Basic Medical Science.

HSSC II

Short Questions Answers.

Qno1. What is A, B, C of First Aid?

Ans:

A – Airway (Ensure the airway is clear).

- B – Breathing (Check if the person is breathing).

- C– Circulation (Check for pulse and blood circulation) .

Qno3. What is NIV?

Ans: NIV (Non-Invasive Ventilation)** is a method of providing respiratory support without

using an invasive artificial airway (e.g., endotracheal tube). It includes CPAP (Continuous
Positive Airway Pressure) and BiPAP (Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure).

Qno4. How will you check breathing in an unconscious patient?

Ans;

- Look for chest movement.

- Listen- for breathing sounds near the nose/mouth.

- Feel-for air movement on your cheek.

Qno5: Difference Between Stagnant and Histotoxic Asphyxia?

Ans:

[Link] Asphyxia: occurs when there is reduced or obstructed blood circulation,

preventing oxygen from reaching the tissues. Even though oxygen is present in the lungs and
blood, poor circulation limits its delivery. This can happen due to conditions like heart failure,
shock, or blood vessel blockage.

2. Histotoxic Asphyxia: happens when the body's cells are unable to use oxygen, even
though it is being delivered to them. This occurs due to toxins that interfere with cellular
respiration, such as cyanide poisoning or alcohol intoxication. In this case, oxygen is available
but cannot be utilized by the cells.
Qno.6. Three Types of Bandages and Their Uses?
Ans:
1. Roller Bandage – A long strip of fabric used to secure dressings, support injured
areas, or control bleeding. It is commonly used for limb injuries.
2. Triangular Bandage – A large piece of cloth folded into a triangle, used as a sling for
arm injuries or to immobilize fractured bones.
3. Tubular Bandage– A seamless, stretchy bandage used for securing dressings on
fingers, toes, or joints without restricting movement.

Qno7. Most Common Causes and Symptoms of Asphyxia?

Ans:
Causes:
- Airway obstruction (choking, strangulation, or drowning).
- Lung diseases (asthma, pneumonia).
- Poisoning (carbon monoxide, cyanide).
- Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis).

Symptoms:
- Difficulty breathing or gasping.
- Bluish skin, lips, or nails (cyanosis).
- Loss of consciousness.
- Weak or absent pulse .

Qno8. What is Cellular Oxygen Deprivation?

Ans:
Cellular oxygen deprivation, also called hypoxia, occurs when body cells do not receive
enough oxygen for normal function. This can result from low oxygen levels in the blood
(hypoxemia), reduced blood flow, or the inability of cells to use oxygen due to toxins (e.g.,
cyanide poisoning). If prolonged, it can cause cell damage and organ failure.

Qno9. What is shock, and also write down Causes of Shock?

Ans;

What is Shock?
Shock is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when the body's circulatory
system fails to maintain adequate blood flow, leading to insufficient delivery of oxygen and
nutrients to vital organs.

Causes of Shock:
1. Hypovolemic Shock.
2. Cardiogenic Shock.
3. Septic Shock*.
4. Anaphylactic Shock.
5. Neurogenic Shock.
 6. Toxic Shock.
7. Obstructive Shock.

Qno10. Recommended Position for Shock Patients and Its Importance?

Ans:
The recommended position for a shock patient is the **shock position or supine position
with legs elevated about 12 inches (Trendelenburg position).

Why?
- Elevating the legs helps improve blood flow to vital organs (brain, heart).
- It increases venous return to the heart, improving circulation.
- It prevents further drop in blood pressure.

Exceptions:
- If the patient has a head injury, they should be kept flat.
- If they have breathing difficulty, a semi-reclining position is preferred.

Qno11. Write down the types of Distributive Shock?

Ans:
Distributive shock occurs when blood vessels lose their tone, leading to
inadequate blood flow. The main types are:

1. Septic Shock– Caused by severe infections leading to widespread inflammation

and blood vessel dilation.
2. Neurogenic Shock– Occurs due to spinal cord injury, causing loss of nervous
control over blood vessels.
3. Anaphylactic Shock – A severe allergic reaction causing massive vasodilation
and airway swelling.

Qno12. Difference Between CPAP and BiPAP?

Ans:

- CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure)provides a constant, steady air pressure to keep
airways open, commonly used for sleep apnea.

- BiPAP (Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure)** delivers two pressure levels: a higher pressure
during inhalation and a lower pressure during exhalation, used for conditions like COPD or
respiratory failure.

