• Concept of a system:-

A system is defined as an aggregation or assemblage of

objects joined in some regular interaction or
interdependence .
• Systems are of two types :-
• · Static System
• · Dynamic System
In static systems there are no changes over time
where as in dynamic systems the interactions cause
changes over time.
• Consider a factory that make assembles parts for
a product.
• Two major components of the factory system are
the fabrication department that makes the part &
the assembly Production control department
• department that produces the product.
• A purchasing department maintains & a shipping
• department dispatches the finished product.
• A production control department receives order
• & assigns work to the other department.
Components of a system
Three basic components are:-
• · Entity
• · Attributes
• · Activities
• Entity: - It is used to denote an object of interest in a system.
• Attribute: - It denotes a property of an entity.
• Activity:-Any process that causes changes in the system is called as
an
• activity.
• Example:-
In the factory system the entities are the department, orders, parts
and products.
Attributes are such factors as the quantities for each order, type of part
or number of machines in a department.
The activities are the manufacturing process of the departments.
• State of the system
• It is used to mean a description of all the entities, attributes
and activities as they exist at one point of time.
• Progress:-The progress of the system is studied by the
system following a change in the state of the system.
• System Environment
• A system is often affected by changes occurring outside the
system. Such changes occurring outside the system are said
to occur in the system environment.
• An important step in modelling system is to decide upon
the boundary between the system and its environment.
• The term endogenous is used to describe activities
occurring within the system.
• Example: sports, cultural functions in a university system.
• The term exogenous is used to describe the activities in the
environment that affect the system.
• Example: strikes in a university system.
• Based on these activities a system may be classified
as open or closed system.
• A system for which there is no exogenous activity is
said to be a closed system.
• A system that has exogenous activities is called as an
opensystem
• Deterministic [Link] Activities
• Depending on the manner on which they can be
described activities can be classified as deterministic or
stochastic.
• Deterministic
• An activity is said to be deterministic where the
outcome of an activity can be described completely in
term of its input,
• Example: AND, OR, NOT operations.
• Stochastic
• An activity is said to be stochastic where the effects of
the activity vary randomly over various possible
outcomes.
• Example: Throwing a dice or tossing a coin.
• Continuous vs. Discrete system
• Continuous system
• Systems in which the changes are predominantly smooth are
called continuous system.
• Example:
• The movement of the aircraft occurs smoothly so aircraft
system is a continuous System.
• Discrete system
• Systems in which the changes are predominantly
discontinuous are called discrete system.
• Example:
• Changes in the factory occur discontinuously so factory
system is a discrete system.
• System modelling
• The model is defined as the body of information about a
system gathered for the purpose of studying the system.
The tasks of deriving a system model are divided into two
subtasks.
• They are
• 1. Establishing the model structure
• 2. Supplying the data
• Establishing the model structure
• It determines the system boundary and identifies the
entities, attributes and activities of the system.
• Supplying the data
• The data provides the values that the attributes can have
and define the relationships involved in the activities.
• Physical models:
• Physical models are based on some analogy
between such systems as mechanical and
• electrical or electrical or hydraulic. Here the
system attributes are represented by such
• measurements as voltage or the position of a
shaft.
• The system activities are reflected in the
• physical laws that derive the models.
• Mathematical models: • In case of mathematical model
the third distinction is a
• The mathematical model use technique by which the model is
symbolic notations and solved that is actual values are
mathematical equations to assigned to system attributes.
represent a system.
• A distinction is made between
• The system attributes are analytical and numerical method.
represented by variables and the Applying analytical techniques
activities that represented by means using the deductive
mathematical functions that reasoning of mathematical theory
interrelate the variables. to solve a model.
• A second distinction is between • Example: linear differential
static models and dynamic method
models.
• Numerical methods involve
• Static models can only show the applying computational
values that system attributes take procedure to solve equations.
where the system is in balanced.
• Any assignment of numerical
• Dynamic models follow the values that uses mathematical
changes over time that result tables involves numerical
from system activities. methods.
• System Simulation:
• It is considered to be a numerical technique used in
conjunction with dynamic models.
• Models are of two types:
• · Deterministic
• · Stochastic
• Static physical models:
• They are used in ship buildings, deciphering of DNA
molecules, Wind Tunnels and Water Tanks in the course of
designing air craft or ship. They are also used for solving
equations with particular boundary condition. Example: Scale
models.
• Extension and contraction and shock absorber that absorbs
the damping force proportional to the velocity of the mass.
The motion of the system can be represented by the following
differential equation.

• Where, M = Mass
• D = Damping factor of shock absorber
• K = Stiffness constant of spring
• x = Displacement of mass
• F (t) = Applied force
• figure represents an electrical circuit with a
resistance “R” and inductance “L” and capacitance
“C” connected in series with a voltage source that
varies in time according to the function E (t). Let “q”
be the charge on the capacitance. This system can be
represented by the following equation-
• Static Mathematical
Models:
• A static model gives the
relationship between the
system attributes when
the system is in
equilibrium. Example: In
marketing a commodity
there is a balance
between the supply and
demand for the
commodity. Both factor
depend upon price.
• The demand for a
commodity will be low
when the price is high
and it will increase as the
price drops.
 • Principles used in modelling:
• The guiding principle of modelling are:
• a. Block Building
• b. Relevance
• c. Accuracy
• d. Aggregation
• Block Building:
• The description of the system should be organized in a series of block. The
aim is to simplify the specification of the interaction with in a system.
• Each block describes a part of the system that depends upon the few input
variables and results in few output variables. The system as a whole can
be described in terms of interconnection between the blocks and can be
represented graphically as a simple block diagram.
• Example: The description of a factory is an example of a block diagram
where each department has been treated as a separate block where the
inputs and outputs being the work passed from department to
department.
• Relevance:
• The model should only include those aspects of the system
that are relevant to the study of the objective. A relevant
information should be excluded because it increases the
complexity of the model and causes more work in solving
the model.
• Accuracy:
• The accuracy of the information gathered for the model
should be considered.
• Aggregation:
• It is the extent to which the number of individual entities
can be grouped together into larger entities.
• In some studies it may be necessary to construct artificial
entities through the process of aggregation.
• Example: An economic or social studies usually treats a
population as a number of social classes and conduct the
study as each social class as a distinct entity.