superstitious purposes as part of the practice of witchcraft,[217] and
they are still made into blankets in Switzerland as traditional medicines thought to cure
rheumatism.[218]
A few attempts to build a cat census have been made over the years, both through associations
or national and international organizations (such as that of the Canadian Federation of Humane
Societies[219]) and over the Internet.[220][221] General estimates for the global population of
domestic cats range widely from anywhere between 200 million to 600 million.[222][223][224]
[225][226] Walter Chandoha made his career photographing cats after his 1949 images of Loco, a

stray cat, were published. He is reported to have photographed 90,000 cats during his career
and maintained an archive of 225,000 images that he drew from for publications during his
lifetime.[227]

Pet humanization is a form of anthropomorphism in which cats are kept for companionship and
treated more like human family members than traditional pets.[228] This trend of pet culture
involves providing cats with a higher level of care, attention and often even luxury, similar to
the way humans are treated.[229]

Shows
A cat show is a judged event in which the owners of cats compete to win titles in various cat-
registering organizations by entering their cats to be judged after a breed standard.[230] It is
often required that a cat must be healthy and vaccinated to participate in a cat show.[230] Both
pedigreed and non-purebred companion ("moggy") cats are admissible, although the rules
differ depending on the organization. Competing cats are compared to the applicable breed
standard, and assessed for temperament.[230]

Infection
Cats can be infected or infested with viruses, pathogenic bacteria, fungus, protozoans,
arthropods or worms that can transmit diseases to humans; infections of most concern include
salmonella, cat-scratch disease, and toxoplasmosis.[231] In some cases, the cat exhibits no
symptoms of the disease.[232] The same disease can then become evident in a human.[233] The
likelihood that a person will become diseased depends on the age and immune status of the
person. Others might also acquire infections from cat feces and parasites exiting the cat's body.
[231][234]

History and mythology

In ancient Egypt, cats were revered, and the goddess Bastet often depicted in cat form,
sometimes taking on the war-like aspect of a lioness. The Greek historian Herodotus reported
that killing a cat was forbidden, and when a household cat died, the entire family mourned and
shaved their eyebrows. Families took their dead cats to the sacred city of Bubastis, where they
were embalmed and buried in sacred repositories. Herodotus expressed astonishment at the
domestic cats in Egypt, because he had only ever seen wildcats.[236]

Ancient Greeks and Romans kept weasels as pets, which were seen as the ideal rodent-killers.
The earliest unmistakable evidence of the Greeks having domestic cats comes from two coins
from Magna Graecia dating to the mid-fifth century BC showing Iokastos and Phalanthos, the
legendary founders of Rhegion and Taras respectively, playing with their pet cats. The usual
ancient Greek word for 'cat' was ailouros, meaning 'thing with the waving tail'. Cats are rarely
mentioned in ancient Greek literature. Aristotle remarked in his History of Animals that
"female cats are naturally lecherous". The Greeks later syncretized their own goddess Artemis
with the Egyptian goddess Bastet, adopting Bastet's associations with cats and ascribing them to
Artemis. In Ovid's Metamorphoses, when the deities flee to Egypt and take animal forms, the
goddess Diana turns into a cat.[237][238]

Cats eventually displaced weasels as the pest control of choice because they were more pleasant
to have around the house and were more enthusiastic hunters of mice. During the Middle Ages,
many of Artemis's associations with cats were grafted onto the
Virgin Mary. Cats are often shown in icons of Annunciation
and of the Holy Family and, according to Italian folklore, on
the same night that Mary gave birth to Jesus, a cat in
Bethlehem gave birth to a kitten.[239] Domestic cats were
spread throughout much of the rest of the world during the
Age of Discovery, as ships' cats were carried on sailing ships to
control shipboard rodents and as good-luck charms.[38] The ancient Egyptians
mummified dead cats out of
Several ancient religions believed cats are exalted souls, respect in the same way that
companions or guides for humans, that are all-knowing but they mummified people.[235]
mute so they cannot influence decisions made by humans. In
Japan, the maneki neko cat is a symbol of good fortune.[240]
In Norse mythology, Freyja, the goddess of love, beauty, and
fertility, is depicted as riding a chariot drawn by cats.[241] In
Jewish legend, the first cat was living in the house of the first
man Adam as a pet that got rid of mice. The cat was once
partnering with the first dog before the latter broke an oath
they had made which resulted in enmity between the
descendants of these two animals. It is also written that
neither cats nor foxes are represented in the water, while every
An ancient Roman mosaic
other animal has an incarnation species in the water.[242] depicts a cat killing a partridge
Although no species are sacred in Islam, cats are revered by from the House of the Faun in
Muslims. Some Western writers have stated Muhammad had a Pompeii.
favorite cat, Muezza.[243] He is reported to have loved cats so
much, "he would do without his cloak rather than disturb one
that was sleeping on it".[244] The story has no origin in early
Muslim writers, and seems to confuse a story of a later Sufi
saint, Ahmed ar-Rifa'i, centuries after Muhammad.[245] One of
the companions of Muhammad was known as Abu Hurayrah
("father of the kitten"), in reference to his documented A 19th-century drawing of a
affection to cats.[246] tabby cat

Superstitions and rituals

Many cultures have negative superstitions about cats. For
example, that encountering a black cat ("crossing one's path")
[247] leads to bad luck, or that cats are witches' familiar spirits Some cultures superstitiously
attribute good or bad luck to
used to augment a witch's powers and skills. The killing of cats black cats.
in medieval Ypres, Belgium, is commemorated in the
innocuous present-day Kattenstoet (cat parade).[248]

According to a myth in many cultures, cats have

multiple lives. In many countries, they are believed to
have nine lives, but in Italy, Germany, Greece, Brazil,
and some Spanish-speaking regions, they are said to
have seven lives,[249][250] while in Arabic traditions, the
number of lives is six.[251] An early mention of the myth
is in John Heywood's The Proverbs of John Heywood
(1546):[252]

Husband, (quoth she), ye studie, be merrie

now,
And even as ye thinke now, so come to yow.
Nay not so, (quoth he), for my thought to tell
right,
I thinke how you lay groning, wife, all last
night.
Husband, a groning horse and a groning wife
Never faile their master, (quoth she), for my
life. The Love Potion is a 1903 painting by
No wife, a woman hath nine lives like a cat. Evelyn De Morgan depicting a witch with
a black cat.

The myth is attributed to the natural suppleness and

swiftness cats exhibit to escape life-threatening situations.[253] Falling cats often land on their
feet, using an instinctive righting reflex to twist their bodies around.[254]

See also
Aging in cats
Ailurophobia Cats portal

Animal testing on cats Mammals portal

Cancer in cats
Animals portal
Cat bite
Cat café
Cat collar
Cat fancy
Cat lady
Cat food
Cat meat
 Cat meat
Cat repeller
Cats and the Internet
Cats in Australia
Cats in New Zealand
Cats in the United States
Cat–dog relationship
Dog
Dried cat
Feral cats in Istanbul
List of cat breeds
List of cat documentaries, television series and cartoons
List of individual cats
List of fictional felines
List of feline diseases
Neko-dera
Perlorian
Pet door
Pet first aid
Popular cat names

Notes
a. Driscoll, Macdonald & O'Brien 2009 did not conclude a date for genetic divergence, noting
from archaeological evidence that "the broadest range of dates for domestication to be from
11,000 to 4,000 B.P.".

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