Key Difference:
BiPAP offers variable pressure, making breathing easier, whereas CPAP provides
a continuous pressure.

Qno13. What is Angioedema?

Ans:
Angioedema is a sudden swelling of the deeper layers of the skin, usually caused by an
allergic reaction. It commonly affects the face, lips, tongue, throat, and sometimes the hands and
feet. It can be life-threatening if it leads to airway obstruction.

Qno16. Difference between hemorrhagic and non hemorrhagic Hypovolemic Shock?

Ans:
Hemorrhagic Hypovolemic Shock occurs due to excessive blood loss from trauma,
surgery, or internal bleeding. The loss of red blood cells reduces oxygen supply to tissues.

Non-Hemorrhagic Hypovolemic Shock happens due to fluid loss without bleeding, such
as dehydration, severe burns, vomiting, or diarrhea. It leads to low blood volume and poor
circulation.

Key Difference: Hemorrhagic shock is caused by blood loss, while non-hemorrhagic

shock is due to fluid loss.

Qno14. Why is Rapid IV Fluid Administration Crucial in Hypovolemic Shock?

Ans:

Rapid IV fluid administration is essential in hypovolemic shock because it helps restore

blood volume, maintain blood pressure, and improve oxygen delivery to organs. Without quick
fluid replacement, vital organs like the brain and heart may fail, leading to death.

Qno15. First Aid Management of Septic Shock?

Ans:
1. Call for Emergency Help– Immediate medical attention is needed.
2. Lay the Patient Flat– Helps maintain blood circulation.
3. Ensure Airway and Breathing– Keep the airway open and provide oxygen if
available.
4. Start IV Fluids – If trained, administer IV fluids to prevent low blood pressure.
5. Keep the Patient Warm– Prevents hypothermia, which can worsen the condition.
6. Monitor Vital Signs– Check pulse, breathing, and consciousness until help arrives.

Long Questions

Q1: What are the principles of First Aid?

Ans:

First aid is the immediate care given to a person who is injured or suddenly falls ill before
professional medical help arrives. The basic principles of first aid are:
 1. Preserve Life– The first and most important goal is to save the person’s life. This
includes ensuring that their breathing and heart functions continue. If needed, CPR
(Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) should be performed.

2. Prevent Further Injury – First aid should stop the condition from getting worse. This
may include moving the person away from danger, stopping bleeding, or immobilizing broken
bones.

3. Promote Recovery– The injured person should be kept comfortable and reassured. Simple
actions like keeping them warm or applying bandages can help speed up recovery.

4. Call for Help– In serious cases, professional medical help is needed. First aid providers
should quickly call emergency services (such as an ambulance) to ensure the person gets proper
treatment.

5. Stay Calm and Act Quickly– Panic can make the situation worse. A first aider must stay
calm, think clearly, and act quickly to help the injured person effectively.

6. Ensure Safety– Before helping someone, the first aider must check their own safety. For
example, in accidents involving fire, electricity, or traffic, rescuers should protect themselves
first before giving aid.

By following these principles, first aid providers can effectively manage emergency
situations and improve the chances of survival and recovery for the injured person.

Q2: Why is First Aid necessary in an emergency condition?

Ans:

First aid is essential in emergency situations because it provides immediate care and can
make a huge difference in saving lives. Here’s why first aid is necessary:

1. Saves Lives – First aid can keep a person alive until professional medical help arrives. For
example, CPR can restart the heart of someone who has stopped breathing.

2. Reduces the Severity of Injuries– Quick and proper first aid can prevent minor injuries from
becoming serious. For example, stopping bleeding quickly can prevent excessive blood loss.

3. Prevents Complications– Immediate care can stop infections, reduce shock, and stabilize a
person’s condition. For instance, cleaning and dressing a wound can prevent infection.

4. Provides Relief from Pain– First aid measures, such as applying ice to a sprain or giving
reassurance, can reduce pain and discomfort.

5. Prepares the Person for Medical Treatment– By keeping the injured person stable, first aid
ensures they are in the best possible condition when they reach the hospital.
6. Protects the Unconscious– If a person is unconscious but breathing, placing them in the
recovery position can prevent choking and further complications.

7. Boosts Confidence in Emergency Situations– When people are trained in first aid, they can
respond confidently and quickly in emergencies, reducing panic and confusion.

