2 Marks Questions:

1. Mention the different types of Tokens in “C” , and explain one of them.
Types of Tokens in C:
1. Keywords – Reserved words with special meaning (e.g., int, return, if)
2. Identifiers – Names used for variables, functions, arrays (e.g., main, sum)
3. Constants – Fixed values that do not change (e.g., 10, 'A', 3.14)
4. Strings – Sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes (e.g., "Hello")
5. Operators – Symbols that perform operations (e.g., +, -, *, /)
6. Special Symbols – Symbols used for syntax (e.g., {}, (), ;, #)

2. What is flowchart? Explain use of different Symbols of flowchart.

A flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm or process. It uses symbols to
depict the sequence of steps, decisions, inputs, and outputs in a program or workflow.
Symbol Name Purpose

Terminator Indicates the start or end of the

Oval flowchart.
(Start/End)
Represents a decision or conditional
Decision branch (e.g., if).
Diamond
Represents a process or operation (e.g.,
Process assignment).
Rectangle

3. What is token? Explain different tokens in C.

In C programming, a token is the smallest individual unit in a program that the compiler
recognizes. While writing a C program, everything is broken into tokens during the
compilation process.

4. Write a C program to determine whether a given number is negative, positive or zero, using
if-else statements.

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int num;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);

if (num >= 0) {
if (num == 0)
printf("The number is zero.\n");
else
 printf("The number is positive.\n");
} else {
printf("The number is negative.\n");
}

getch();
}

5. Explain nested if else statement with example.

A nested if-else is an if-else statement inside another if-else statement. It is used to test
multiple conditions in a structured way, especially when a decision depends on another
decision.
Example- above

6. Write algorithm to find sum of five integer numbers.

Step-by-step Algorithm:
1. Start
2. Initialize a variable sum = 0
3. Repeat steps 4 to 6 for i = 1 to 5
4. Input a number and store it in variable num
5. Add num to sum
6. sum = sum + num
7. Display the value of sum
8. Stop

7. Define function with example.

A function in C is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions are used to break a
large program into smaller, manageable parts and promote code reusability.
Types of Functions:
1. Library functions – Built-in (e.g., printf(), scanf())
2. User-defined functions – Created by the programmer

8. Describe library function 1)strcat() 2)strlwr()

1) strcat() – String Concatenation
• Purpose: Appends one string at the end of another.
• Header File: #include <string.h>
Syntax: char *strcat(char *dest, const char *src);

2) strlwr() – Convert String to Lowercase

• Purpose: Converts all characters in a string to lowercase.
• Header File: #include <string.h> (Note: May not be part of ANSI C; it's available in some
compilers like Turbo C)
• Syntax: char *strlwr(char *str);
9. Describe library function 1)strlen() 2)strcpy()
1) strlen() – String Length
• Purpose: Returns the length of a string (number of characters before the null character \0)
• Header File: #include <string.h>
• Syntax: size_t strlen(const char *str);

2) strcpy() – String Copy

• Purpose: Copies the contents of one string into another.
• Header File: #include <string.h>
• Syntax: char *strcpy(char *dest, const char *src);

10. Explain break and continue statement with example.

1) break Statement
• Purpose: Terminates the loop or switch statement immediately.
• Use Case: When a certain condition is met and you want to exit the loop early.

2) continue Statement
• Purpose: Skips the current iteration and jumps to the next loop iteration.
• Use Case: When you want to skip some code inside the loop based on a condition.

11. What is the difference between declaration and definition of function.

Aspect Function Declaration Function Definition

Tells the compiler about the Provides the actual body

Purpose function's name, return type, (logic) of the function
and parameters
Includes Yes
No
Body?
Also Called Function Prototype Function Implementation

Ends With Semicolon (;) Code Block ({ ... })

Anywhere in the program,

Location Typically before main() usually after main()

int add(int a, int b) {

Example int add(int, int); return a + b; }

Compilation Helps compiler validate function Generates actual code

Role calls before definition during compilation
12. Why do we prefer iteration over recursion in any C program?
We prefer iteration over recursion in C because:
• Iteration uses less memory, while recursion uses the call stack for each function call.
• Iteration is faster due to no overhead from repeated function calls.
• It avoids stack overflow, which can happen in deep recursion.
• Iterative code is generally more efficient and easier to optimize by the compiler.

13. Give an example of nested structure.

#include <stdio.h>

struct Address {
int houseNo;
int pinCode;
};
Clrscr();
struct Person {
char name[20];
struct Address addr; // Nested structure
};

int main() {
struct Person p1 = {"John", {101, 400001}};

printf("Name: %s\n", [Link]);

printf("House No: %d\n", [Link]);
printf("Pin Code: %d\n", [Link]);

getch();
}

14. What is structure? Write one example of structure.

A structure is a user-defined data type in C that allows you to group different types of
variables under a single name. It is used to represent a record.