Overall, first aid is an important skill that helps protect lives, prevent further injury, and provide
comfort until professional help arrives.

Qno3. Write a Detail note on Septic shack?

Ans:
Septic shock is a life-threatening condition that happens when your blood pressure drops
to a dangerously low level after an infection. Any type of bacteria can cause the infection. Fungi
such as candida and viruses can also be a cause, although this is rare.

Causes :
Septic shock is caused by an infection that spreads into the bloodstream, leading to a
severe immune response. Common sources of infection include.
1. Bacterial Infections: Gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas,
are common causes.
2. Viral Infections: Certain viral infections, such as influenza, can lead to septic shock.
3. Fungal Infections: Fungal infections, such as candidemia, can cause septic shock in
immunocompromised individuals.
4. Parasitic Infections: Certain parasitic infections, such as malaria, can lead to septic shock.

Symptoms of Septic Shock

Very low blood pressure (even after fluids).

1. Fast heartbeat (above 90 beats per minute).

2. Fast breathing or difficulty breathing.

3. Fever or very low body temperature.

4. Confusion or dizziness.

5. Cold, pale, or bluish skin.

6. Very little or no urination.

7. Prevention of Septic Shock

Treat infections early.
 8. Keep wounds clean and covered.

9. Wash hands regularly.

10. Get vaccines for flu and pneumonia.

11. Follow proper hygiene in hospitals.

Treatment of Septic Shock

Septic shock is treated in a hospital with:

1. IV Fluids – To increase blood pressure.

2. Antibiotics– To fight bacterial infections.

3. Blood Pressure Medications –To help keep blood pressure stable.

4. Oxygen or Ventilator– To help with breathing.

5. Surgery or Drainage – To remove infected tissue or pus.

6. Dialysis – If the kidneys stop working.

Conclusion.
Septic shock is a dangerous condition that needs immediate medical care. It happens
when an infection spreads and causes very low blood pressure. If not treated quickly, it can lead
to organ failure and death. Early treatment with antibiotics, fluids, and supportive care can save
lives. Prevention is key by keeping infections under control and practicing good hygiene.

Qno4. What's is pertussis? Write its causative agents, clinics picture, completion
prevention?
Ans:

Pertussis: A Theoretical Overview

Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a communicable respiratory disease caused by the bacterium
Bordetella pertussis.
The infection spreads through respiratory droplets, typically via coughing or sneezing.

Pathogenesis
Bordetella pertussis colonizes the respiratory tract, producing toxins that damage the cilia
and epithelial cells. This leads to inflammation, mucus accumulation, and characteristic coughing
fits.

Immune Response
 The immune system responds to the infection by producing antibodies. However,
immunity wanes over time, making booster shots necessary.

Epidemiology:
Pertussis affects individuals of all ages, but infants and young children are most
vulnerable due to incomplete vaccination or waning immunity.

Prevention and Control

Vaccination is the primary prevention strategy. Public health measures, such as
contact tracing and prophylactic antibiotics, can help control outbreaks.

Theoretical Implications
Understanding pertussis involves recognizing the complex interplay between the
pathogen, host immune response, and environmental factors. This knowledge informs
vaccination strategies, public health policies, and treatment approaches.

HSSC I
Q1. What is a sesamoid bone? Give example.?
Ans:
A sesamoid bone is a small, round bone embedded within a tendon, usually where a
tendon passes over a joint.
Example:Patella (kneecap).

Q2. Name the muscle and mucosal epithelium of the urinary bladder?

1-Muscle:Detrusor muscle (smooth muscle).

2-Mucosal Epithelium: Transitional epithelium (urothelium).

Q3. Write the names of structures of the skull?

Ans:
Main structures of the skull include:
- Frontal bone
- Parietal bones
- Temporal bones
- Occipital bone
- Sphenoid bone
- Ethmoid bone
- Maxilla, Mandible, Nasal bones,
Zygomatic bones

Q4. Describe plasma proteins briefly?

Ans: Plasma proteins are proteins found in blood plasma. Major types include:
 1-Albumin – Maintains osmotic pressure.
2-Globulins– Involved in immunity (antibodies).
3-Fibrinogen– Helps in blood clotting.

Q5. Write the layers of the eye?

The eye has three main layers:

1. Fibrous layer– Sclera and cornea
2. Vascular layer– Choroid, ciliary body, iris
3. Inner layer – Retina.

Q6. What is GFR? Write its normal value?

Ans:
GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) is the rate at which the kidneys filter blood.
Normal value: 90–120 mL/min/1.73 m².

Q7. Write down the functions of skin?

Ans: The functions of skin are.

1- Protection from pathogens and injury
2- Regulation of body temperature.
3- Sensory reception.
4- Vitamin D synthesis.
5- Prevents water loss.

Q8. Enumerate the parts of the ear?

Ans:
The ear has three main parts?
1. Outer ear – Pinna and auditory canal.
2. Middle ear– Tympanic membrane and ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes).
3. Inner ear– Cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals.

Qno9: Write the name of main three parts of Aorta?

These are three main parts of Aorta.

1. Ascending Aorta
2. Aortic Arch
3. Descending Aorta (which includes Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta)

Qno10: Name the water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins?

Ans:
1-Water-soluble vitamins: Vitamin B-complex and Vitamin C.
2-Fat-soluble vitamins: Vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Qno11: Write down the composition of saliva?

Ans:
The composition of saliva is.
1- Water (about 99%).
2- Electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate).
3- Mucus.
4- Enzymes (e.g., amylase, lysozyme).
5- Antibodies (IgA).
6- Proteins and other organic molecules.

Qno12: State the functions of large intestine?

Ans:
Here are the functions of large intestine.
- Absorption of water and electrolytes.
- Formation and storage of feces.
- Fermentation of indigestible food by bacteria.
- Production of certain vitamins (e.g., Vitamin K, B12) by gut bacteria.

Qno13: Write down the parts of brain?

Ans:
These are the main parts of brain.
1. Cerebrum.
2. Cerebellum.
3. Brainstem (includes Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata).

Qno14: Enlist the hormones produced by adrenal gland?

Ans:
The adrenal gland produces the following hormones.

A. Adrenal Cortex (outer part):

1- Cortisol.
2- Aldosterone.
3- Androgens (sex hormones).

B. Adrenal Medulla (inner part):

1- Adrenaline (Epinephrine).
2- Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine).

Qno15: What is the other name of loop of Henle?

Ans:
- The Loop of Henle is also called the Nephron loop.

Qno16: Discuss the difference in true and false ribs?

Ans:
A- True Ribs (1st to 7th pairs):
Attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilages.
B- False Ribs (8th to 12th pairs):
Do not attach directly to the sternum. The 8th to 10th ribs connect to the 7th rib’s cartilage, and
the 11th and 12th ribs are floating ribs (no anterior attachment).

Qno17: Enlist the hormones produced by the liver. State the functions of liver as well?
Ans:
- Hormones produced by the liver:
1- Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).
2- Angiotensinogen.
3- Thrombopoietin.
4- Hepcidin.

- Functions of the liver:

1. Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
2. Detoxification of blood.
3. Production of bile for fat digestion.
4. Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals.
5. Synthesis of blood clotting factors.
6. Breakdown of old red blood cells.
7. Hormone and enzyme production.

Long Question

Qno3. Write a Detail note on blood?

Ans:
Blood: A Vital Component of the Human Body
Blood is a liquid tissue that circulates through the body, supplying essential nutrients and oxygen
to tissues and organs. Here's a detailed note on blood:

Composition of Blood
Blood consists of two main parts:
1. Plasma: The liquid portion of blood, making up about 55% of its total volume. Plasma
contains water, proteins, and other substances.
2. Blood Cells: There are three types of blood cells:
1. Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues.
2. White Blood Cells (WBCs): Help fight infections and diseases.
3. Platelets: Essential for blood clotting.

Functions of Blood
Blood performs several critical functions:
1. Oxygen Transport: RBCs carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues.
2. Nutrient Delivery: Blood carries nutrients from the digestive system to the body's cells.
3. Waste Removal: Blood transports waste products from the body's cells to the kidneys for
excretion.
4. Immune Function: WBCs help fight infections and diseases.
5. Blood Clotting: Platelets and clotting factors in plasma work together to prevent excessive
bleeding.

Importance of Blood
Blood is essential for maintaining life. Without it, the body's tissues and organs would not
receive the oxygen and nutrients they need to function properly.

Blood-Related Disorders
Some common blood-related disorders include:
1. Anemia: A condition characterized by a lack of RBCs or hemoglobin.
2. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections that can affect the blood.
3. Blood Clotting Disorders: Conditions that affect the blood's ability to clot properly.