#include <stdio.h>
struct Student {
int id;
char name[20];
float marks;
};
Clrscr();
int main() {
struct Student s1 = {101, "Alice", 88.5};

printf("ID: %d\n", [Link]);

printf("Name: %s\n", [Link]);
 printf("Marks: %.2f\n", [Link]);

getch();
}

15. What are the advantages and Disadvantages of Array?

Advantages of Arrays:
1. Efficient Access: Elements can be accessed directly using an index.
2. Code Simplicity: Reduces the need for multiple variables.
3. Memory Management: All elements are stored in contiguous memory locations.
4. Easy Iteration: Loops can be used to efficiently traverse or manipulate data.

Disadvantages of Arrays:
1. Fixed Size: The size of an array must be known at compile time and cannot be changed
during runtime.
2. Same Data Type: Only elements of the same type can be stored.
3. Memory Waste: If the declared size is not fully used, memory is wasted.
4. Insertion/Deletion Complexity: Inserting or deleting elements is less efficient and may
require shifting elements.

16. Differentiate between Structure and Union.

Aspect Structure (struct) Union (union)

Memory Allocates separate memory for Allocates one shared

Allocation each member memory for all members

Memory Requires less memory

Requires more memory
Usage
All members can be accessed at Only one member can be
Access accessed at a time
the same time

Sum of sizes of all members (plus Size of the largest

Size member
padding)

Used when all values need to be Used when only one

Use Case value is needed at a time
stored simultaneously

struct student { int id; float union data { int i; float f;

Example };
marks; };

17. What is file? Explain different file operations.

 In C programming, files are used to store input/output data permanently, unlike variables
that store data temporarily in memory.

Operation Function Used Purpose

Opening a file fopen() Opens a file in specified mode

Closing a file fclose() Closes an opened file

Reading from fscanf(), fgets(), Reads data from a file

file fread()
fprintf(), fputs(), Writes data to a file
Writing to file
fwrite()
Moves or finds current file pointer
File position fseek(), ftell() location

Checks if end of file has been

End of file feof() reached

18. Explain different operators in c.

Type Description Examples

Perform basic arithmetic +, -, *, /, %

1. Arithmetic Operators
operations
==, !=, >, <, >=,
2. Relational Operators Compare two values <=

Combine conditions (returns &&, `

3. Logical Operators
true or false)
4. Assignment =, +=, -=, *=, /=,
Assign values to variables %=
Operators
Increase or decrease a value by ++, --
[Link]/Decrement
1
6. Bitwise Operators Perform operations on bits &, `

19. Write syntax of for loop and nested for loop.

1. Syntax of for Loop:
for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement) {
// code to be executed
}
2. Syntax of Nested for Loop:
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= m; j++) {
}}
20. Identify the types of pointers from the below two programs:
1. #include
int main(){
int *ptr = NULL;
printf("%d", *ptr);
return 0;}

2. #include
<stdio.h>
int main(){
int *p;
*p=10;
printf("%d", *p);
return 0;}

Program 1:
Type of Pointer: NULL Pointer
• ptr is explicitly initialized to NULL.
• A NULL pointer means it does not point to any valid memory location

Program 2:
Type of Pointer: Uninitialized (Dangling/Wild) Pointer
• p is declared but not initialized to point to valid memory.
• Dereferencing *p without assigning it a valid address leads to undefined behavior.
• May cause a crash or garbage value.

21. What are the C file operations, provide six different possible file operation function?
File operations in C are used to create, read, write, and manage files on disk using standard
library functions provided in <stdio.h>.

Six Common File Operation Functions in C:

Function Purpose Example Usage

fopen() Opens a file in a specified mode FILE *fp = fopen("[Link]", "r");

fclose() Closes an opened file fclose(fp);

fprintf() Writes formatted data to a file fprintf(fp, "Hello File");

fscanf() Reads formatted data from a file fscanf(fp, "%d", &num);

fread() Reads binary data from a file fread(&x, sizeof(int), 1, fp);

fwrite() Writes binary data to a file fwrite(&x, sizeof(int), 1, fp);

22. Derive the output of the below code snippet . Give proper explanation to your answer.
 #include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int c = 5, no = 10;
do {
no /= c;
} while(c--);
printf (\"%d\\n\", no);
return 0;}

• Expected Output: No valid output

• Actual Result: Runtime error: division by zero
To fix the code, you must prevent dividing by zero. For example, changing the loop condition
to while(c > 1) would avoid the error.

23. What is pointer? Write syntax to declare pointer.

A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable. Instead of
holding a value directly, it points to a memory location.
Syntax to Declare a Pointer:
data_type *pointer_name;

24. Explain difference between while and do while loop.

Aspect while Loop do-while Loop

Condition At the end of the loop

At the beginning of the loop
Check
Minimum Executes at least once
May not execute even once
Execution
do { //code } while
Syntax while (condition) { //code } (condition);

When loop depends on a When loop must run at

Use Case least once
condition being true