Conclusion
In conclusion, blood is a vital component of the human body, performing numerous essential
functions. Understanding the composition, functions, and importance of blood can help us
appreciate its role in maintaining our overall health.

Qno 4. Write a cycle of breathing?

Ans:
The Breathing Cycle:
The breathing cycle, also known as the respiratory cycle, is the process by which
the body takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide.
Here's a step-by-step explanation:

Steps of the Breathing Cycle

1. Inhalation (Inspiration): Air enters the nostrils or mouth and passes through the
trachea (windpipe) into the lungs.
2. Air Enters the Lungs: The air fills the alveoli, tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas
exchange occurs.
3. Oxygen Absorption: Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the bloodstream
through the alveoli.
4. Oxygen Transportation: The oxygen-rich blood is transported to the heart and then to
the rest of the body's tissues.
5. Carbon Dioxide Removal: Carbon dioxide, a waste product, is transported from the
tissues to the lungs through the bloodstream.
6. Exhalation (Expiration): The diaphragm and other respiratory muscles relax, causing
the lungs to deflate and push carbon dioxide-rich air out of the body through the mouth or nose.

Key Players in the Breathing Cycle.

1. Diaphragm: The primary muscle used for breathing, contracting during inhalation and
relaxing during exhalation.
2. Lungs: The organs responsible for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide through the process
of respiration.
3. Trachea (Windpipe): The tube that carries air from the throat to the lungs.
4. Bronchi and Bronchioles: The airways that branch off from the trachea and lead to the
alveoli in the lungs.

Importance of the Breathing Cycle

The breathing cycle is essential for maintaining life, as it provides the body with the oxygen it
needs to function properly and removes waste products like carbon dioxide.

Qno5. Describe the stomach? Write it's wall and functions?

Ans:
The stomach is a muscular, hollow, and sac-like organ located in the upper left quadrant
of the abdominal cavity. It plays a vital role in the digestive system.

Structure of the Stomach Wall

The stomach wall consists of several layers:
1. Mucosa: The innermost layer, which secretes mucus and digestive enzymes.
2. Submucosa: The layer beneath the mucosa, containing blood vessels and nerves.
3. Muscularis: The muscular layer, composed of smooth muscle fibers that contract and
relax to mix food.
4. Serosa: The outermost layer, a thin membrane that covers the stomach.

Functions of the Stomach

The stomach performs several essential functions:
1. Food Storage: The stomach acts as a reservoir for food, allowing for gradual digestion.
2. Mechanical Digestion: The stomach's muscular walls contract and relax to mix and break
down food.
3. Chemical Digestion: The stomach secretes digestive enzymes, such as pepsin and gastric
amylase, to break down proteins and carbohydrates.
4. Acid Production: The stomach lining secretes hydrochloric acid, creating an acidic
environment that activates digestive enzymes.
5. Mucus Production: The stomach lining produces mucus to protect itself from the acidic
environment.

Importance of the Stomach

The stomach plays a crucial role in the digestive process, breaking down food into
smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the body.

Regulation of Stomach Function

The stomach's function is regulated by:
1. Hormones: Such as gastrin, which stimulates acid production.
2. Nerves: The vagus nerve stimulates stomach contractions and secretions.

Conclusion
In summary, the stomach is a vital organ that plays a central role in the digestive process. Its
unique structure and functions enable it to break down food into smaller molecules, preparing it
for absorption and utilization by the body.

Qno.6: Briefly describe each of the following?

A. Hearth Sound.
B. Cardiac Output.
C. Stroke Volume.
D. Blood Pressure.
E. Cardiac Cycle.

Ans;

A. Heart Sound:
Heart sounds are the noises produced by the beating heart and the closing of heart valves.
-First sound (S1): “Lub” – caused by the closure of mitral and tricuspid valves.
-Second sound (S2):“Dub” – caused by the closure of aortic and pulmonary valves.

B. Cardiac Output:
Cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute.
1- Formula: Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume
2- Normal value: ~4–6 liters per minute in adults at rest.

C. Stroke Volume:
Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle of the heart in one heartbeat.
- Normal value: ~70 mL per beat.

D. Blood Pressure:
Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.
- Measured in mmHg.
- Normal range: **120/80 mmHg** (Systolic/Diastolic)

E. Cardiac Cycle:
The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events in one heartbeat, including:
1. Atrial systole (atria contract).
2. Ventricular systole (ventricles contract).
3. Diastole (relaxation phase).